fbpx
Wikipedia

Bookcraft

January 01, 1970

Bookcraft was a major publisher of books and products for members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Bookcraft
Founded1943
FounderJohn Kenneth Orton
SuccessorDeseret Book
Country of originUnited States
Headquarters locationSalt Lake City
Publication typesBooks

History edit

In 1940, LDS Church president Heber J. Grant asked the church's Improvement Era magazine to compile his sermons into a book called Gospel Standards. Compiler G. Homer Durham published it in 1941 as "An Improvement Era Publication", rather than through Deseret Book, the church's official book publisher. During production, Grant suggested that the magazine's staff should start a new LDS publishing company, separate from Deseret Book. In 1942, the Era's business manager, John Kenneth Orton, started Bookcraft as a private publishing house in Salt Lake City, Utah.[1]

When Durham presented a later manuscript to the Era, church leadership restricted book publishing to Deseret Book. John A. Widtsoe and Richard L. Evans, staff members of the Era and early supporters of Bookcraft, referred Durham to Orton's new publishing house. The Gospel Kingdom, Durham's compilation of John Taylor's teachings, was Bookcraft's first major venture in 1943.[2]

Bookcraft remained an Orton family business. When John K. Orton retired to Arizona in 1946, Marvin Wallin became the company's general manager. When Orton died in 1959, ownership passed to his wife. When she died in 1980, the Ortons' son Russell took over with his sister-in-law, Diane Orton.[1]

Growth edit

With growth, Bookcraft relocated to new facilities in 1947. In 1969, it moved again to a West Valley City location between Mountain States Bindery and Publisher's Press, the businesses that actually printed and produced Bookcraft's publications.[1] Bookcraft expanded again into new facilities in 1977.[3]

Though independent, Bookcraft established itself as a quasi-official[3] publisher of conservative, faith-promoting works,[4] and was very careful to follow church leadership.[5] Bookcraft eventually became large enough to compete with Deseret Book's lower publishing costs,[3] and become the second largest LDS publisher.[6][7]

Over the years, Bookcraft innovated and tried new approaches to LDS publishing. In the 1960s, the company experimented with developing LDS young adult fiction.[8] In 1968, Bookcraft hired George Bickerstaff as its first full-time publishing editor. In the early 1970s,[9] it began the Parliament Press imprint for authors to self-publish their books.[3] In 1992, Bookcraft began work with The Beehive Shuppan to translate some titles into Japanese.[10] In 1995, Bookcraft produced The Book of Mormon Studybase, a digital library CD-ROM of books about The Book of Mormon, and contributed to Infobases' LDS Collectors Library CD-ROM.[11]

Because Deseret Book was the largest LDS publisher and bookseller, independents like Bookcraft also distributed to national retailers like B. Dalton, Media Play, and Barnes & Noble.[12] For a time, Bookcraft even planned to create its own chain of retail bookstores.[7]

Infobases acquisition edit

In 1997, Russell Orton sold Bookcraft to Infobases,[13] makers of the popular LDS Collectors Library digital library since the early 1990s.[14] Infobases president and CEO, Brad Pelo, assumed these same roles in the new Bookcraft, Inc., and WordPerfect founder Alan C. Ashton became chairman.

With Bookcraft's licenses, the company released the Infobases PocketLibrary for PalmPilot in 1997, an electronic 25-book collection.[13] To counter Deseret Book's GospeLink CD-ROM and website, Bookcraft released an expanded Infobases Collectors Library in 1998 on CD-ROM and on the new LDSWorld.com.[15] Bookcraft then created online stores for its network of resellers, to counter Deseret Book's web sales.[15]

By 1999, Bookcraft was adding about 100 products annually to its catalog, including general authority titles, an important market shared only with Deseret Book. Bookcraft also had strong sales with titles by BYU professors, titles on church history and doctrine, and the bestselling The Work and the Glory series by Gerald N. Lund, which sold millions of copies.[16][17]

Deseret Book merger edit

In early 1999, Bookcraft was acquired by Deseret Management Corporation (DMC), the parent company of the LDS Church's for-profit businesses. This allowed the church to expand in the larger "values-oriented" publishing market, and reduce translation costs of titles for international sale. The merger also brought more writings by general authorities under the church's ownership, allowing for electronic and print collaborations with other DMC entities (such as Deseret Book, the Deseret News, and Bonneville International) and church entities (such as Brigham Young University and other entities within the Church Educational System).[18]

The Bookcraft brand name continued as an imprint for inspirational, self-help, youth and fiction titles, while doctrinal, historical and biographical works would be under the Deseret Book brand. Shadow Mountain was also created as a new imprint for "values-oriented" books in the national market, and Eagle Gate Press was created for specialty items such as library editions, art books and non-book products such as bookmarks and jewelry.[19]

DMC then formed World Media Inc. to oversee Bookcraft's electronic projects, and decide fate of Infobase products and GospeLink.[20] A new Infobases Library was released in 1999, before merging into GospeLink,[21] to become GospeLink 2001.[22] The expanded collection was also at LDSWorld.com, along with new General Conference audio streaming, and was hosted by Millennial Star (MStar.net), the church's new ISP.[23]

The merger created a publisher with a dominant position in the LDS market. Over next few years, Deseret Book would also acquire Excel Entertainment Group (an LDS-oriented film and music company),[19] Seagull Book & Tape (the next largest LDS-oriented bookstore chain), and Covenant Communications (the next largest LDS-oriented publisher).[24]

The Bookcraft imprint was eventually discontinued by Deseret Book Publishing and currently its only imprints in use are Deseret Book, Shadow Mountain, and Ensign Peak.[25]

Notable work edit

Books edit

Before becoming an imprint of Deseret Book, Bookcraft made many notable contributions to LDS literature, including:

The Teachings of the Latter-day Prophets series, compilations of teachings of LDS Church presidents, which included The Gospel Kingdom: Selections from the Writings and Discourses of John Taylor, Discourses of Wilford Woodruff, Teachings of Lorenzo Snow, Teachings of George Albert Smith, Teachings of Harold B. Lee, Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball, Teachings of Ezra Taft Benson, and Teachings of Howard W. Hunter.

Bookcraft also published some works for BYU Press,[26] the BYU Religious Studies Center,[27] and the LDS Church.

Authors edit

During its years as an independent company, Bookcraft published books by many notable LDS figures, including:

Films edit

Some Bookcraft books have been adapted into movies.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Pusey, Roger (September 13, 1992). "Bookcraft Celebrates its 50th". Deseret News.
  2. ^ Durham, G. Homer (Spring 1972). . Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 7 (1): 12–15. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
  3. ^ a b c d . Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 10 (3): 122–125. Spring 1977. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  4. ^ Roberts, Allen D. (October 1989). "Selling the LDS Sacred: A Visit to the LDS Booksellers Convention" (PDF). Sunstone. 13 (5): 38–39. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  5. ^ McConkie, Joseph Fielding (2004). . Meridian Magazine. Archived from the original on August 18, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  6. ^ In 1989, Bookcraft had twenty percent of the LDS publishing market, compared to Deseret Book's fifty percent.
  7. ^ a b Kofford, Greg (October 1989). "LDS Booksellers Meet, Plot, and Plan to Expand" (PDF). Sunstone. 13 (5): 50. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  8. ^ Hinckley, Helen (Winter 1967). . Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 2 (4): 126–129. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
  9. ^ Bradford, Mary L. (Summer 1972). . Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 7 (2): 60–62. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
  10. ^ Numano, Jiro (Spring 1996). . Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 29 (1): 234. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
  11. ^ Ashton, Alan C. (1996). "Book of Mormon Reference Library". FARMS Review. 8 (2). Retrieved September 3, 2008.
  12. ^ Holzapfel, Richard Neitzel (2000). "Publishers and Bookstores". In Arnold K. Garr; Donald Q. Cannon; Richard O. Cowan (eds.). Encyclopedia of Latter-Day Saint History. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book. p. 967.
  13. ^ a b Kratz, Gregory P. (April 5, 1998). "Happily Joined". Deseret News.
  14. ^ . LDSLibrary.com. Deseret Digital Media, LLC. October 6, 2004. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  15. ^ a b Fidel, Steve (October 2, 1998). "2 LDS book publishers expand on Web". Deseret News.
  16. ^ Kratz, Gregory P. (February 9, 1999). "2 LDS publishers may join forces: Deseret Book parent announces plans to acquire Bookcraft". Deseret News.
  17. ^ Cracroft, Richard H. (Spring 2003). . Journal of Mormon History. 29 (1): 233–253. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  18. ^ "Deseret Management seeking to acquire Bookcraft". Church News. Deseret News. February 13, 1999.
  19. ^ a b "Deseret Book has made other large acquisitions". Deseret Morning News. December 29, 2006.
  20. ^ Kratz, Gregory P. (June 12, 1999). "Deseret Book adds brand, reorganizes". Deseret News.
  21. ^ Bennett, Richard E.; John P. Livingstone (Spring 2000). . Journal of Mormon History. 26 (1): 205–209. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  22. ^ Lloyd, R. Scott (January 8, 2005). "LDS library largest ever assembled as a database". Church News. Deseret News.
  23. ^ Kratz, Gregory P. (October 3, 1999). "A Net link for LDS members: New company aims to form 'digital community'". Deseret News.
  24. ^ Nii, Jenifer K. (December 29, 2006). "Deseret Book buys 2 top competitors". Deseret Morning News. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  25. ^ . Deseret Management Corporation. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  26. ^ Sessions, Gene A. (Winter 1978). . Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 11 (4): 126–128. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  27. ^ Ostler, Blake T. (Winter 1983). . Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 16 (4): 140–143. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  28. ^ Gabriel, Ana (November 21, 1998). "CBS movie based on Christmas story by stake president". Church News. Deseret News.
  29. ^ Lloyd, R. Scott (October 20, 2001). "Missionary odyssey in Tonga hits silver screen". Church News. Deseret News.

January 01, 1970
bookcraft, major, publisher, books, products, members, church, jesus, christ, latter, saints, church, founded1943founderjohn, kenneth, ortonsuccessordeseret, bookcountry, originunited, statesheadquarters, locationsalt, lake, citypublication, typesbooks, conten. Bookcraft was a major publisher of books and products for members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints LDS Church BookcraftFounded1943FounderJohn Kenneth OrtonSuccessorDeseret BookCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationSalt Lake CityPublication typesBooks Contents 1 History 1 1 Growth 1 2 Infobases acquisition 1 3 Deseret Book merger 2 Notable work 2 1 Books 2 2 Authors 2 3 Films 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory editIn 1940 LDS Church president Heber J Grant asked the church s Improvement Era magazine to compile his sermons into a book called Gospel Standards Compiler G Homer Durham published it in 1941 as An Improvement Era Publication rather than through Deseret Book the church s official book publisher During production Grant suggested that the magazine s staff should start a new LDS publishing company separate from Deseret Book In 1942 the Era s business manager John Kenneth Orton started Bookcraft as a private publishing house in Salt Lake City Utah 1 When Durham presented a later manuscript to the Era church leadership restricted book publishing to Deseret Book John A Widtsoe and Richard L Evans staff members of the Era and early supporters of Bookcraft referred Durham to Orton s new publishing house The Gospel Kingdom Durham s compilation of John Taylor s teachings was Bookcraft s first major venture in 1943 2 Bookcraft remained an Orton family business When John K Orton retired to Arizona in 1946 Marvin Wallin became the company s general manager When Orton died in 1959 ownership passed to his wife When she died in 1980 the Ortons son Russell took over with his sister in law Diane Orton 1 Growth edit With growth Bookcraft relocated to new facilities in 1947 In 1969 it moved again to a West Valley City location between Mountain States Bindery and Publisher s Press the businesses that actually printed and produced Bookcraft s publications 1 Bookcraft expanded again into new facilities in 1977 3 Though independent Bookcraft established itself as a quasi official 3 publisher of conservative faith promoting works 4 and was very careful to follow church leadership 5 Bookcraft eventually became large enough to compete with Deseret Book s lower publishing costs 3 and become the second largest LDS publisher 6 7 Over the years Bookcraft innovated and tried new approaches to LDS publishing In the 1960s the company experimented with developing LDS young adult fiction 8 In 1968 Bookcraft hired George Bickerstaff as its first full time publishing editor In the early 1970s 9 it began the Parliament Press imprint for authors to self publish their books 3 In 1992 Bookcraft began work with The Beehive Shuppan to translate some titles into Japanese 10 In 1995 Bookcraft produced The Book of Mormon Studybase a digital library CD ROM of books about The Book of Mormon and contributed to Infobases LDS Collectors Library CD ROM 11 Because Deseret Book was the largest LDS publisher and bookseller independents like Bookcraft also distributed to national retailers like B Dalton Media Play and Barnes amp Noble 12 For a time Bookcraft even planned to create its own chain of retail bookstores 7 Infobases acquisition edit In 1997 Russell Orton sold Bookcraft to Infobases 13 makers of the popular LDS Collectors Library digital library since the early 1990s 14 Infobases president and CEO Brad Pelo assumed these same roles in the new Bookcraft Inc and WordPerfect founder Alan C Ashton became chairman With Bookcraft s licenses the company released the Infobases PocketLibrary for PalmPilot in 1997 an electronic 25 book collection 13 To counter Deseret Book s GospeLink CD ROM and website Bookcraft released an expanded Infobases Collectors Library in 1998 on CD ROM and on the new LDSWorld com 15 Bookcraft then created online stores for its network of resellers to counter Deseret Book s web sales 15 By 1999 Bookcraft was adding about 100 products annually to its catalog including general authority titles an important market shared only with Deseret Book Bookcraft also had strong sales with titles by BYU professors titles on church history and doctrine and the bestselling The Work and the Glory series by Gerald N Lund which sold millions of copies 16 17 Deseret Book merger edit In early 1999 Bookcraft was acquired by Deseret Management Corporation DMC the parent company of the LDS Church s for profit businesses This allowed the church to expand in the larger values oriented publishing market and reduce translation costs of titles for international sale The merger also brought more writings by general authorities under the church s ownership allowing for electronic and print collaborations with other DMC entities such as Deseret Book the Deseret News and Bonneville International and church entities such as Brigham Young University and other entities within the Church Educational System 18 The Bookcraft brand name continued as an imprint for inspirational self help youth and fiction titles while doctrinal historical and biographical works would be under the Deseret Book brand Shadow Mountain was also created as a new imprint for values oriented books in the national market and Eagle Gate Press was created for specialty items such as library editions art books and non book products such as bookmarks and jewelry 19 DMC then formed World Media Inc to oversee Bookcraft s electronic projects and decide fate of Infobase products and GospeLink 20 A new Infobases Library was released in 1999 before merging into GospeLink 21 to become GospeLink 2001 22 The expanded collection was also at LDSWorld com along with new General Conference audio streaming and was hosted by Millennial Star MStar net the church s new ISP 23 The merger created a publisher with a dominant position in the LDS market Over next few years Deseret Book would also acquire Excel Entertainment Group an LDS oriented film and music company 19 Seagull Book amp Tape the next largest LDS oriented bookstore chain and Covenant Communications the next largest LDS oriented publisher 24 The Bookcraft imprint was eventually discontinued by Deseret Book Publishing and currently its only imprints in use are Deseret Book Shadow Mountain and Ensign Peak 25 Notable work editBooks edit Before becoming an imprint of Deseret Book Bookcraft made many notable contributions to LDS literature including John A Widtsoe Evidences and Reconciliations 1943 3 volumes Hugh Nibley No Ma am That s Not History 1946 Hugh Nibley Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites 1952 W Cleon Skousen the Thousand Years Series 1953 66 3 volumes Joseph Fielding Smith Doctrines of Salvation 1954 56 3 volumes Bruce R McConkie Mormon Doctrine 1958 Duane Crowther Prophecy Key to the Future 1962 Bruce R McConkie Doctrinal New Testament Commentary 1965 73 3 volumes James R Clark Messages of the First Presidency 1965 75 6 volumes Duane Crowther Life Everlasting 1967 Spencer W Kimball The Miracle of Forgiveness 1969 Edward L Kimball Spencer W Kimball 1977 Boyd K Packer The Holy Temple 1980 Stephen Covey The Divine Center 1982 Eugene England Why the Church is as True as the Gospel 1986 Bruce C Hafen The Believing Heart 1986 Leonard J Arrington Mothers of the Prophets 1987 Truman G Madsen Joseph Smith the Prophet 1989 Gerald N Lund The Work and the Glory series 1990 98 The Neal A Maxwell Quote Book 1997 The Teachings of the Latter day Prophets series compilations of teachings of LDS Church presidents which included The Gospel Kingdom Selections from the Writings and Discourses of John Taylor Discourses of Wilford Woodruff Teachings of Lorenzo Snow Teachings of George Albert Smith Teachings of Harold B Lee Teachings of Spencer W Kimball Teachings of Ezra Taft Benson and Teachings of Howard W Hunter Bookcraft also published some works for BYU Press 26 the BYU Religious Studies Center 27 and the LDS Church Authors edit During its years as an independent company Bookcraft published books by many notable LDS figures including LDS Church presidents and apostles Ezra Taft Benson Hugh B Brown J Reuben Clark Henry B Eyring Gordon B Hinckley Howard W Hunter Spencer W Kimball Harold B Lee Neal A Maxwell Bruce R McConkie David O McKay Dallin H Oaks Boyd K Packer Mark E Petersen LeGrand Richards Joseph Fielding Smith John A Widtsoe Fiction amp literature Gordon T Allred Susan Evans McCloud Carol Lynn Pearson Jack Weyland Blaine M Yorgason Brenton G Yorgason Scholars amp historians Hyrum L Andrus Leonard J Arrington Milton V Backman Lowell L Bennion Susan Easton Black Eugene England Richard Neitzel Holzapfel Milton R Hunter Arthur Henry King Daniel H Ludlow N B Lundwall Truman G Madsen Robert J Matthews Joseph Fielding McConkie Robert L Millet Hugh W Nibley Preston Nibley Stephen E Robinson W Cleon Skousen Sidney B Sperry John W Welch Popular authors Duane S Crowther Paul H Dunn George D Durrant Richard M Eyre Vaughn J Featherstone Bruce C Hafen Bryant S Hinckley Oscar W McConkie Chieko Okazaki Marvin Payne S Michael Wilcox National figures Shawn Bradley Orson Scott Card Stephen R Covey Henry Eyring Dale Murphy Films edit Some Bookcraft books have been adapted into movies The Christmas Wish 1998 CBS made Richard M Siddoway s novel into a made for TV holiday special Originally a Bookcraft title the latest edition was published by Crown Publishers 28 In the Eye of the Storm 2001 Director Mitch Davis bought the rights to John H Groberg s 1993 memoir of his Tongan mission and created The Other Side of Heaven which was distributed by The Walt Disney Company 29 The Work and the Glory 2004 2006 Gerald N Lund s very successful historical fiction series about early Mormons was adapted into three movies The Work and the Glory 2004 The Work and The Glory American Zion 2005 and The Work and The Glory A House Divided 2006 distributed by Excel Entertainment Group See also editLDS fictionReferences edit a b c Pusey Roger September 13 1992 Bookcraft Celebrates its 50th Deseret News Durham G Homer Spring 1972 Joseph Fielding Smith The Kindly Helpful Scholar Dialogue A Journal of Mormon Thought 7 1 12 15 Archived from the original on June 13 2011 Retrieved August 21 2008 a b c d If It Is Written by a Living General Authority It Will Sell A Report on Mormon Publishing Dialogue A Journal of Mormon Thought 10 3 122 125 Spring 1977 Archived from the original on June 13 2011 Retrieved August 25 2008 Roberts Allen D October 1989 Selling the LDS Sacred A Visit to the LDS Booksellers Convention PDF Sunstone 13 5 38 39 Retrieved September 16 2008 McConkie Joseph Fielding 2004 The Bruce R McConkie Story The Mormon Doctrine Saga Meridian Magazine Archived from the original on August 18 2008 Retrieved August 25 2008 In 1989 Bookcraft had twenty percent of the LDS publishing market compared to Deseret Book s fifty percent a b Kofford Greg October 1989 LDS Booksellers Meet Plot and Plan to Expand PDF Sunstone 13 5 50 Retrieved August 25 2008 Hinckley Helen Winter 1967 An Experiment in Mormon Publishing Dialogue A Journal of Mormon Thought 2 4 126 129 Archived from the original on June 14 2011 Retrieved September 3 2008 Bradford Mary L Summer 1972 New Acts of Poetry Dialogue A Journal of Mormon Thought 7 2 60 62 Archived from the original on June 13 2011 Retrieved September 3 2008 Numano Jiro Spring 1996 Mormonism in Modern Japan Dialogue A Journal of Mormon Thought 29 1 234 Archived from the original on June 14 2011 Retrieved September 3 2008 Ashton Alan C 1996 Book of Mormon Reference Library FARMS Review 8 2 Retrieved September 3 2008 Holzapfel Richard Neitzel 2000 Publishers and Bookstores In Arnold K Garr Donald Q Cannon Richard O Cowan eds Encyclopedia of Latter Day Saint History Salt Lake City Utah Deseret Book p 967 a b Kratz Gregory P April 5 1998 Happily Joined Deseret News Infobase Media Corporation Plans to Expand Following 1 15 Million Angel Investment LDSLibrary com Deseret Digital Media LLC October 6 2004 Archived from the original on July 4 2007 Retrieved September 16 2008 a b Fidel Steve October 2 1998 2 LDS book publishers expand on Web Deseret News Kratz Gregory P February 9 1999 2 LDS publishers may join forces Deseret Book parent announces plans to acquire Bookcraft Deseret News Cracroft Richard H Spring 2003 Telling the Restoration Gerald N Lund s The Work and the Glory saga Journal of Mormon History 29 1 233 253 Archived from the original on June 14 2011 Retrieved September 16 2008 Deseret Management seeking to acquire Bookcraft Church News Deseret News February 13 1999 a b Deseret Book has made other large acquisitions Deseret Morning News December 29 2006 Kratz Gregory P June 12 1999 Deseret Book adds brand reorganizes Deseret News Bennett Richard E John P Livingstone Spring 2000 Infobase Library CD ROM Journal of Mormon History 26 1 205 209 Archived from the original on June 13 2011 Retrieved September 16 2008 Lloyd R Scott January 8 2005 LDS library largest ever assembled as a database Church News Deseret News Kratz Gregory P October 3 1999 A Net link for LDS members New company aims to form digital community Deseret News Nii Jenifer K December 29 2006 Deseret Book buys 2 top competitors Deseret Morning News Retrieved September 16 2008 Deseret Book Deseret Management Corporation Archived from the original on August 26 2014 Retrieved August 25 2014 Sessions Gene A Winter 1978 Brief Notices Dialogue A Journal of Mormon Thought 11 4 126 128 Archived from the original on June 14 2011 Retrieved September 16 2008 Ostler Blake T Winter 1983 Responsible Apologetics Dialogue A Journal of Mormon Thought 16 4 140 143 Archived from the original on December 16 2008 Retrieved September 16 2008 Gabriel Ana November 21 1998 CBS movie based on Christmas story by stake president Church News Deseret News Lloyd R Scott October 20 2001 Missionary odyssey in Tonga hits silver screen Church News Deseret News Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bookcraft amp oldid 1180970852, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.