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Boeing 737 MAX groundings

January 18, 2023

The Boeing 737 MAX passenger airliner was grounded worldwide between March 2019 and December 2020 – longer in many jurisdictions – after 346 people died in two crashes: Lion Air Flight 610 on October 29, 2018 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 on March 10, 2019. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) resisted grounding the aircraft until March 13, 2019, when it received evidence of accident similarities. By then, 51 other regulators had already grounded the plane,[3] and by March 18, 2019, all 387 aircraft in service were grounded.

Boeing 737 MAX groundings
A parking lot at Boeing Field in Seattle, Washington, filled with undelivered Boeing 737 MAX aircraft during the grounding
Date
Duration
  • between accidents: 4 months and 10 days
  • of grounding by the FAA: 1 year, 8 months and 5 days (619 days)
CauseAirworthiness revoked after recurring flight control failure
Budget
  • direct costs: US$20 billion[2]
  • indirect costs: US$60 billion[2]
Deaths346 total:

In 2016, FAA approved Boeing's request to remove references to a new Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) from the flight manual. In November 2018, after the Lion Air accident, Boeing instructed pilots to take corrective action in case of a malfunction, when the airplane would enter a series of automated nosedives. Boeing avoided revealing MCAS until pilots requested further explanation. In December 2018, the FAA privately predicted that MCAS could cause 15 crashes over 30 years. In April 2019, the Ethiopian preliminary report stated that the crew had attempted the recovery procedure, and Boeing confirmed that MCAS had activated in both accidents.[4]

FAA certification of the MAX was subsequently investigated by the U.S. Congress and multiple U.S. government agencies, including the Transportation Department, FBI, NTSB, Inspector General and special panels. Engineering reviews uncovered other design problems, unrelated to MCAS, in the flight computers and cockpit displays. The Indonesian NTSC and the Ethiopian ECAA both attributed the crashes to faulty aircraft design and other factors, including maintenance and flight crew actions. Lawmakers investigated Boeing's incentives to minimize training for the new aircraft.[5] The FAA revoked Boeing's authority to issue airworthiness certificates for individual MAX airplanes and fined Boeing for exerting "undue pressure" on its designated aircraft inspectors.

In August 2020, the FAA published requirements for fixing each aircraft and improving pilot training. On November 18, 2020, the FAA ended the 20-month grounding, the longest ever of a U.S. airliner. The accidents and grounding cost Boeing an estimated $20 billion in fines, compensation and legal fees, with indirect losses of more than $60 billion from 1,200 cancelled orders.[6][2][7] The MAX resumed commercial flights in the U.S. in December 2020, and was recertified in Europe and Canada by January 2021.[8]

Groundings

 
Five Shenzhen Airlines 737 MAX 8s (foreground, red livery) grounded at the Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, March 2019
Main article: List of Boeing 737 MAX groundings

After the Ethiopian Airlines crash, China and most other civil aviation authorities grounded the airliner over perceived safety risks. Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg assured President Donald Trump the airplane was safe, in response to Trump's social media comments.[9] Having new evidence of accident similarities, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded the aircraft on March 13, 2019, reversing a Continued Airworthiness Notice issued two days prior.[10][11][12] About 30 MAX aircraft were flying in U.S. airspace at the time and were allowed to reach their destinations.[13] By March 18, regulators grounded all 387 MAX aircraft in service with 59 airlines worldwide and making 8,600 flights each week.[14] Several ferry flights were operated with flaps extended to circumvent MCAS activation.

The grounding subsequently became the longest ever of a U.S. airliner.[15][16] As of January 2020, another 400 newly manufactured aircraft await delivery to airlines pending the aircraft's return to service.

Accident investigations

 
Vertical airspeeds of both flights, showing altitude loss in 20-second intervals.
See also: Aviation accident analysis

ICAO regulations Annex 13, "Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation", defines which states may participate in investigations. For the two MAX accidents these are:[17]

  1. Indonesia, for Lion Air Flight 610 as the state of registration, state of occurrence, and state of the operator.
  2. Ethiopia, for Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, as the state of registration, state of occurrence, and state of the operator.
  3. The United States, as the state of manufacturer and issuer of the type certificate.

The participating state or national transportation safety bureaus are the NTSB for the US and the NTSC for Indonesia. Australia and Singapore also offered technical assistance, shortly after the Lion Air accident, regarding data recovery from the new generation flight recorders (FDR).[needs update] With the exception of Ethiopia, the officially recognized countries are members of the Joint Authorities Technical Review (JATR).

Lion Air Flight 610

Main article: Lion Air Flight 610
 
PK-LQP, the aircraft involved in the crash of Flight 610

Preliminary investigations revealed serious flight control problems that traumatized passengers and crew on the aircraft's previous flight, as well as signs of angle-of-attack (AoA) sensor and other instrument failures on that and previous flights, tied to a design flaw involving the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) of the 737 MAX series. The aircraft maintenance records indicated that the AoA sensor was just replaced before the accident flight.[18] The report tentatively attributed the accident to the erroneous angle-of-attack (AoA) data and automatic nose-down trim commanded by MCAS.[19][20]

The NTSC final report, published on October 23, 2019, was prepared with assistance from the U.S. NTSB. NTSC's investigator Nurcahyo Utomo identified nine factors to the accident, saying:

"The nine factors are the root problem; they cannot be separated. Not one is contributing more than the other. Unlike NTSB reports that identify the primary cause of accidents and then list contributing issues determined to be less significant, Indonesia is following a convention used by many foreign regulators of listing causal factors without ranking them".[21][22]

The final report has been shared with families of Lion Air Flight 610, then published on October 25, 2019.[23][24][25][26]

Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302

Main article: Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302
 
ET-AVJ, the Ethiopian Airlines aircraft that crashed as Flight 302

On March 11, FAA defended the MAX against groundings by issuing a Continued Airworthiness Notice to operators. The initial reports for Flight 302 found that the pilots struggled to control the airplane in a manner similar to the Lion Air flight 610 crash.[27] On March 13, 2019, the FAA announced that evidence from the crash site and satellite data on Flight 302 suggested that it might have suffered from the same problem as Lion Air Flight 610 in that the jackscrew controlling the pitch of the horizontal stabilizer of the crashed Flight 302, was found to be set in the full "nose down" position, similar to Lion Air Flight 610.[28] This further implicated MCAS as contributory to the crash.[29][30][31]

Ethiopian Airlines spokesman Biniyam Demssie said that the procedures for disabling MCAS had just been incorporated into pilot training. "All the pilots flying the MAX received the training after the Indonesia crash," he said. "There was a directive by Boeing, so they took that training."[32] Despite following the procedure, the pilots could not recover.[33]

The Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority (ECAA) led investigations for Flight 302, and the United States Federal Aviation Administration assisted in the investigation.[34] Both flight recorders (voice and data) were recovered from the crash site on March 11, 2019.[35] The French aviation accident investigation agency BEA announced that it would analyze the flight recorders from the flight.[36] BEA received the flight recorders on March 14, 2019.[37]

On March 17, 2019, Dagmawit Moges, Ethiopia's transport minister, announced that the black box had been found and downloaded, and that the preliminary data retrieved from the flight data recorder show a "clear similarity" with those of Lion Air Flight 610 which crashed off Indonesia.[38][39] Due to this finding, some experts in Indonesia suggested that the NTSC should cooperate with Flight 302's investigation team.[40] Later on the evening, the NTSC offered assistance to Flight 302's investigation team, stating that the committee and the Indonesian Transportation Ministry would send investigators and representatives from the government to assist with the investigation of the crash.[41]

The Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority published an interim report on March 9, 2020, one day before the March 10 anniversary of the crash.[42] Investigators tentatively concluded that the crash was caused by the aircraft's design.[43][44][45][46] On December 23, 2022 the Ethiopian Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau published its final report on the crash, concluding the probable cause was "Repetitive and uncommanded airplane-nose-down inputs from the MCAS", due to false input from the angle of attack (AoA) sensor.[47]

Timeline

2016

  • March 2016, The General Manager of Boeing's 737 MAX program and the former Chief Project Engineer on the 737 MAX program both approved a redesign of MCAS to increase its authority to move the aircraft's stabilizer at low speed, in order to address "stall characteristics" requirements necessary for FAA certification. Just hours after the approval for MCAS's redesign was granted, Boeing sought, and the FAA approved, the removal of references to MCAS from Boeing's flight crew operations manual (FCOM). The FAA officials who authorized this request remained unaware of the redesign of MCAS until after the crash of the Lion Air flight.[48]

2018

 
PK-LQP, the 737 MAX 8 involved in the Lion Air crash.
  • January 10, The Operational Evaluation Report of the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (ANAC) mentions the MCAS.[49] The FAA had approved Boeing's request to remove MCAS from differences tables and quick reference handbook (QRH);[50][51] The Operational Evaluation Report prepared by Transport Canada contained the same table as ANAC's, except the reference to MCAS.[49][excessive detail?]
  • October 29, a 737 MAX 8 operating Lion Air Flight 610 crashed after take-off from Jakarta, killing all 189 on board. Boeing started redesigning the MCAS system right after the accident.[52]
  • November 6, Boeing issued an Operations Manual Bulletin (OMB),[53] describing a MAX-specific feature of the pitch trim system, warning that with "erroneous AoA data, the pitch trim system can trim the stabilizer nose down in increments lasting up to 10 seconds" which "can be stopped and reversed with the use of the electric stabilizer trim switches but may restart 5 seconds after" and instructed pilots to counteract it by running the Runaway stabilizer and manual trim procedure.[54] The background introduction of the bulletin states: "This bulletin directs flight crews to existing procedures to address this condition", and reminds operators to use the "existing procedures in the Runaway Stabilizer NNC [Non-Normal Conditions]" when the MAX reacts to a false stall detection.[55] This was Boeing's first public announcement about MCAS, albeit not by name.[56]
  • November 7, the FAA issued an Emergency airworthiness directive to owners and operators,[57] requiring revising the aircraft flight manual (AFM) "to provide the flight crew with runaway horizontal stabilizer trim procedures" when "repeated nose-down trim commands" are caused by "an erroneously high single AoA sensor",[54] reinforcing the Boeing bulletin.[58] The FAA directive warned that the problem was an "unsafe condition" that could result in "impact with terrain".[59] The directive informs pilots of a new function specific to MAX models : "Note: The 737-8/-9 uses a Flight Control Computer command of pitch trim to improve longitudinal handling characteristics. In the event of erroneous Angle of Attack (AOA) input, the pitch trim system can trim the stabilizer nose down in increments lasting up to 10 seconds." The FAA had removed reference to MCAS from its draft EAD.[60]
  • November 10, Boeing referred publicly for the first time to the MCAS by name in a Multi Operator Message to operators.[61][62][63] The MCAS control law, a few lines of software code in the FCC, could autonomously command nosedives, when even a single sensor failure resulted in bad data; MCAS was omitted from aircraft manuals and training,[64] therefore flight crews had no knowledge of its existence or functioning until Boeing published a bulletin on November 6.
  • November 27, the Allied Pilots Association of American Airlines had a meeting with Boeing to express concerns with the MCAS effectiveness, and was unnerved by the airframer's responses. Union president Daniel Carey later said, "The huge error of omission is that Boeing failed to disclose the existence of MCAS to the pilot community. The final fatal mistake was, therefore, the absence of robust pilot training in the event that the MCAS failed".[65] The Boeing officials acknowledged that they were considering some changes, for example preventing MCAS's repetitive activation to ensure that it only triggers once.[66]
  • December 3, the FAA Seattle Certification Office reviewed an unpublished quantitative risk assessment analysis of the MAX, prepared using the "Transport Aircraft Risk Assessment Methodology" (TARAM). The U.S. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure made the report public just over a year later, on December 11, 2019. In the committee's words, the report concluded that "if left uncorrected, the MCAS design flaw in the 737 MAX could result in as many as 15 future fatal crashes over the life of the fleet", predicting 2900 deaths over 30 years.[67]
  • December 17, in a presentation to the FAA, Boeing deflected blame and continued to assert that appropriate crew action would save the aircraft.[68]

2019

 
ET-AVJ, the MAX 8 involved in the Ethiopian Airlines crash.
  • March 10, another 737 MAX 8 operating Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crashed shortly after take-off from Addis Ababa airport, killing all 157 on board, due to a similar faulty MCAS, initiating a worldwide flight ban for the aircraft, starting with China on March 11. This was followed in quick succession the following day, March 12 by Singapore, India, Turkey, South Korea, the European Union, Australia and Malaysia. See timeline and list of groundings by other countries & regions. The US FAA issued an affirmation of the continued airworthiness of the 737 MAX.[69]
  • March 13, the U.S. FAA was among the last to order the grounding of the 737 MAX, after claiming there was no reason: China had the most aircraft in service, 96, followed by the U.S. with 72, Canada with 39 and India with 21. The FAA issued an Emergency Order of Prohibition grounding Boeing 737 MAX airplanes, followed by a CANIC.[70]
  • March 20, EASA and Transport Canada indicated that they would conduct their own reviews of Boeing's proposed software update.[71]
  • March 27, Boeing unveiled a software update to avoid MCAS errors, which was pending certification after already being developed and tested in-flight.
  • April 5, Boeing announced it was cutting 737 production by almost a fifth, to 42 aircraft monthly, anticipating a prolonged grounding, and had formed an internal design review committee.
  • May 13, Republican Congressman Sam Graves at the House Aviation subcommittee hearing, blamed the 737 MAX crashes on poor training of the Indonesian and Ethiopian pilots; he stated that "pilots trained in the U.S. would have been successful" in handling the emergencies on both jets.[72][73]
  • June 18, IAG signed a letter of intent for 200 737 MAXs at the Paris air show, followed by Turkish SunExpress and Air Astana later in the year.
  • June 26, flight tests for the FAA uncovered a data processing issue affecting the pilots' ability to perform the "runaway stabilizer" procedure to respond to MCAS errors.
  • October 30, Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg testified before U.S. Congress committees, defending Boeing's safety culture and denying knowledge of internal messages in which Boeing's former chief technical pilot said he had unknowingly lied to regulators, and voiced his concerns on MCAS.
  • November 22, Boeing unveiled the first 737 MAX 10 flight-test aircraft.[64]
  • November 26, the FAA revoked Boeing's Organization Designation Authorization to issue airworthiness certificates for individual MAX airplanes.[74]
  • December 17, Boeing confirmed the suspension of 737 MAX production from January 2020.
  • December 23, Dennis Muilenburg resigned, to be replaced by board chairman David Calhoun.[64]

2020

 
Grounded 737 MAX aircraft at the Boeing Field.
  • January 7, Boeing recommended "simulator training in addition to computer based training".[75]
  • January 9, Boeing released previous messages in which it claimed no flight simulator time was needed for pilots, and distanced itself from emails mocking airlines and the FAA, and criticizing the 737 MAX design.
  • January 13, David Calhoun became CEO, pledging to improve Boeing's commitment to safety and transparency, and estimating the return to service in mid-2020.
  • January 21, Boeing estimated the ungrounding could begin in mid-2020.[64]
  • May 27, Boeing resumed production of the MAX at a "very gradual pace".[76]
  • June 28 to July 1, the FAA conducted flight tests with a view to recertification of the 737 MAX.[77]
  • September 16, the U.S. House of Representatives releases its concluding report, blaming Boeing and the FAA for lapses in the design, construction and certification.[78]
  • September 30, a Boeing 737 MAX test aircraft was flown by FAA administrator Stephen Dickson.[79]
  • October 16, Patrick Ky, the executive director of the European Union Aviation Safety Agency, claimed that the updated 737 MAX reached the level of safety "high enough" for EASA.[80]
  • November 18, the FAA issued a CANIC, subject to mandatory updates on each individual aircraft.[a][81] Other regulators were expected to follow.[7][82]
  • December 9, Brazilian low-cost carrier Gol Transportes Aéreos was the first airline to resume passenger service.[83]
  • December 29, American Airlines was the first US airline to resume commercial operations.[84]

2021

 
Southwest Airlines remains as the 737 MAX's largest operator. This Southwest MAX 8, registered as N8749Q, is seen on approach to Harry Reid International Airport, on 8 June 2021.
  • January 7, Boeing settled to pay over $2.5 billion after being charged with fraud over the company's hiding of information from safety regulators: a criminal monetary penalty of $243.6 million, $1.77 billion of damages to airline customers, and a $500 million crash-victim beneficiaries fund.[85][86]
  • January 13, the Trinidad and Tobago Civil Aviation Authority authorized the MAX to resume flights in Trinidad and Tobago's airspace.[87]
  • January 18, Transport Canada authorized the MAX to resume flights in Canadian airspace.[88] Canadian operators must modify the aircraft to enable pilots to disable the stick shaker when it is erroneously activated, if they are certain that they understand the underlying cause.[89]
  • January 27, EASA cleared the MAX to resume service in Europe, subject to additional restrictions similar to those mandated by Transport Canada.[90] Certain approaches requiring precision navigation were however not yet approved as EASA was awaiting data from Boeing as to the aircraft's ability to maintain the required performance in the event of sensor failures.[91]
  • February 26, the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority lifted its ban on the MAX, accepting the return-to-service requirements set by the FAA. Australia was the first nation in the Asia-Pacific region to clear the aircraft to return to service.[92]
  • April 9, Boeing announces that it has notified 16 airlines and the FAA of a potential electrical problem. Boeing refused to say how many planes were affected but four airlines grounded nearly 70 MAX aircraft.[93]
  • August 26, the Indian Directorate General of Civil Aviation rescinds its ban on MAX airplanes in India on the condition that they meet the requirements set by the FAA and EASA.[94][95]
  • September 2, Boeing and Ethiopian Airlines reach an undisclosed out-of-court settlement, with Ethiopian Airlines announcing that the MAX could return to service in January 2022.[96] The same day, the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia rescinded its ban on the MAX.[97][98]
  • October 14, federal prosecutors indict former Boeing pilot Mark Forkner for fraud, stating he lied to the FAA in an attempt to obtain money from customers. Forkner is the first person to receive criminal charges in the investigation.[99]
  • December 2, China's civil aviation regulator cleared the 94 jets stored by 11 carriers in China to fly again, before resuming deliveries in early 2022 of the ~120 planes currently stored by Boeing, as over 180 countries out of 195 have lifted the grounding.[100] However, the Civil Aviation Administration of China does not give a date as to when the aircraft can begin passenger operations.[citation needed]
  • December 28, Indonesia's ministry of transport removes its ban on the MAX.[101]

2022

 
Even though no longer grounded, the CAAC has still not given a date when Chinese operators of the 737 MAX can resume passenger service. This Air China MAX 8, registered as B-1225, was seen at Beijing Capital International Airport on 11 March 2019, the day after the crash of Ethiopian 302.
  • February 1, Ethiopian Airlines cleared the MAX to return to service, with a demonstration flight being held the same day.[102]

2023

  • January 13, China Southern Airlines resumed the MAX to service.[1]

Type certification and return to service

Main article: Boeing 737 MAX certification

Investigations in both crashes determined that Boeing and the FAA favored cost-saving solutions, but ultimately produced a flawed design of the MCAS instead.[103] The FAA's Organization Designation Authorization program, allowing manufacturers to act on its behalf, was also questioned for weakening its oversight of Boeing.

Boeing wanted the FAA to certify the airplane as another version of the long-established 737; this would limit the need for additional training of pilots, a major cost saving for airline customers. During flight tests, however, Boeing discovered that the position and larger size of the engines tended to push up the airplane nose during certain maneuvers. To counter that tendency and ensure fleet commonality with the 737 family, Boeing added MCAS so the MAX would handle similar to earlier 737 versions. Boeing convinced the FAA that MCAS could not fail hazardously or catastrophically, and that existing procedures were effective in dealing with malfunctions.[citation needed] The MAX was exempted from certain newer safety requirements, saving Boeing billions of dollars in development costs.[104] In February 2020, the US Justice Department (DOJ) investigated Boeing's hiding of information from the FAA, based on the content of internal emails.[105] In January 2021, Boeing settled to pay over $2.5 billion after being charged with fraud in connections to the crashes.

In June 2020, the U.S. Inspector General's report revealed that MCAS problems dated several years before the accidents.[106] The FAA found several defects that Boeing deferred to fix, in violation of regulations.[107] In September 2020, the House of Representatives concluded its investigation and cited numerous instances where Boeing dismissed employee concerns with MCAS, prioritized deadline and budget constraints over safety, and where it lacked transparency in disclosing essential information to the FAA. It further found that the assumption that simulator training would not be necessary had "diminished safety, minimized the value of pilot training, and inhibited technical design improvements".[108]

In November 2020, the FAA announced that it had cleared the 737 MAX to return to service.[109] Various system, maintenance and training requirements are stipulated, as well as design changes that must be implemented on each aircraft before the FAA issues an airworthiness certificate, without delegation to Boeing. Other major regulators worldwide are gradually following suit: In 2021, after two years of grounding, Transport Canada and EASA both cleared the MAX subject to additional requirements.[110][111]

Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System

Main article: Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System
 
The MAX uses an adjustable stabilizer, moved by a jackscrew, to provide the required pitch trim forces. Generic stabilizer illustrated.

MCAS on the 737 MAX was designed to mimic the pitching behavior of the previous generation of the series, the Boeing 737 NG, by pushing down the aircraft nose from an elevated angle of attack (AoA) by automatically adjusting the horizontal stabilizer and trim tab. The system was intended to protect pilots from inadvertently flying at too steep an angle, which could result in a stall. Boeing, however, asserted that MCAS was not an anti-stall system, as the media widely reported it to be. Pilot movement of the control column on the MAX did not disable MCAS, unlike an earlier implementation of MCAS on the U.S. Air Force Boeing 767 Tanker. During certification of the MAX, Boeing requested and received permission from the FAA to remove a description of MCAS from the aircraft manual, leaving pilots unaware of the system when the airplane entered service in 2017.[112][113] Boeing had also knowingly withheld knowledge, for at least a year before the Lion Air crash, that a system to warn of a possible AoA malfunction did not work as advertised.[114]

On November 6, 2018, Boeing published a supplementary service bulletin prompted by the first crash. The bulletin describes warnings triggered by erroneous AoA data could cause the pitch trim system to repeatedly push down the nose of the airplane and referred pilots to a "non-normal runaway trim" procedure as resolution, specifying a narrow window of a few seconds before the system would reactivate and pitch the nose down again.[115] The FAA issued an emergency airworthiness directive, 2018-23-51, on November 7, 2018, requiring the bulletin's inclusion in the flight manuals, and that pilots immediately review the new information provided.[116][117] Pilots wanted to know more about the issue, and Boeing responded by publicly naming MCAS for the first time in another message to airlines, noting that MCAS operates "without pilot input."[118][119]

In December 2018, the FAA had privately predicted that 15 MCAS-related accidents could result if the system was not redesigned. Boeing said it would revise MCAS software by April 2019 to correct any problems. The study was only revealed a year later at the December 2019 House of Representatives hearing. Stephen Dickson, who became FAA administrator during the accident investigations, testified at the hearing about his agency's response after the Lion Air accident, saying "the result was not satisfactory".[120]

After the March 2019 crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, Ethiopian investigators determined that pilots had attempted the recommended recovery procedure.[121][122] Boeing admitted that MCAS played a role in both accidents by activating when it received faulty data from an exterior AoA sensor.

In 2020, an FAA Airworthiness Directive approved design changes for each MAX aircraft, requiring input from two AoA sensors for MCAS activation, elimination of the system's ability to repeatedly activate, and allowing pilots to override the system if necessary.[123] Boeing also overhauled the computer architecture of the flight controls to provide greater redundancy. For each aircraft, the FAA would issue the airworthiness certificate, without delegation to Boeing, upon completion of an AoA sensor system test and a validation test flight.[124] The FAA also required that all MAX pilots receive MCAS-related training in flight simulators by 2021. Before the accidents, simulator training on the MAX was not required, because the FAA accepted Boeing's position that the MAX was sufficiently similar to the previous 737 series, the NG.

Reactions

Main article: Reactions to the Boeing 737 MAX groundings

Boeing expressed its sympathy to the relatives of the Lion Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crash victims, while simultaneously defending the aircraft against any faults and suggesting the pilots had insufficient training, until rebutted by evidence. After the 737 MAX fleet was globally grounded, starting in China with the Civil Aviation Administration of China the day after the second crash,[125] Boeing provided several outdated return-to-service timelines, the earliest of which was "in the coming weeks" after the second crash. On October 11, 2019, David L. Calhoun replaced Dennis Muilenburg as chairman of Boeing, then succeeded Muilenburg's role as chief executive officer in January 2020.

One year after the crashes, lawmakers demanded answers from then-CEO Dennis Muilenburg in a hearing on Capitol Hill. They questioned him about the discovered mistakes leading to the crashes and also about Boeing's subsequent cover-up efforts. One important line of enquiry was how Boeing "tricked" regulators into approving sub-standard pilot training materials, especially the deletion of mentioning the critical flight stabilization system MCAS.[126] A Texas court ruled in October 2022 that the passengers killed in two 737 MAX crashes are legally considered "crime victims", which has consequences concerning possible remedies.

Airbus articulated that the crashes had been a tragedy and that it would never be good for any competitor to see a particular aircraft type having problems. Airbus reiterated that the 737 MAX grounding and backlog would not change the production volume of the competing Airbus A320neo family as these aircraft had already been sold out through 2025 and logistical and supplier capacities could not be easily enhanced short to medium term in this industry.

Pilots' and flight attendants' opinions were mixed, with some expressing confidence in the certification renewal, while others were increasingly disappointed that Boeing had knowingly concealed the existence and the risks of the newly introduced flight stabilization system MCAS to the 737 series as more and more internal information about the development and certification process came to light. Retired pilot Chesley Sullenberger criticized the aircraft design and certification processes and reasoned that relationship between the industry and its regulators had been too "cozy".

Financial and economic effects

Main article: Financial impact of the Boeing 737 MAX groundings

The Boeing 737 MAX groundings have had a deep financial effect on the aviation industry and a significant effect on the national economy of the United States. No airline took delivery of the MAX during the groundings. Boeing slowed MAX production to 42 aircraft per month and halted MAX production from January to May 2020. Boeing suffered directly through increased costs, loss of revenue, reputational damage, victim litigation, client compensation, reduced credit rating, and decreased stock value. In January 2020, the company estimated a loss of $18.4 billion for 2019, and it reported 183 canceled MAX orders for the year.

In February 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting travel bans created further uncertainty for Boeing. In March 2020, news that Boeing was seeking a $60 billion bailout caused a steep drop in its stock price, though Boeing eventually received $17 billion in funds from the coronavirus stimulus.[127] Its extensive supply chain providing aircraft components and flight simulators suffered similar losses, as did the aircraft services industry, including crew training, the aftermarket, and the aviation insurance industry.[citation needed] Major flight simulator supplier CAE increased production of simulators for the Boeing 737 MAX in anticipation of a jump in demand for pilot training in November 2019.[128] At the time of the recertification by the FAA in November 2020, Boeing's net orders for the 737 MAX were down by more than 1,000 aircraft,[6] 448 orders canceled and 782 orders removed from the backlog because they are no longer certain enough to rely on; the total estimated direct costs of the MAX groundings were US$20 billion and indirect costs over US$60 billion.[129] On January 7, 2021, Boeing settled to pay over $2.5 billion after being charged with fraud.

Popular culture

In September 2021, PBS released Boeing's Fatal Flaw, a Frontline documentary about how Boeing ignored critical safety issues with the 737 MAX resulting in the crash of two airliners.[130]

In February 2022, Netflix released Downfall: The Case Against Boeing, a documentary about the two plane crashes[131] directed by Rory Kennedy.[132]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ install new flight control computer software and new display system software; incorporate certain Airplane Flight Manual flightcrew operating procedures; modify horizontal stabilizer trim wire routing installations; conduct an angle of attack sensor system test; and conduct an operational readiness flight

References

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Further reading

  • Baker, Sinéad. "Boeing shunned automation for decades. When the aviation giant finally embraced it, an automated system in the 737 Max kicked off the biggest crisis in its history". Business Insider.
  • Broderick, Sean (August 15, 2019). "The MAX Saga, One Question At A Time". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  • Cox, John (May 20, 2019). "This [the emergency the pilots faced] is not simple". Leeham News.
  • Delbert, Caroline (April 14, 2020). "The 737 MAX Has Been Grounded for a Year Because of Its Terrible Computers". Popular Mechanics.
  • Gelles, David; Wichter, Zach (July 18, 2019). "Boeing 737 Max: The Latest on the Deadly Crashes and the Fallout". The New York Times.
  • Hemmerdinger, Jon (March 13, 2020). "How the 737 Max grounding changed commercial aerospace". FlightGlobal.
  • Hemmerdinger, Jon (September 13, 2019). "Six months on from the Boeing 737 Max grounding". FlightGlobal.
  • Kaminski-Morrow, David (March 13, 2020). "Why restarting Max production is just the start of Boeing's delivery challenges". FlightGlobal.
  • Leggett, Theo (May 17, 2019). "What went wrong inside Boeing's cockpit?". BBC News Online.
  • Robison, Peter (2021). Flying Blind: The 737 MAX Tragedy and the Fall of Boeing (Hardcover). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385546492.
  • Thisdell, Dan (March 13, 2020). "Tarnished Max brand presents major challenge for Boeing". FlightGlobal.
  • Travis, Gregory (April 18, 2019). "How the Boeing 737 Max Disaster Looks to a Software Developer". IEEE Spectrum.
  • Wolfsteller, Pilar (July 1, 2020). "Inspector general slams Boeing for holding back information on 737 Max". Flight Global.
  • "Boeing 737 MAX Flight Control System - Observations, Findings, and Recommendations" (PDF). Joint Authorities Technical Review. October 11, 2019.
  • The real reason Boeing's new plane crashed twice. Vox Videos. April 15, 2019.
  • "Timeline: The Boeing 737 MAX Crisis". Aviation Week Network. May 16, 2019.

January 18, 2023
boeing, groundings, boeing, passenger, airliner, grounded, worldwide, between, march, 2019, december, 2020, longer, many, jurisdictions, after, people, died, crashes, lion, flight, october, 2018, ethiopian, airlines, flight, march, 2019, federal, aviation, adm. The Boeing 737 MAX passenger airliner was grounded worldwide between March 2019 and December 2020 longer in many jurisdictions after 346 people died in two crashes Lion Air Flight 610 on October 29 2018 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 on March 10 2019 The U S Federal Aviation Administration FAA resisted grounding the aircraft until March 13 2019 when it received evidence of accident similarities By then 51 other regulators had already grounded the plane 3 and by March 18 2019 all 387 aircraft in service were grounded Boeing 737 MAX groundingsA parking lot at Boeing Field in Seattle Washington filled with undelivered Boeing 737 MAX aircraft during the groundingDateLion Air accident October 29 2018 Ethiopian Airlines accident March 10 2019 First grounding March 10 2019 2019 03 10 by Ethiopian Airlines superseded First grounding order March 11 2019 2019 03 11 by the Civil Aviation Administration of China CAAC January 13 2023 2023 01 13 1 FAA grounding order March 13 2019 2019 03 13 November 18 2020 2020 11 18 Durationbetween accidents 4 months and 10 days of grounding by the FAA 1 year 8 months and 5 days 619 days CauseAirworthiness revoked after recurring flight control failureBudgetdirect costs US 20 billion 2 indirect costs US 60 billion 2 Deaths346 total 189 on Lion Air Flight 610 157 on Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302In 2016 FAA approved Boeing s request to remove references to a new Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System MCAS from the flight manual In November 2018 after the Lion Air accident Boeing instructed pilots to take corrective action in case of a malfunction when the airplane would enter a series of automated nosedives Boeing avoided revealing MCAS until pilots requested further explanation In December 2018 the FAA privately predicted that MCAS could cause 15 crashes over 30 years In April 2019 the Ethiopian preliminary report stated that the crew had attempted the recovery procedure and Boeing confirmed that MCAS had activated in both accidents 4 FAA certification of the MAX was subsequently investigated by the U S Congress and multiple U S government agencies including the Transportation Department FBI NTSB Inspector General and special panels Engineering reviews uncovered other design problems unrelated to MCAS in the flight computers and cockpit displays The Indonesian NTSC and the Ethiopian ECAA both attributed the crashes to faulty aircraft design and other factors including maintenance and flight crew actions Lawmakers investigated Boeing s incentives to minimize training for the new aircraft 5 The FAA revoked Boeing s authority to issue airworthiness certificates for individual MAX airplanes and fined Boeing for exerting undue pressure on its designated aircraft inspectors In August 2020 the FAA published requirements for fixing each aircraft and improving pilot training On November 18 2020 the FAA ended the 20 month grounding the longest ever of a U S airliner The accidents and grounding cost Boeing an estimated 20 billion in fines compensation and legal fees with indirect losses of more than 60 billion from 1 200 cancelled orders 6 2 7 The MAX resumed commercial flights in the U S in December 2020 and was recertified in Europe and Canada by January 2021 8 Contents 1 Groundings 2 Accident investigations 2 1 Lion Air Flight 610 2 2 Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 3 Timeline 3 1 2016 3 2 2018 3 3 2019 3 4 2020 3 5 2021 3 6 2022 3 7 2023 4 Type certification and return to service 5 Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System 6 Reactions 7 Financial and economic effects 8 Popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further readingGroundings Edit Five Shenzhen Airlines 737 MAX 8s foreground red livery grounded at the Shenzhen Bao an International Airport March 2019 Main article List of Boeing 737 MAX groundings After the Ethiopian Airlines crash China and most other civil aviation authorities grounded the airliner over perceived safety risks Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg assured President Donald Trump the airplane was safe in response to Trump s social media comments 9 Having new evidence of accident similarities the U S Federal Aviation Administration FAA grounded the aircraft on March 13 2019 reversing a Continued Airworthiness Notice issued two days prior 10 11 12 About 30 MAX aircraft were flying in U S airspace at the time and were allowed to reach their destinations 13 By March 18 regulators grounded all 387 MAX aircraft in service with 59 airlines worldwide and making 8 600 flights each week 14 Several ferry flights were operated with flaps extended to circumvent MCAS activation The grounding subsequently became the longest ever of a U S airliner 15 16 As of January 2020 another 400 newly manufactured aircraft await delivery to airlines pending the aircraft s return to service Accident investigations Edit Vertical airspeeds of both flights showing altitude loss in 20 second intervals See also Aviation accident analysis ICAO regulations Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation defines which states may participate in investigations For the two MAX accidents these are 17 Indonesia for Lion Air Flight 610 as the state of registration state of occurrence and state of the operator Ethiopia for Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 as the state of registration state of occurrence and state of the operator The United States as the state of manufacturer and issuer of the type certificate The participating state or national transportation safety bureaus are the NTSB for the US and the NTSC for Indonesia Australia and Singapore also offered technical assistance shortly after the Lion Air accident regarding data recovery from the new generation flight recorders FDR needs update With the exception of Ethiopia the officially recognized countries are members of the Joint Authorities Technical Review JATR Lion Air Flight 610 Edit Main article Lion Air Flight 610 PK LQP the aircraft involved in the crash of Flight 610 Preliminary investigations revealed serious flight control problems that traumatized passengers and crew on the aircraft s previous flight as well as signs of angle of attack AoA sensor and other instrument failures on that and previous flights tied to a design flaw involving the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System MCAS of the 737 MAX series The aircraft maintenance records indicated that the AoA sensor was just replaced before the accident flight 18 The report tentatively attributed the accident to the erroneous angle of attack AoA data and automatic nose down trim commanded by MCAS 19 20 The NTSC final report published on October 23 2019 was prepared with assistance from the U S NTSB NTSC s investigator Nurcahyo Utomo identified nine factors to the accident saying The nine factors are the root problem they cannot be separated Not one is contributing more than the other Unlike NTSB reports that identify the primary cause of accidents and then list contributing issues determined to be less significant Indonesia is following a convention used by many foreign regulators of listing causal factors without ranking them 21 22 The final report has been shared with families of Lion Air Flight 610 then published on October 25 2019 23 24 25 26 Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 Edit Main article Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 ET AVJ the Ethiopian Airlines aircraft that crashed as Flight 302 On March 11 FAA defended the MAX against groundings by issuing a Continued Airworthiness Notice to operators The initial reports for Flight 302 found that the pilots struggled to control the airplane in a manner similar to the Lion Air flight 610 crash 27 On March 13 2019 the FAA announced that evidence from the crash site and satellite data on Flight 302 suggested that it might have suffered from the same problem as Lion Air Flight 610 in that the jackscrew controlling the pitch of the horizontal stabilizer of the crashed Flight 302 was found to be set in the full nose down position similar to Lion Air Flight 610 28 This further implicated MCAS as contributory to the crash 29 30 31 Ethiopian Airlines spokesman Biniyam Demssie said that the procedures for disabling MCAS had just been incorporated into pilot training All the pilots flying the MAX received the training after the Indonesia crash he said There was a directive by Boeing so they took that training 32 Despite following the procedure the pilots could not recover 33 The Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority ECAA led investigations for Flight 302 and the United States Federal Aviation Administration assisted in the investigation 34 Both flight recorders voice and data were recovered from the crash site on March 11 2019 35 The French aviation accident investigation agency BEA announced that it would analyze the flight recorders from the flight 36 BEA received the flight recorders on March 14 2019 37 On March 17 2019 Dagmawit Moges Ethiopia s transport minister announced that the black box had been found and downloaded and that the preliminary data retrieved from the flight data recorder show a clear similarity with those of Lion Air Flight 610 which crashed off Indonesia 38 39 Due to this finding some experts in Indonesia suggested that the NTSC should cooperate with Flight 302 s investigation team 40 Later on the evening the NTSC offered assistance to Flight 302 s investigation team stating that the committee and the Indonesian Transportation Ministry would send investigators and representatives from the government to assist with the investigation of the crash 41 The Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority published an interim report on March 9 2020 one day before the March 10 anniversary of the crash 42 Investigators tentatively concluded that the crash was caused by the aircraft s design 43 44 45 46 On December 23 2022 the Ethiopian Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau published its final report on the crash concluding the probable cause was Repetitive and uncommanded airplane nose down inputs from the MCAS due to false input from the angle of attack AoA sensor 47 Timeline EditThis section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Please consider splitting content into sub articles condensing it or adding subheadings Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page January 2021 This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia s layout guidelines Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message 2016 Edit A MAX 8 at Farnborough Airshow March 2016 The General Manager of Boeing s 737 MAX program and the former Chief Project Engineer on the 737 MAX program both approved a redesign of MCAS to increase its authority to move the aircraft s stabilizer at low speed in order to address stall characteristics requirements necessary for FAA certification Just hours after the approval for MCAS s redesign was granted Boeing sought and the FAA approved the removal of references to MCAS from Boeing s flight crew operations manual FCOM The FAA officials who authorized this request remained unaware of the redesign of MCAS until after the crash of the Lion Air flight 48 2018 Edit PK LQP the 737 MAX 8 involved in the Lion Air crash January 10 The Operational Evaluation Report of the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil ANAC mentions the MCAS 49 The FAA had approved Boeing s request to remove MCAS from differences tables and quick reference handbook QRH 50 51 The Operational Evaluation Report prepared by Transport Canada contained the same table as ANAC s except the reference to MCAS 49 excessive detail October 29 a 737 MAX 8 operating Lion Air Flight 610 crashed after take off from Jakarta killing all 189 on board Boeing started redesigning the MCAS system right after the accident 52 November 6 Boeing issued an Operations Manual Bulletin OMB 53 describing a MAX specific feature of the pitch trim system warning that with erroneous AoA data the pitch trim system can trim the stabilizer nose down in increments lasting up to 10 seconds which can be stopped and reversed with the use of the electric stabilizer trim switches but may restart 5 seconds after and instructed pilots to counteract it by running the Runaway stabilizer and manual trim procedure 54 The background introduction of the bulletin states This bulletin directs flight crews to existing procedures to address this condition and reminds operators to use the existing procedures in the Runaway Stabilizer NNC Non Normal Conditions when the MAX reacts to a false stall detection 55 This was Boeing s first public announcement about MCAS albeit not by name 56 November 7 the FAA issued an Emergency airworthiness directive to owners and operators 57 requiring revising the aircraft flight manual AFM to provide the flight crew with runaway horizontal stabilizer trim procedures when repeated nose down trim commands are caused by an erroneously high single AoA sensor 54 reinforcing the Boeing bulletin 58 The FAA directive warned that the problem was an unsafe condition that could result in impact with terrain 59 The directive informs pilots of a new function specific to MAX models Note The 737 8 9 uses a Flight Control Computer command of pitch trim to improve longitudinal handling characteristics In the event of erroneous Angle of Attack AOA input the pitch trim system can trim the stabilizer nose down in increments lasting up to 10 seconds The FAA had removed reference to MCAS from its draft EAD 60 November 10 Boeing referred publicly for the first time to the MCAS by name in a Multi Operator Message to operators 61 62 63 The MCAS control law a few lines of software code in the FCC could autonomously command nosedives when even a single sensor failure resulted in bad data MCAS was omitted from aircraft manuals and training 64 therefore flight crews had no knowledge of its existence or functioning until Boeing published a bulletin on November 6 November 27 the Allied Pilots Association of American Airlines had a meeting with Boeing to express concerns with the MCAS effectiveness and was unnerved by the airframer s responses Union president Daniel Carey later said The huge error of omission is that Boeing failed to disclose the existence of MCAS to the pilot community The final fatal mistake was therefore the absence of robust pilot training in the event that the MCAS failed 65 The Boeing officials acknowledged that they were considering some changes for example preventing MCAS s repetitive activation to ensure that it only triggers once 66 December 3 the FAA Seattle Certification Office reviewed an unpublished quantitative risk assessment analysis of the MAX prepared using the Transport Aircraft Risk Assessment Methodology TARAM The U S House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure made the report public just over a year later on December 11 2019 In the committee s words the report concluded that if left uncorrected the MCAS design flaw in the 737 MAX could result in as many as 15 future fatal crashes over the life of the fleet predicting 2900 deaths over 30 years 67 December 17 in a presentation to the FAA Boeing deflected blame and continued to assert that appropriate crew action would save the aircraft 68 2019 Edit ET AVJ the MAX 8 involved in the Ethiopian Airlines crash March 10 another 737 MAX 8 operating Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crashed shortly after take off from Addis Ababa airport killing all 157 on board due to a similar faulty MCAS initiating a worldwide flight ban for the aircraft starting with China on March 11 This was followed in quick succession the following day March 12 by Singapore India Turkey South Korea the European Union Australia and Malaysia See timeline and list of groundings by other countries amp regions The US FAA issued an affirmation of the continued airworthiness of the 737 MAX 69 March 13 the U S FAA was among the last to order the grounding of the 737 MAX after claiming there was no reason China had the most aircraft in service 96 followed by the U S with 72 Canada with 39 and India with 21 The FAA issued an Emergency Order of Prohibition grounding Boeing 737 MAX airplanes followed by a CANIC 70 March 20 EASA and Transport Canada indicated that they would conduct their own reviews of Boeing s proposed software update 71 March 27 Boeing unveiled a software update to avoid MCAS errors which was pending certification after already being developed and tested in flight April 5 Boeing announced it was cutting 737 production by almost a fifth to 42 aircraft monthly anticipating a prolonged grounding and had formed an internal design review committee May 13 Republican Congressman Sam Graves at the House Aviation subcommittee hearing blamed the 737 MAX crashes on poor training of the Indonesian and Ethiopian pilots he stated that pilots trained in the U S would have been successful in handling the emergencies on both jets 72 73 June 18 IAG signed a letter of intent for 200 737 MAXs at the Paris air show followed by Turkish SunExpress and Air Astana later in the year June 26 flight tests for the FAA uncovered a data processing issue affecting the pilots ability to perform the runaway stabilizer procedure to respond to MCAS errors October 30 Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg testified before U S Congress committees defending Boeing s safety culture and denying knowledge of internal messages in which Boeing s former chief technical pilot said he had unknowingly lied to regulators and voiced his concerns on MCAS November 22 Boeing unveiled the first 737 MAX 10 flight test aircraft 64 November 26 the FAA revoked Boeing s Organization Designation Authorization to issue airworthiness certificates for individual MAX airplanes 74 December 17 Boeing confirmed the suspension of 737 MAX production from January 2020 December 23 Dennis Muilenburg resigned to be replaced by board chairman David Calhoun 64 2020 Edit Grounded 737 MAX aircraft at the Boeing Field January 7 Boeing recommended simulator training in addition to computer based training 75 January 9 Boeing released previous messages in which it claimed no flight simulator time was needed for pilots and distanced itself from emails mocking airlines and the FAA and criticizing the 737 MAX design January 13 David Calhoun became CEO pledging to improve Boeing s commitment to safety and transparency and estimating the return to service in mid 2020 January 21 Boeing estimated the ungrounding could begin in mid 2020 64 May 27 Boeing resumed production of the MAX at a very gradual pace 76 June 28 to July 1 the FAA conducted flight tests with a view to recertification of the 737 MAX 77 September 16 the U S House of Representatives releases its concluding report blaming Boeing and the FAA for lapses in the design construction and certification 78 September 30 a Boeing 737 MAX test aircraft was flown by FAA administrator Stephen Dickson 79 October 16 Patrick Ky the executive director of the European Union Aviation Safety Agency claimed that the updated 737 MAX reached the level of safety high enough for EASA 80 November 18 the FAA issued a CANIC subject to mandatory updates on each individual aircraft a 81 Other regulators were expected to follow 7 82 December 9 Brazilian low cost carrier Gol Transportes Aereos was the first airline to resume passenger service 83 December 29 American Airlines was the first US airline to resume commercial operations 84 2021 Edit Southwest Airlines remains as the 737 MAX s largest operator This Southwest MAX 8 registered as N8749Q is seen on approach to Harry Reid International Airport on 8 June 2021 January 7 Boeing settled to pay over 2 5 billion after being charged with fraud over the company s hiding of information from safety regulators a criminal monetary penalty of 243 6 million 1 77 billion of damages to airline customers and a 500 million crash victim beneficiaries fund 85 86 January 13 the Trinidad and Tobago Civil Aviation Authority authorized the MAX to resume flights in Trinidad and Tobago s airspace 87 January 18 Transport Canada authorized the MAX to resume flights in Canadian airspace 88 Canadian operators must modify the aircraft to enable pilots to disable the stick shaker when it is erroneously activated if they are certain that they understand the underlying cause 89 January 27 EASA cleared the MAX to resume service in Europe subject to additional restrictions similar to those mandated by Transport Canada 90 Certain approaches requiring precision navigation were however not yet approved as EASA was awaiting data from Boeing as to the aircraft s ability to maintain the required performance in the event of sensor failures 91 February 26 the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority lifted its ban on the MAX accepting the return to service requirements set by the FAA Australia was the first nation in the Asia Pacific region to clear the aircraft to return to service 92 April 9 Boeing announces that it has notified 16 airlines and the FAA of a potential electrical problem Boeing refused to say how many planes were affected but four airlines grounded nearly 70 MAX aircraft 93 August 26 the Indian Directorate General of Civil Aviation rescinds its ban on MAX airplanes in India on the condition that they meet the requirements set by the FAA and EASA 94 95 September 2 Boeing and Ethiopian Airlines reach an undisclosed out of court settlement with Ethiopian Airlines announcing that the MAX could return to service in January 2022 96 The same day the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia rescinded its ban on the MAX 97 98 October 14 federal prosecutors indict former Boeing pilot Mark Forkner for fraud stating he lied to the FAA in an attempt to obtain money from customers Forkner is the first person to receive criminal charges in the investigation 99 December 2 China s civil aviation regulator cleared the 94 jets stored by 11 carriers in China to fly again before resuming deliveries in early 2022 of the 120 planes currently stored by Boeing as over 180 countries out of 195 have lifted the grounding 100 However the Civil Aviation Administration of China does not give a date as to when the aircraft can begin passenger operations citation needed December 28 Indonesia s ministry of transport removes its ban on the MAX 101 2022 Edit Even though no longer grounded the CAAC has still not given a date when Chinese operators of the 737 MAX can resume passenger service This Air China MAX 8 registered as B 1225 was seen at Beijing Capital International Airport on 11 March 2019 the day after the crash of Ethiopian 302 February 1 Ethiopian Airlines cleared the MAX to return to service with a demonstration flight being held the same day 102 2023 Edit January 13 China Southern Airlines resumed the MAX to service 1 Type certification and return to service EditMain article Boeing 737 MAX certification Investigations in both crashes determined that Boeing and the FAA favored cost saving solutions but ultimately produced a flawed design of the MCAS instead 103 The FAA s Organization Designation Authorization program allowing manufacturers to act on its behalf was also questioned for weakening its oversight of Boeing Boeing wanted the FAA to certify the airplane as another version of the long established 737 this would limit the need for additional training of pilots a major cost saving for airline customers During flight tests however Boeing discovered that the position and larger size of the engines tended to push up the airplane nose during certain maneuvers To counter that tendency and ensure fleet commonality with the 737 family Boeing added MCAS so the MAX would handle similar to earlier 737 versions Boeing convinced the FAA that MCAS could not fail hazardously or catastrophically and that existing procedures were effective in dealing with malfunctions citation needed The MAX was exempted from certain newer safety requirements saving Boeing billions of dollars in development costs 104 In February 2020 the US Justice Department DOJ investigated Boeing s hiding of information from the FAA based on the content of internal emails 105 In January 2021 Boeing settled to pay over 2 5 billion after being charged with fraud in connections to the crashes In June 2020 the U S Inspector General s report revealed that MCAS problems dated several years before the accidents 106 The FAA found several defects that Boeing deferred to fix in violation of regulations 107 In September 2020 the House of Representatives concluded its investigation and cited numerous instances where Boeing dismissed employee concerns with MCAS prioritized deadline and budget constraints over safety and where it lacked transparency in disclosing essential information to the FAA It further found that the assumption that simulator training would not be necessary had diminished safety minimized the value of pilot training and inhibited technical design improvements 108 In November 2020 the FAA announced that it had cleared the 737 MAX to return to service 109 Various system maintenance and training requirements are stipulated as well as design changes that must be implemented on each aircraft before the FAA issues an airworthiness certificate without delegation to Boeing Other major regulators worldwide are gradually following suit In 2021 after two years of grounding Transport Canada and EASA both cleared the MAX subject to additional requirements 110 111 Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System EditMain article Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System The MAX uses an adjustable stabilizer moved by a jackscrew to provide the required pitch trim forces Generic stabilizer illustrated MCAS on the 737 MAX was designed to mimic the pitching behavior of the previous generation of the series the Boeing 737 NG by pushing down the aircraft nose from an elevated angle of attack AoA by automatically adjusting the horizontal stabilizer and trim tab The system was intended to protect pilots from inadvertently flying at too steep an angle which could result in a stall Boeing however asserted that MCAS was not an anti stall system as the media widely reported it to be Pilot movement of the control column on the MAX did not disable MCAS unlike an earlier implementation of MCAS on the U S Air Force Boeing 767 Tanker During certification of the MAX Boeing requested and received permission from the FAA to remove a description of MCAS from the aircraft manual leaving pilots unaware of the system when the airplane entered service in 2017 112 113 Boeing had also knowingly withheld knowledge for at least a year before the Lion Air crash that a system to warn of a possible AoA malfunction did not work as advertised 114 On November 6 2018 Boeing published a supplementary service bulletin prompted by the first crash The bulletin describes warnings triggered by erroneous AoA data could cause the pitch trim system to repeatedly push down the nose of the airplane and referred pilots to a non normal runaway trim procedure as resolution specifying a narrow window of a few seconds before the system would reactivate and pitch the nose down again 115 The FAA issued an emergency airworthiness directive 2018 23 51 on November 7 2018 requiring the bulletin s inclusion in the flight manuals and that pilots immediately review the new information provided 116 117 Pilots wanted to know more about the issue and Boeing responded by publicly naming MCAS for the first time in another message to airlines noting that MCAS operates without pilot input 118 119 In December 2018 the FAA had privately predicted that 15 MCAS related accidents could result if the system was not redesigned Boeing said it would revise MCAS software by April 2019 to correct any problems The study was only revealed a year later at the December 2019 House of Representatives hearing Stephen Dickson who became FAA administrator during the accident investigations testified at the hearing about his agency s response after the Lion Air accident saying the result was not satisfactory 120 After the March 2019 crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 Ethiopian investigators determined that pilots had attempted the recommended recovery procedure 121 122 Boeing admitted that MCAS played a role in both accidents by activating when it received faulty data from an exterior AoA sensor In 2020 an FAA Airworthiness Directive approved design changes for each MAX aircraft requiring input from two AoA sensors for MCAS activation elimination of the system s ability to repeatedly activate and allowing pilots to override the system if necessary 123 Boeing also overhauled the computer architecture of the flight controls to provide greater redundancy For each aircraft the FAA would issue the airworthiness certificate without delegation to Boeing upon completion of an AoA sensor system test and a validation test flight 124 The FAA also required that all MAX pilots receive MCAS related training in flight simulators by 2021 Before the accidents simulator training on the MAX was not required because the FAA accepted Boeing s position that the MAX was sufficiently similar to the previous 737 series the NG Reactions EditMain article Reactions to the Boeing 737 MAX groundings Boeing expressed its sympathy to the relatives of the Lion Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crash victims while simultaneously defending the aircraft against any faults and suggesting the pilots had insufficient training until rebutted by evidence After the 737 MAX fleet was globally grounded starting in China with the Civil Aviation Administration of China the day after the second crash 125 Boeing provided several outdated return to service timelines the earliest of which was in the coming weeks after the second crash On October 11 2019 David L Calhoun replaced Dennis Muilenburg as chairman of Boeing then succeeded Muilenburg s role as chief executive officer in January 2020 One year after the crashes lawmakers demanded answers from then CEO Dennis Muilenburg in a hearing on Capitol Hill They questioned him about the discovered mistakes leading to the crashes and also about Boeing s subsequent cover up efforts One important line of enquiry was how Boeing tricked regulators into approving sub standard pilot training materials especially the deletion of mentioning the critical flight stabilization system MCAS 126 A Texas court ruled in October 2022 that the passengers killed in two 737 MAX crashes are legally considered crime victims which has consequences concerning possible remedies Airbus articulated that the crashes had been a tragedy and that it would never be good for any competitor to see a particular aircraft type having problems Airbus reiterated that the 737 MAX grounding and backlog would not change the production volume of the competing Airbus A320neo family as these aircraft had already been sold out through 2025 and logistical and supplier capacities could not be easily enhanced short to medium term in this industry Pilots and flight attendants opinions were mixed with some expressing confidence in the certification renewal while others were increasingly disappointed that Boeing had knowingly concealed the existence and the risks of the newly introduced flight stabilization system MCAS to the 737 series as more and more internal information about the development and certification process came to light Retired pilot Chesley Sullenberger criticized the aircraft design and certification processes and reasoned that relationship between the industry and its regulators had been too cozy Financial and economic effects EditMain article Financial impact of the Boeing 737 MAX groundings The Boeing 737 MAX groundings have had a deep financial effect on the aviation industry and a significant effect on the national economy of the United States No airline took delivery of the MAX during the groundings Boeing slowed MAX production to 42 aircraft per month and halted MAX production from January to May 2020 Boeing suffered directly through increased costs loss of revenue reputational damage victim litigation client compensation reduced credit rating and decreased stock value In January 2020 the company estimated a loss of 18 4 billion for 2019 and it reported 183 canceled MAX orders for the year In February 2020 the COVID 19 pandemic and resulting travel bans created further uncertainty for Boeing In March 2020 news that Boeing was seeking a 60 billion bailout caused a steep drop in its stock price though Boeing eventually received 17 billion in funds from the coronavirus stimulus 127 Its extensive supply chain providing aircraft components and flight simulators suffered similar losses as did the aircraft services industry including crew training the aftermarket and the aviation insurance industry citation needed Major flight simulator supplier CAE increased production of simulators for the Boeing 737 MAX in anticipation of a jump in demand for pilot training in November 2019 128 At the time of the recertification by the FAA in November 2020 Boeing s net orders for the 737 MAX were down by more than 1 000 aircraft 6 448 orders canceled and 782 orders removed from the backlog because they are no longer certain enough to rely on the total estimated direct costs of the MAX groundings were US 20 billion and indirect costs over US 60 billion 129 On January 7 2021 Boeing settled to pay over 2 5 billion after being charged with fraud Popular culture EditIn September 2021 PBS released Boeing s Fatal Flaw a Frontline documentary about how Boeing ignored critical safety issues with the 737 MAX resulting in the crash of two airliners 130 In February 2022 Netflix released Downfall The Case Against Boeing a documentary about the two plane crashes 131 directed by Rory Kennedy 132 See also Edit Aviation portalQantas Flight 72 data failure causing pitch down severely injuring passengers Air France Flight 447 fatal accident following data and pitot tube failure and autopilot disablement Turkish Airlines Flight 1951 Dutch authorities have reopened the accident probe into this 2009 accident involving the prior generation 737 800 series aircraft 133 Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery fires the aircraft was grounded in 2013 for modifications to mitigate or contain the risk of inflight fire Boeing 737 rudder issuesNotes Edit install new flight control computer software and new display system software incorporate certain Airplane Flight Manual flightcrew operating procedures modify horizontal stabilizer trim wire routing installations conduct an angle of attack sensor system test and conduct an operational readiness flightReferences Edit a b Yu Sophie Freed Jamie January 13 2023 Boeing 737 MAX makes 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to allow for the return to service of the Boeing 737 MAX Press release Transport Canada January 18 2021 Archived from the original on January 28 2021 Retrieved January 28 2021 Transport Canada Validates 737 MAX Design Changes Expects Return to Service in January Aviation Today December 18 2020 Archived from the original on January 28 2021 Retrieved January 28 2021 Boeing 737 Max cleared to fly in Europe after crashes BBC News January 27 2021 Archived from the original on January 28 2021 Retrieved January 28 2021 Kaminski Morrow David January 27 2021 EASA yet to approve 737 Max for certain precision approaches Flight Global Archived from the original on January 30 2021 Retrieved January 28 2021 Australia lifts ban on Boeing 737 MAX a first in Asia Pacific region Reuters February 26 2021 Archived from the original on April 22 2021 Retrieved February 26 2021 Boeing Tells Airlines to Stop Flying Some 737 Max Planes The New York Times April 9 2021 Archived from the original on April 12 2021 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approves changes to Boeing 737 Max and clears way for jet s return Flightglobal Archived from the original on December 3 2021 Retrieved December 3 2021 Christina Bernadette December 28 2021 Indonesia allows Boeing s 737 MAX to fly again after deadly crash Reuters Archived from the original on December 28 2021 Retrieved December 28 2021 Endeshaw Dawit February 2 2022 Ethiopian Airlines flies 737 MAX with passengers for first time since deadly crash Reuters Retrieved February 2 2022 Boeing s 737 MAX Crisis Coverage by The Seattle Times The Seattle Times December 15 2019 Retrieved March 5 2020 Gates Dominic Miletich Steve Kamb Lewis October 2 2019 Boeing pushed FAA to relax 737 MAX certification requirements for crew alerts The Seattle Times Retrieved October 4 2019 Slotnick David The DOJ is reportedly probing whether Boeing s chief pilot misled regulators over the 737 Max Business Insider Retrieved February 22 2020 Inspector General report details how Boeing played down MCAS in original 737 MAX certification and FAA missed it The Seattle Times June 30 2020 Retrieved July 2 2020 FAA Probing Boeing s Alleged Pressure on Designated Inspectors BNN Bloomberg July 9 2020 Retrieved July 30 2020 Final Committee Report on the Design Development and Certification of the Boeing 737 MAX The House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure September 15 2020 p 141 Gates Dominic November 18 2020 Boeing 737 MAX can return to the skies FAA says Transport Canada introduces additional requirements to allow for the return to service of the Boeing 737 MAX Press release Transport Canada January 18 2021 Boeing 737 Max cleared to fly in Europe after crashes BBC News January 27 2021 Laris Michael June 19 2019 Changes to flawed Boeing 737 Max were kept from pilots DeFazio says The Washington Post Archived from the original on December 5 2020 Retrieved February 29 2020 The decision by both the FAA and Boeing to omit information about MCAS from communications with the public 737 MAX customers and MAX pilots did not last long House report Andy Pasztor Andrew Tangel Alison Sider May 6 2019 Boeing Knew of Problem for a Year The Wall Street Journal p A1 Boeing nearing 737 Max fleet bulletin on AoA warning after Lion Air crash The Air Current November 7 2018 Archived from the original on October 13 2019 Retrieved July 10 2019 FAA issues emergency AD regarding potential erroneous AOA input on Boeing 737 MAX ASN News November 7 2018 Archived from the original on June 7 2019 Retrieved June 7 2019 Tangel Andrew Pasztor Andy July 31 2019 Regulators Found High Risk of Emergency After First Boeing MAX Crash The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on July 31 2019 Retrieved July 31 2019 Hradecky Simon January 14 2019 Crash Lion B38M near Jakarta on Oct 29th 2018 aircraft lost height and crashed into Java Sea wrong AoA data The Aviation Herald Archived from the original on March 9 2021 Retrieved March 2 2020 Multi Operator Message PDF Skybrary Archived PDF from the 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short CNBC How Boeing went from appealing for government aid to snubbing it Reuters May 2 2020 Archived from the original on February 22 2021 Retrieved July 22 2020 Transportation November 13 2019 CAE builds extra Boeing 737 Max simulators expecting pent up demand Financial Post Financialpost Retrieved November 14 2019 Chris Isidore November 17 2020 Boeing s 737 Max debacle could be the most expensive corporate blunder ever CNN Archived from the original on December 21 2020 Retrieved November 21 2020 Boeing s Fatal Flaw full documentary FRONTLINE retrieved July 1 2022 Kenigsberg Ben February 17 2022 Downfall The Case Against Boeing Review Behind Two Fatal Crashes The New York Times Retrieved February 19 2022 Review Netflix doc Downfall The Case Against Boeing explores cost of greed over safety Los Angeles Times February 18 2022 Retrieved February 19 2022 Boeing refuses to play ball as Dutch MPs reopen 2009 crash involving 737 euronews February 7 2020 Archived from the original on February 9 2020 Retrieved February 8 2020 Further reading EditBaker Sinead Boeing shunned automation for decades When the aviation giant finally embraced it an automated system in the 737 Max kicked off the biggest crisis in its history Business Insider Broderick Sean August 15 2019 The MAX Saga One Question At A Time Aviation Week amp Space Technology Cox John May 20 2019 This the emergency the pilots faced is not simple Leeham News Delbert Caroline April 14 2020 The 737 MAX Has Been Grounded for a Year Because of Its Terrible Computers Popular Mechanics Gelles David Wichter Zach July 18 2019 Boeing 737 Max The Latest on the Deadly Crashes and the Fallout The New York Times Hemmerdinger Jon March 13 2020 How the 737 Max grounding changed commercial aerospace FlightGlobal Hemmerdinger Jon September 13 2019 Six months on from the Boeing 737 Max grounding FlightGlobal Kaminski Morrow David March 13 2020 Why restarting Max production is just the start of Boeing s delivery challenges FlightGlobal Leggett Theo May 17 2019 What went wrong inside Boeing s cockpit BBC News Online Robison Peter 2021 Flying Blind The 737 MAX Tragedy and the Fall of Boeing Hardcover New York Doubleday ISBN 978 0385546492 Thisdell Dan March 13 2020 Tarnished Max brand presents major challenge for Boeing FlightGlobal Travis Gregory April 18 2019 How the Boeing 737 Max Disaster Looks to a Software Developer IEEE Spectrum Wolfsteller Pilar July 1 2020 Inspector general slams Boeing for holding back information on 737 Max Flight Global Boeing 737 MAX Flight Control System Observations Findings and Recommendations PDF Joint Authorities Technical Review October 11 2019 The real reason Boeing s new plane crashed twice Vox Videos April 15 2019 Timeline The Boeing 737 MAX Crisis Aviation Week Network May 16 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Boeing 737 MAX groundings amp oldid 1134106819, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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