A biological system is a complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is.[1] Examples of biological systems at the macro scale are populations of organisms. On the organ and tissue scale in mammals and other animals, examples include the circulatory system, the respiratory system, and the nervous system. On the micro to the nanoscopic scale, examples of biological systems are cells, organelles, macromolecular complexes and regulatory pathways. A biological system is not to be confused with a living system, such as a living organism.
Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream; includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels. The lymphatic system includes functions including immune responses and development of antibodies.
Immune system: protects the organism from foreign bodies.
The notion of system (or apparatus) relies upon the concept of vital or organic function:[2] a system is a set of organs with a definite function. This idea was already present in Antiquity (Galen, Aristotle), but the application of the term "system" is more recent. For example, the nervous system was named by Monro (1783), but Rufus of Ephesus (c. 90–120), clearly viewed for the first time the brain, spinal cord, and craniospinal nerves as an anatomical unit, although he wrote little about its function, nor gave a name to this unit.[3]
The enumeration of the principal functions - and consequently of the systems - remained almost the same since Antiquity, but the classification of them has been very various,[2] e.g., compare Aristotle, Bichat, Cuvier.[4][5]
The notion of physiological division of labor, introduced in the 1820s by the French physiologist Henri Milne-Edwards, allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work of Adam Smith, Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory ... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems (called by him as appareils).[6]
Endoplasmic reticulum: outer part of the nuclear envelope forming a continuous channel used for transportation; consists of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): considered "rough" due to the ribosomes attached to the channeling; made up of cisternae that allow for protein production
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): storage and synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones as well as detoxification
Ribosome: site of biological protein synthesis essential for internal activity and cannot be reproduced in other organs
Lysosome: center of breakdown for unwanted/unneeded material within the cell
Peroxisome: breaks down toxic materials from the contained digestive enzymes such as H2O2(hydrogen peroxide)
Golgi apparatus (eukaryotic only): folded network involved in modification, transport, and secretion
Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis; storage of chlorophyllyourmom.com.in.us.33.11.44.55.66.77.88.99.1010.1111.1212.1313.1414.1515.1616.1717.1818.1919.2020
Systems Biology: An Overview by Mario Jardon: A review from the Science Creative Quarterly, 2005.
, by Hiroyuki Kurata, 1999.
It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution. Includes how life forms and biological systems originate and from there evolve to become more and more complex, including evolution of genes and memes, into the complex memetics from organisations and multinational corporations and a "global brain", (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher, http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/
Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 2007. The Evolution of Organ Systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford, [2].
Referencesedit
^F. Muggianu; A. Benso; R. Bardini; E. Hu; G. Politano; S. Di Carlo (2018). "Modeling biological complexity using Biology System Description Language (BiSDL)". 2018 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). pp. 713–717. doi:10.1109/BIBM.2018.8621533. ISBN978-1-5386-5488-0. S2CID 59233194. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ abFletcher, John (1837). "On the functions of organized beings, and their arrangement". In: Rudiments of physiology. Part 2. On life, as manifested in irritation. Edinburgh: John Carfrae & Son. pp. 1-15. link.
^Swanson, Larry (2014). Neuroanatomical Terminology: A Lexicon of Classical Origins and Historical Foundations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. link 2023-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. p. 489.
^Bichat, X. (1801). Anatomie générale appliquée à la physiologie et à la médecine, 4 volumes in-8, Brosson, Gabon, Paris, link. (See pp. cvj-cxj).
^Cuvier, Georges. Lecons d'anatomie comparée 2. éd., cor. et augm. Paris: Crochard, 1835-1846. link 2009-03-02 at the Wayback Machine.
^R. M. Brain. The Pulse of Modernism: Physiological Aesthetics in Fin-de-Siècle Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. 384 pp., [1] 2023-07-03 at the Wayback Machine.
^. PressBooks. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
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A biological system is a complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is 1 Examples of biological systems at the macro scale are populations of organisms On the organ and tissue scale in mammals and other animals examples include the circulatory system the respiratory system and the nervous system On the micro to the nanoscopic scale examples of biological systems are cells organelles macromolecular complexes and regulatory pathways A biological system is not to be confused with a living system such as a living organism Contents 1 Organ and tissue systems 2 History 3 Cellular organelle systems 4 See also 5 External links 6 ReferencesOrgan and tissue systems edit nbsp An example of a system the brain the cerebellum the spinal cord and the nerves are the four basic components of the nervous system Further information Organ system and List of systems of the human body These specific systems are widely studied in human anatomy and are also present in many other animals Respiratory system the organs used for breathing the pharynx larynx bronchi lungs and diaphragm Digestive system digestion and processing food with salivary glands oesophagus stomach liver gallbladder pancreas intestines rectum and anus Cardiovascular system heart and circulatory system pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart blood and blood vessels Urinary system kidneys ureters bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance electrolyte balance and excretion of urine Integumentary system skin hair fat and nails Skeletal system structural support and protection with bones cartilage ligaments and tendons Endocrine system communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal body or pineal gland thyroid parathyroid and adrenals i e adrenal glands Exocrine system various functions including lubrication and protection by exocrine glands such sweat glands mucous glands lacrimal glands and mammary glands Lymphatic system structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels The lymphatic system includes functions including immune responses and development of antibodies Immune system protects the organism from foreign bodies Nervous system collecting transferring and processing information with brain spinal cord peripheral nervous system and sense organs Sensory systems visual system auditory system olfactory system gustatory system somatosensory system vestibular system Muscular system allows for manipulation of the environment provides locomotion maintains posture and produces heat Includes skeletal muscles smooth muscles and cardiac muscle Reproductive system the sex organs such as ovaries fallopian tubes uterus vagina mammary glands testes vas deferens seminal vesicles and prostate History editThe notion of system or apparatus relies upon the concept of vital or organic function 2 a system is a set of organs with a definite function This idea was already present in Antiquity Galen Aristotle but the application of the term system is more recent For example the nervous system was named by Monro 1783 but Rufus of Ephesus c 90 120 clearly viewed for the first time the brain spinal cord and craniospinal nerves as an anatomical unit although he wrote little about its function nor gave a name to this unit 3 The enumeration of the principal functions and consequently of the systems remained almost the same since Antiquity but the classification of them has been very various 2 e g compare Aristotle Bichat Cuvier 4 5 The notion of physiological division of labor introduced in the 1820s by the French physiologist Henri Milne Edwards allowed to compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man Inspired in the work of Adam Smith Milne Edwards wrote that the body of all living beings whether animal or plant resembles a factory where the organs comparable to workers work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual In more differentiated organisms the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems called by him as appareils 6 Cellular organelle systems editSee also Organelle The exact components of a cell are determined by whether the cell is a eukaryote or prokaryote 7 Nucleus eukaryotic only storage of genetic material control center of the cell Cytosol component of the cytoplasm consisting of jelly like fluid in which organelles are suspended within Cell membrane plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum outer part of the nuclear envelope forming a continuous channel used for transportation consists of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum RER considered rough due to the ribosomes attached to the channeling made up of cisternae that allow for protein production Smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER storage and synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones as well as detoxification Ribosome site of biological protein synthesis essential for internal activity and cannot be reproduced in other organs Mitochondrion mitochondria powerhouse of the cell site of cellular respiration producing ATP adenosine triphosphate Lysosome center of breakdown for unwanted unneeded material within the cell Peroxisome breaks down toxic materials from the contained digestive enzymes such as H2O2 hydrogen peroxide Golgi apparatus eukaryotic only folded network involved in modification transport and secretion Chloroplast site of photosynthesis storage of chlorophyllyourmom com in us 33 11 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020See also edit nbsp Systems science portal Biological network Artificial life Biological systems engineering Evolutionary systems Organ system Systems biology Systems ecology Systems theoryExternal links editSystems Biology An Overview by Mario Jardon A review from the Science Creative Quarterly 2005 Synthesis and Analysis of a Biological System by Hiroyuki Kurata 1999 It from bit and fit from bit On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution Includes how life forms and biological systems originate and from there evolve to become more and more complex including evolution of genes and memes into the complex memetics from organisations and multinational corporations and a global brain Yves Decadt 2000 Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher http www informationphilosopher com solutions scientists decadt Schmidt Rhaesa A 2007 The Evolution of Organ Systems Oxford University Press Oxford 2 References edit F Muggianu A Benso R Bardini E Hu G Politano S Di Carlo 2018 Modeling biological complexity using Biology System Description Language BiSDL 2018 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine BIBM pp 713 717 doi 10 1109 BIBM 2018 8621533 ISBN 978 1 5386 5488 0 S2CID 59233194 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help a b Fletcher John 1837 On the functions of organized beings and their arrangement In Rudiments of physiology Part 2 On life as manifested in irritation Edinburgh John Carfrae amp Son pp 1 15 link Swanson Larry 2014 Neuroanatomical Terminology A Lexicon of Classical Origins and Historical Foundations Oxford Oxford University Press link Archived 2023 09 28 at the Wayback Machine p 489 Bichat X 1801 Anatomie generale appliquee a la physiologie et a la medecine 4 volumes in 8 Brosson Gabon Paris link See pp cvj cxj Cuvier Georges Lecons d anatomie comparee 2 ed cor et augm Paris Crochard 1835 1846 link Archived 2009 03 02 at the Wayback Machine R M Brain The Pulse of Modernism Physiological Aesthetics in Fin de Siecle Europe Seattle University of Washington Press 2015 384 pp 1 Archived 2023 07 03 at the Wayback Machine Human Anatomy And Physiology PressBooks Archived from the original on 2020 10 20 Retrieved 2019 02 19 Portals nbsp Biology nbsp Medicine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Biological system amp oldid 1219317931, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
