fbpx
Wikipedia

Bovine vaginal prolapse

February 16, 2024

Bovine vaginal prolapse is a medical condition in cattle, characterised by an abnormally positioned (prolapsed) vagina. In most cases the bovine vaginal prolapse occurs near the time of calving,[1] yet there are some examples of the vaginal prolapse in younger and non-pregnant animals.[2] Another, but less common[1] and more severe[3] reproductive prolapse in cattle is so-called bovine uterine prolapse, where a uterus is the one being abnormally positioned.[4]

On the picture is shown a prolapsed vagina, seen as the big mass of pink tissue.

Characteristics edit

 
Severe vaginal prolapse in dairy cow.

Bovine prolapsed vagina can occur when the cow is near calving, in the late phases of cow's pregnancy (usually last trimester).[1] Sometimes cow's cervix prolapses along its vagina,[5] and such condition is known as the bovine cervico-vaginal prolapse.[3][6] It can happen that cow's urinary bladder gets contained within the prolapsed vagina.[7]

Prolapsed vagina is seen as a pink mass of tissue that protrudes outside of the cow's body. Severity of this condition varies a lot between individual cows, hence in some exposed vagina reaches the size of a large citrus fruit, while in others it can be as big as a soccer ball. Sometimes prolapsed vagina shrinks when a cow stands up, as a pressure on its body is reduced.[1]

Cause edit

Prolapse of the vagina happens as a consequence of increased pressure in the abdominal cavity of cows.[1] Increased production of estrogen and high relaxin levels also play a role, as both hormones result in ligamentous laxity and laxity of soft tissue of the pelvic canal and perineum.[8]

There are several factors that can influence the occurrence of the vaginal prolapse in cattle. It has been shown that cows, grazing clover pastures, have higher probability of experiencing vaginal prolapse when near the time of calving. This is a consequence of phytoestrogens, which are made when cows forage on such kind of pastures. Another way of reducing the risk is regulating cow's body weight, as overweight cows in the last trimester of their pregnancy are often subdued to reproductive prolapses.[1] This is a consequence of intra-abdominal fat.[2]

Cows pregnant with twins, older pregnant cows,[1][9] zebu (Bos indicus)[1] and stabled cows[8] are also more prone to experiencing the vaginal prolapse. Among other risk factors are trauma and coughing.[10]

Treatment edit

 
Intermediate vaginal prolapse in cow, with some of the exposed tissue already being necrotic.

Prolapsed vagina needs to be treated as fast as possible, as the exposed mass of vaginal tissue can get infected and overexposure to environmental factors (such as dirt, dust particles, sun, heat, cold or manure) can influence cow's body conditions. Another problem is the limited blood supply to the prolapsed mass of tissue, which causes vagina to swell and successful treatment is more demanding. Big prolapsed vagina presses on the urinary passage and it is harder (or impossible) for cows to urinate. Vaginal tissue exposed for too long can dry out or get damaged.[1]

The vaginal prolapse in cattle is usually not as dangerous as some cases of bovine uterine prolapse, and majority of cows with prolapsed vagina are not in the risk of losing their life. When treating cow with a prolapsed vagina one needs to restrain the cow and limit its movement,[1] as well as apply an epidural anesthetic.[2] The prolapsed mass of tissue should then be cleaned with warm water, lubricated and some mild disinfectant should be applied, as these cows are often in the risk of getting an infection.[1][2] In some cases it is useful to empty the cow's bladder right before the procedure.[2] The next step is repositioning the exposed vagina and stitching the tissue around cow's vulva, as the vagina can prolapse again shortly after the incorrect procedure.[1] The stitches must be removed before the next calving.[3]

Prognosis edit

The cow's prognosis after being properly treated for vaginal prolapse is normally favourable.[1] When treated incorrectly, animals often get peritonitis and vaginal wall ruptures.[2] The biggest problem represents the recurrent nature of vaginal prolapses, as the cow that already had prolapsed vagina has relatively high probability of experiencing the condition again in the following calving.[1]

It is thought that genetic factors play a role in bovine vaginal prolapse, as cow's offspring exhibit high levels of vaginal prolapse if their mother has also experienced this condition. In practise, it is common to cull the offspring of cows that had their vaginas prolapsed and not use them for breeding. This guideline is practised for both sexes, as the bulls of mothers with recurrent vaginal prolapse can pass the inherited trait to their offspring.[1]

Occurrence edit

 
Vaginal prolapse is also common in ewes.

The vaginal prolapse often happens in cows, as well as ewes and sometimes sows.[2][10] Similar condition is a characteristic of bitches.[2]

Differential diagnosis edit

Similar condition that is also connected with a prolapse of cow's reproductive organs, is so-called bovine uterine prolapse, when a uterus gets prolapsed.[4] This usually occurs some hours after calving.[11] The latter condition is much less common in cattle and can be life-threatening in extreme cases.[1][3] The condition requires immediate treatment,[4] which is either reducing the prolapse either amputating the exposed uterus and in severe cases euthanizing the animal,[5] as an untreated cow can die from shock (intensive bleeding) or becomes infertile.[4]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Heidi, Ward (2018). Reproductive prolapses of cattle. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas. OCLC 1030335602.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Vaginal and Cervical Prolapse in Cattle and Sheep - Reproductive System". Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  3. ^ a b c d Hopper, Richard DVM. Prolapse of the vagina, cervix, or uterus Retrieved 1 September 2021
  4. ^ a b c d Potter, Tim (2008). "Prolapse of the uterus in the cow". Livestock. 13 (1): 25–28. doi:10.1111/j.2044-3870.2008.tb00143.x. ISSN 2044-3870.
  5. ^ a b "Treatment of prolapsed uterus in cattle [Vet Postgraduate Foundation, Sydney]". homepage.eircom.net. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
  6. ^ Anil, M.; Rajashri, M.; Reddy, K. Anil Kumar (2017). "Management of Post Partum Cevico-Vaginal Prolapse in a Non-Descript Cow: A Case Report". Theriogenology Insight. 7 (2): 75. doi:10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00021.3. ISSN 2249-6610.
  7. ^ The Merck veterinary manual : a handbook of diagnosis, therapy, and disease prevention and control for the veterinarian. Clarence M. Fraser (7th ed.). Rahway, N.J., U.S.A.: Merck & Co. 1991. ISBN 0-911910-55-7. OCLC 27151373.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ a b Gyimesi, Zoltan S.; Linhart, Richard D.; Burns, Roy B.; Anderson, David E.; Munson, Linda (2008). "Management of Chronic Vaginal Prolapse in an Eastern Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci)". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 39 (4): 614–621. doi:10.1638/2007-0012.1. ISSN 1042-7260. JSTOR 20460530. PMID 19110705. S2CID 34456065.
  9. ^ "Vaginal and Uterine Prolapses in Beef Cows - Frequently Asked Questions". The Cattle Site. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  10. ^ a b Malone, Erin; DVM; PhD; Norton, Elaine; PhD, D. V. M.; Dobbs, Erica; DVM; Ezzo, Ashley; DVM, "Vaginal prolapses", Large Animal Surgery - Supplemental Notes, University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing, retrieved 2021-09-01
  11. ^ Peter, Augustine T. (2014), "Vaginal, Cervical, and Uterine Prolapse", Bovine Reproduction, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 383–395, doi:10.1002/9781118833971.ch43, ISBN 978-1-118-83397-1, retrieved 2021-09-01

External links edit

  •   Media related to Vaginal prolapse in cows at Wikimedia Commons

February 16, 2024
bovine, vaginal, prolapse, medical, condition, cattle, characterised, abnormally, positioned, prolapsed, vagina, most, cases, bovine, vaginal, prolapse, occurs, near, time, calving, there, some, examples, vaginal, prolapse, younger, pregnant, animals, another,. Bovine vaginal prolapse is a medical condition in cattle characterised by an abnormally positioned prolapsed vagina In most cases the bovine vaginal prolapse occurs near the time of calving 1 yet there are some examples of the vaginal prolapse in younger and non pregnant animals 2 Another but less common 1 and more severe 3 reproductive prolapse in cattle is so called bovine uterine prolapse where a uterus is the one being abnormally positioned 4 On the picture is shown a prolapsed vagina seen as the big mass of pink tissue Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Cause 3 Treatment 4 Prognosis 5 Occurrence 6 Differential diagnosis 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksCharacteristics edit nbsp Severe vaginal prolapse in dairy cow Bovine prolapsed vagina can occur when the cow is near calving in the late phases of cow s pregnancy usually last trimester 1 Sometimes cow s cervix prolapses along its vagina 5 and such condition is known as the bovine cervico vaginal prolapse 3 6 It can happen that cow s urinary bladder gets contained within the prolapsed vagina 7 Prolapsed vagina is seen as a pink mass of tissue that protrudes outside of the cow s body Severity of this condition varies a lot between individual cows hence in some exposed vagina reaches the size of a large citrus fruit while in others it can be as big as a soccer ball Sometimes prolapsed vagina shrinks when a cow stands up as a pressure on its body is reduced 1 Cause editProlapse of the vagina happens as a consequence of increased pressure in the abdominal cavity of cows 1 Increased production of estrogen and high relaxin levels also play a role as both hormones result in ligamentous laxity and laxity of soft tissue of the pelvic canal and perineum 8 There are several factors that can influence the occurrence of the vaginal prolapse in cattle It has been shown that cows grazing clover pastures have higher probability of experiencing vaginal prolapse when near the time of calving This is a consequence of phytoestrogens which are made when cows forage on such kind of pastures Another way of reducing the risk is regulating cow s body weight as overweight cows in the last trimester of their pregnancy are often subdued to reproductive prolapses 1 This is a consequence of intra abdominal fat 2 Cows pregnant with twins older pregnant cows 1 9 zebu Bos indicus 1 and stabled cows 8 are also more prone to experiencing the vaginal prolapse Among other risk factors are trauma and coughing 10 Treatment edit nbsp Intermediate vaginal prolapse in cow with some of the exposed tissue already being necrotic Prolapsed vagina needs to be treated as fast as possible as the exposed mass of vaginal tissue can get infected and overexposure to environmental factors such as dirt dust particles sun heat cold or manure can influence cow s body conditions Another problem is the limited blood supply to the prolapsed mass of tissue which causes vagina to swell and successful treatment is more demanding Big prolapsed vagina presses on the urinary passage and it is harder or impossible for cows to urinate Vaginal tissue exposed for too long can dry out or get damaged 1 The vaginal prolapse in cattle is usually not as dangerous as some cases of bovine uterine prolapse and majority of cows with prolapsed vagina are not in the risk of losing their life When treating cow with a prolapsed vagina one needs to restrain the cow and limit its movement 1 as well as apply an epidural anesthetic 2 The prolapsed mass of tissue should then be cleaned with warm water lubricated and some mild disinfectant should be applied as these cows are often in the risk of getting an infection 1 2 In some cases it is useful to empty the cow s bladder right before the procedure 2 The next step is repositioning the exposed vagina and stitching the tissue around cow s vulva as the vagina can prolapse again shortly after the incorrect procedure 1 The stitches must be removed before the next calving 3 Prognosis editThe cow s prognosis after being properly treated for vaginal prolapse is normally favourable 1 When treated incorrectly animals often get peritonitis and vaginal wall ruptures 2 The biggest problem represents the recurrent nature of vaginal prolapses as the cow that already had prolapsed vagina has relatively high probability of experiencing the condition again in the following calving 1 It is thought that genetic factors play a role in bovine vaginal prolapse as cow s offspring exhibit high levels of vaginal prolapse if their mother has also experienced this condition In practise it is common to cull the offspring of cows that had their vaginas prolapsed and not use them for breeding This guideline is practised for both sexes as the bulls of mothers with recurrent vaginal prolapse can pass the inherited trait to their offspring 1 Occurrence edit nbsp Vaginal prolapse is also common in ewes The vaginal prolapse often happens in cows as well as ewes and sometimes sows 2 10 Similar condition is a characteristic of bitches 2 Differential diagnosis editSimilar condition that is also connected with a prolapse of cow s reproductive organs is so called bovine uterine prolapse when a uterus gets prolapsed 4 This usually occurs some hours after calving 11 The latter condition is much less common in cattle and can be life threatening in extreme cases 1 3 The condition requires immediate treatment 4 which is either reducing the prolapse either amputating the exposed uterus and in severe cases euthanizing the animal 5 as an untreated cow can die from shock intensive bleeding or becomes infertile 4 See also editBovine uterine prolapseReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Heidi Ward 2018 Reproductive prolapses of cattle Cooperative Extension Service University of Arkansas OCLC 1030335602 a b c d e f g h Vaginal and Cervical Prolapse in Cattle and Sheep Reproductive System Veterinary Manual Retrieved 2021 09 01 a b c d Hopper Richard DVM Prolapse of the vagina cervix or uterus Retrieved 1 September 2021 a b c d Potter Tim 2008 Prolapse of the uterus in the cow Livestock 13 1 25 28 doi 10 1111 j 2044 3870 2008 tb00143 x ISSN 2044 3870 a b Treatment of prolapsed uterus in cattle Vet Postgraduate Foundation Sydney homepage eircom net Retrieved 2021 08 31 Anil M Rajashri M Reddy K Anil Kumar 2017 Management of Post Partum Cevico Vaginal Prolapse in a Non Descript Cow A Case Report Theriogenology Insight 7 2 75 doi 10 5958 2277 3371 2017 00021 3 ISSN 2249 6610 The Merck veterinary manual a handbook of diagnosis therapy and disease prevention and control for the veterinarian Clarence M Fraser 7th ed Rahway N J U S A Merck amp Co 1991 ISBN 0 911910 55 7 OCLC 27151373 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b Gyimesi Zoltan S Linhart Richard D Burns Roy B Anderson David E Munson Linda 2008 Management of Chronic Vaginal Prolapse in an Eastern Bongo Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39 4 614 621 doi 10 1638 2007 0012 1 ISSN 1042 7260 JSTOR 20460530 PMID 19110705 S2CID 34456065 Vaginal and Uterine Prolapses in Beef Cows Frequently Asked Questions The Cattle Site Retrieved 2021 09 01 a b Malone Erin DVM PhD Norton Elaine PhD D V M Dobbs Erica DVM Ezzo Ashley DVM Vaginal prolapses Large Animal Surgery Supplemental Notes University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing retrieved 2021 09 01 Peter Augustine T 2014 Vaginal Cervical and Uterine Prolapse Bovine Reproduction John Wiley amp Sons Ltd pp 383 395 doi 10 1002 9781118833971 ch43 ISBN 978 1 118 83397 1 retrieved 2021 09 01External links edit nbsp Media related to Vaginal prolapse in cows at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bovine vaginal prolapse amp oldid 1114183195, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.