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Blue Brain Project

January 20, 2023

The Blue Brain Project is a Swiss brain research initiative that aims to create a digital reconstruction of the mouse brain. The project was founded in May 2005 by the Brain and Mind Institute of École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. Its mission is to use biologically-detailed digital reconstructions and simulations of the mammalian brain to identify the fundamental principles of brain structure and function.

The project is headed by the founding director Henry Markram—who also launched the European Human Brain Project—and is co-directed by Felix Schürmann, Adriana Salvatore and Sean Hill. Using a Blue Gene supercomputer running Michael Hines's NEURON, the simulation involves a biologically realistic model of neurons[1][2][3] and an empirically reconstructed model connectome.

There are a number of collaborations, including the Cajal Blue Brain, which is coordinated by the Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid (CeSViMa), and others run by universities and independent laboratories.

Goal

The initial goal of the project, which was completed in December 2006,[4] was the creation of a simulated rat neocortical column, which is considered by some researchers to be the smallest functional unit of the neocortex,[5][6] which is thought to be responsible for higher functions such as conscious thought. In humans, each column is about 2 mm (0.079 in) in length, has a diameter of 0.5 mm (0.020 in) and contains about 60,000 neurons. Rat neocortical columns are very similar in structure but contain only 10,000 neurons and 108 synapses. Between 1995 and 2005, Markram mapped the types of neurons and their connections in such a column.

Progress

By 2005, the first cellular model was completed. The first artificial cellular neocortical column of 10,000 cells was built by 2008. By July 2011, a cellular mesocircuit of 100 neocortical columns with a million cells in total was built. A cellular rat brain had been planned[needs update] for 2014 with 100 mesocircuits totalling a hundred million cells. A cellular human brain equivalent to 1,000 rat brains with a total of a hundred billion cells has been predicted to be possible by 2023.[7][8]

In November 2007,[9] the project reported the end of the first phase, delivering a data-driven process for creating, validating, and researching the neocortical column.

In 2015, scientists at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) developed a quantitative model of the previously unknown relationship between the glial cell astrocytes and neurons. This model describes the energy management of the brain through the function of the neuro-glial vascular unit (NGV). The additional layer of neuron-glial cells is being added to Blue Brain Project models to improve functionality of the system.[10]

In 2017, Blue Brain Project discovered that neural cliques connected to one another in up to eleven dimensions. The project's director suggested that the difficulty of understanding the brain is partly because the mathematics usually applied for studying neural networks cannot detect that many dimensions. The Blue Brain Project was able to model these networks using algebraic topology.[11]

In 2018, Blue Brain Project released its first digital 3D brain cell atlas which, according to ScienceDaily, is like "going from hand-drawn maps to Google Earth", providing information about major cell types, numbers, and positions in 737 regions of the brain.[12]

In 2019, Idan Segev, one of the computational neuroscientists working on the Blue Brain Project, gave a talk titled: "Brain in the computer: what did I learn from simulating the brain." In his talk, he mentioned that the whole cortex for the mouse brain was complete and virtual EEG experiments would begin soon. He also mentioned that the model had become too heavy on the supercomputers they were using at the time, and that they were consequently exploring methods in which every neuron could be represented as an artificial neural network (see citation for details).[13]

In 2022, scientists at the Blue Brain Project used algebraic topology to create an algorithm, Topological Neuronal Synthesis, that generates a large number of unique cells using only a few examples, synthesizing millions of unique neuronal morphologies. This allows them to replicate both healthy and diseased states of the brain. In a paper Kenari et al. were able to digitally synthesize dendritic morphologies from the mouse brain using this algorithm. They mapped entire brain regions from just a few reference cells. Since it is open source, this will enable the modelling of brain diseases and eventually, the algorithm could lead to digital twins of brains.[14]

Software

The Blue Brain Project has developed a number of software to reconstruct and to simulate the mouse brain.

Blue Brain Nexus

Blue Brain Nexus[15][16][17] is a data integration platform which uses a knowledge graph to enable users to search, deposit, and organise data. It stands on the FAIR data principles to provide flexible data management solutions beyond neuroscience studies. It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub.[18]

BluePyOpt

BluePyOpt[19] is a tool that is used to build electrical models of single neurons. For this, it uses evolutionary algorithms to constrain the parameters to experimental electrophysiological data. Attempts to reconstruct single neurons using BluePyOpt are reported by Rosanna Migliore,[20] and Stefano Masori.[21] It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub.[22]

CoreNEURON

CoreNEURON[23] is a supplemental tool to NEURON, which allows large scale simulation by boosting memory usage and computational speed. It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub.[24]

NeuroMorphoVis

NeuroMorphoVis[25] is a visualisation tool for morphologies of neurons. It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub.[26]

SONATA

SONATA[27] is a joint effort between Blue Brain Project and Allen Institute for Brain Science, to develop a standard for data format, which realises a multiple platform working environment with greater computational memory and efficiency. It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub.[28][29]

Funding

The project is funded primarily by the Swiss government and the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Flagship grant from the European Commission,[30] and secondarily by grants and donations from private individuals. The EPFL bought the Blue Gene computer at a reduced cost because it was still a prototype and IBM was interested in exploring how applications would perform on the machine. BBP was viewed as a validation of the Blue Gene supercomputer concept.[31]

Related projects

Cajal Blue Brain

 
Cajal Blue Brain used the Magerit supercomputer (CeSViMa)

The Cajal Blue Brain Project is coordinated by the Technical University of Madrid and uses the facilities of the Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid and its supercomputer Magerit.[32] The Cajal Institute also participates in this collaboration. The main lines of research currently being pursued at Cajal Blue Brain include neurological experimentation and computer simulations. Nanotechnology, in the form of a newly designed brain microscope, plays an important role in its research plans.[33]

Documentary

Noah Hutton created the documentary film In Silico over a 10-year period. The film was released in April 2021.[34]The film covers the "shifting goals and landmarks"[35] of the Blue Brain Project as well as the drama, "In the end, this isn’t about science. It’s about the universals of power, greed, ego, and fame."[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ Graham-Rowe D (June 2005). "Mission to build a simulated brain begins". New Scientist.
  2. ^ Palmer, Jason. Simulated brain closer to thought, BBC News.
  3. ^ Segev I. "ASC 2012: Prof. Idan Segev - The blue brain". The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  4. ^ "Project Milestones". Blue Brain. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  5. ^ Horton JC, Adams DL (April 2005). "The cortical column: a structure without a function". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1456): 837–62. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1623. PMC 1569491. PMID 15937015.
  6. ^ Rakic P (August 2008). "Confusing cortical columns". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (34): 12099–100. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10512099R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807271105. PMC 2527871. PMID 18715998.
  7. ^ "Henry Markram: Simulating the brain; the next decisive years, video [3/3] 07:00". Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  8. ^ "Henry Markram: Simulating the brain; the next decisive years - 07:00". YouTube. Retrieved 2011-08-29.[dead YouTube link]
  9. ^ . Blue Brain. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  10. ^ Jolivet R, Coggan JS, Allaman I, Magistretti PJ (February 2015). "Multi-timescale modeling of activity-dependent metabolic coupling in the neuron-glia-vasculature ensemble". PLOS Computational Biology. 11 (2): e1004036. Bibcode:2015PLSCB..11E4036J. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004036. PMC 4342167. PMID 25719367.
  11. ^ "Blue Brain Team Discovers a Multi-Dimensional Universe in Brain Networks". Frontiers Science News. June 12, 2017.
  12. ^ "Blue Brain Project releases first-ever digital 3D brain cell atlas". ScienceDaily. November 28, 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  13. ^ "Brain in the computer: What did I learn from simulating the brain - Idan Segev". YouTube.
  14. ^ Blue Brain builds neurons with mathematics Kate Mullins, EPFL news. June 4th, 2022
  15. ^ "Building the Blue Brain Nexus". Informatics from Technology Networks. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  16. ^ "The Nexus Ecosystem: Better (Research) Data Management". bluebrainnexus.io. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  17. ^ Sy, Mohameth François; Roman, Bogdan; Kerrien, Samuel Claude; Montero, Didac Mendez; Genet, Henry; Wajerowicz, Wojciech; Dupont, Michäel; Lavriushev, Ian; Machon, Julien; Pirman, Kenneth; mana, Dhanesh Neela; Stafeeva, Natalia; Kaufmann, Anna-Kristin; Huanxiang Lu; Lurie, Jonathan; Fonta, Pierre-Alexandre; Rojas Martinez, Alejandra Garcia; Ulbrich, Alexander D.; Lindqvist, Carolina; Jimenez, Silvia; Rotenberg, David; Markram, Henry; Hill, Sean L. (August 2022). "Blue Brain Nexus: An open, secure, scalable system for knowledge graph management and data-driven science". Semantic Web: 1–31. doi:10.3233/SW-222974. S2CID 251964238.
  18. ^ BlueBrain/nexus, The Blue Brain Project, 2021-06-03, retrieved 2021-06-04
  19. ^ Van Geit W, Gevaert M, Chindemi G, Rössert C, Courcol JD, Muller EB, et al. (2016). "BluePyOpt: Leveraging Open Source Software and Cloud Infrastructure to Optimise Model Parameters in Neuroscience". Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 10: 17. arXiv:1603.00500. doi:10.3389/fninf.2016.00017. PMC 4896051. PMID 27375471.
  20. ^ Migliore R, Lupascu CA, Bologna LL, Romani A, Courcol JD, Antonel S, et al. (September 2018). "The physiological variability of channel density in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons explored using a unified data-driven modeling workflow". PLOS Computational Biology. 14 (9): e1006423. Bibcode:2018PLSCB..14E6423M. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006423. PMC 6160220. PMID 30222740.
  21. ^ Masoli S, Rizza MF, Sgritta M, Van Geit W, Schürmann F, D'Angelo E (2017). "Single Neuron Optimization as a Basis for Accurate Biophysical Modeling: The Case of Cerebellar Granule Cells". Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 11: 71. doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00071. PMC 5350144. PMID 28360841.
  22. ^ BlueBrain/BluePyOpt, The Blue Brain Project, 2020-12-16, retrieved 2020-12-16
  23. ^ Kumbhar P, Hines M, Fouriaux J, Ovcharenko A, King J, Delalondre F, Schürmann F (2019). "CoreNEURON : An Optimized Compute Engine for the NEURON Simulator". Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 13: 63. arXiv:1901.10975. doi:10.3389/fninf.2019.00063. PMC 6763692. PMID 31616273.
  24. ^ BlueBrain/CoreNeuron, The Blue Brain Project, 2020-12-15, retrieved 2020-12-16
  25. ^ Abdellah M, Hernando J, Eilemann S, Lapere S, Antille N, Markram H, Schürmann F (July 2018). "NeuroMorphoVis: a collaborative framework for analysis and visualization of neuronal morphology skeletons reconstructed from microscopy stacks". Bioinformatics. 34 (13): i574–i582. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty231. PMC 6022592. PMID 29949998.
  26. ^ BlueBrain/NeuroMorphoVis, The Blue Brain Project, 2020-12-15, retrieved 2020-12-16
  27. ^ Dai K, Hernando J, Billeh YN, Gratiy SL, Planas J, Davison AP, et al. (February 2020). "The SONATA data format for efficient description of large-scale network models". PLOS Computational Biology. 16 (2): e1007696. Bibcode:2020PLSCB..16E7696D. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007696. PMC 7058350. PMID 32092054.
  28. ^ BlueBrain/sonata, The Blue Brain Project, 2018-04-28, retrieved 2020-12-24
  29. ^ AllenInstitute/sonata, Allen Institute, 2020-12-02, retrieved 2020-12-24
  30. ^ Abbott A (23 January 2013). "Brain-simulation and graphene projects win billion-euro competition". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12291. S2CID 61977896.
  31. ^ "Blue Brain Project - IBM has not withdrawn support". Henry Markram, Project Director as quoted by IBM Switzerland to Technology Report on January 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
  32. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-03-19. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  33. ^ "Nanotechnology Microscope for Brain Studies". 21 May 2009. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  34. ^ "Allowing Room for Shifts to Happen: Noah Hutton on the Decade-Long Making of His Brain Science Doc In Silico". 21 June 2021.
  35. ^ "In Silico". 30 April 2021.
  36. ^ ""In Silico" – the future is now, or is it?". 11 November 2020.

Further reading

  • Markram H (February 2006). "The blue brain project". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 7 (2): 153–60. doi:10.1038/nrn1848. PMID 16429124. S2CID 15752137.
  • Ray S (6 June 2005). . Forbes. Archived from the original on June 8, 2005.
  • Graham-Rowe D (6 June 2005). . New Scientist. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008.
  • Growing a Brain in Switzerland, Der Spiegel, 7 February 2007
  • , Seed Magazine, March 2008
  • Henry Markram's Lecture, March 4, 2008.
  • Henry Markram's Lecture, Neuro Informatics 2008.
  • The Blue Brain Project an Interview with Idan Segev.
  • Simulated brain closer to thought BBC News 22 April 2009
  • Luke McKinney, July 2009
  • Henry Ankara builds a brain in a supercomputer TED Conference. July 2009
  • Indian startup to help copy your brain on computers Silicon India. 1 February 2010

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Brain Project.
  • Blue Brain Project site, Lausanne.
  • .
  • .
  • NEURON documentation.
  • Blue Brain Portal - Knowledge Space for Neuroscience
  • , SEEDMAGAZINE.Com

January 20, 2023
blue, brain, project, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, october, 2016, swiss, brain, research, initiative, that, aims, create, digital, reconstruction, mouse, brain, proj. This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2016 The Blue Brain Project is a Swiss brain research initiative that aims to create a digital reconstruction of the mouse brain The project was founded in May 2005 by the Brain and Mind Institute of Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL in Switzerland Its mission is to use biologically detailed digital reconstructions and simulations of the mammalian brain to identify the fundamental principles of brain structure and function The project is headed by the founding director Henry Markram who also launched the European Human Brain Project and is co directed by Felix Schurmann Adriana Salvatore and Sean Hill Using a Blue Gene supercomputer running Michael Hines s NEURON the simulation involves a biologically realistic model of neurons 1 2 3 and an empirically reconstructed model connectome There are a number of collaborations including the Cajal Blue Brain which is coordinated by the Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid CeSViMa and others run by universities and independent laboratories Contents 1 Goal 2 Progress 3 Software 3 1 Blue Brain Nexus 3 2 BluePyOpt 3 3 CoreNEURON 3 4 NeuroMorphoVis 3 5 SONATA 4 Funding 5 Related projects 5 1 Cajal Blue Brain 5 2 Documentary 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksGoal EditThe initial goal of the project which was completed in December 2006 4 was the creation of a simulated rat neocortical column which is considered by some researchers to be the smallest functional unit of the neocortex 5 6 which is thought to be responsible for higher functions such as conscious thought In humans each column is about 2 mm 0 079 in in length has a diameter of 0 5 mm 0 020 in and contains about 60 000 neurons Rat neocortical columns are very similar in structure but contain only 10 000 neurons and 108 synapses Between 1995 and 2005 Markram mapped the types of neurons and their connections in such a column Progress EditBy 2005 the first cellular model was completed The first artificial cellular neocortical column of 10 000 cells was built by 2008 By July 2011 a cellular mesocircuit of 100 neocortical columns with a million cells in total was built A cellular rat brain had been planned needs update for 2014 with 100 mesocircuits totalling a hundred million cells A cellular human brain equivalent to 1 000 rat brains with a total of a hundred billion cells has been predicted to be possible by 2023 7 8 In November 2007 9 the project reported the end of the first phase delivering a data driven process for creating validating and researching the neocortical column In 2015 scientists at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL developed a quantitative model of the previously unknown relationship between the glial cell astrocytes and neurons This model describes the energy management of the brain through the function of the neuro glial vascular unit NGV The additional layer of neuron glial cells is being added to Blue Brain Project models to improve functionality of the system 10 In 2017 Blue Brain Project discovered that neural cliques connected to one another in up to eleven dimensions The project s director suggested that the difficulty of understanding the brain is partly because the mathematics usually applied for studying neural networks cannot detect that many dimensions The Blue Brain Project was able to model these networks using algebraic topology 11 In 2018 Blue Brain Project released its first digital 3D brain cell atlas which according to ScienceDaily is like going from hand drawn maps to Google Earth providing information about major cell types numbers and positions in 737 regions of the brain 12 In 2019 Idan Segev one of the computational neuroscientists working on the Blue Brain Project gave a talk titled Brain in the computer what did I learn from simulating the brain In his talk he mentioned that the whole cortex for the mouse brain was complete and virtual EEG experiments would begin soon He also mentioned that the model had become too heavy on the supercomputers they were using at the time and that they were consequently exploring methods in which every neuron could be represented as an artificial neural network see citation for details 13 In 2022 scientists at the Blue Brain Project used algebraic topology to create an algorithm Topological Neuronal Synthesis that generates a large number of unique cells using only a few examples synthesizing millions of unique neuronal morphologies This allows them to replicate both healthy and diseased states of the brain In a paper Kenari et al were able to digitally synthesize dendritic morphologies from the mouse brain using this algorithm They mapped entire brain regions from just a few reference cells Since it is open source this will enable the modelling of brain diseases and eventually the algorithm could lead to digital twins of brains 14 Software EditThe Blue Brain Project has developed a number of software to reconstruct and to simulate the mouse brain Blue Brain Nexus Edit Blue Brain Nexus 15 16 17 is a data integration platform which uses a knowledge graph to enable users to search deposit and organise data It stands on the FAIR data principles to provide flexible data management solutions beyond neuroscience studies It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub 18 BluePyOpt Edit BluePyOpt 19 is a tool that is used to build electrical models of single neurons For this it uses evolutionary algorithms to constrain the parameters to experimental electrophysiological data Attempts to reconstruct single neurons using BluePyOpt are reported by Rosanna Migliore 20 and Stefano Masori 21 It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub 22 CoreNEURON Edit CoreNEURON 23 is a supplemental tool to NEURON which allows large scale simulation by boosting memory usage and computational speed It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub 24 NeuroMorphoVis Edit NeuroMorphoVis 25 is a visualisation tool for morphologies of neurons It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub 26 SONATA Edit SONATA 27 is a joint effort between Blue Brain Project and Allen Institute for Brain Science to develop a standard for data format which realises a multiple platform working environment with greater computational memory and efficiency It is an open source software and available for everyone on GitHub 28 29 Funding EditThe project is funded primarily by the Swiss government and the Future and Emerging Technologies FET Flagship grant from the European Commission 30 and secondarily by grants and donations from private individuals The EPFL bought the Blue Gene computer at a reduced cost because it was still a prototype and IBM was interested in exploring how applications would perform on the machine BBP was viewed as a validation of the Blue Gene supercomputer concept 31 Related projects EditCajal Blue Brain Edit Cajal Blue Brain used the Magerit supercomputer CeSViMa The Cajal Blue Brain Project is coordinated by the Technical University of Madrid and uses the facilities of the Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid and its supercomputer Magerit 32 The Cajal Institute also participates in this collaboration The main lines of research currently being pursued at Cajal Blue Brain include neurological experimentation and computer simulations Nanotechnology in the form of a newly designed brain microscope plays an important role in its research plans 33 Documentary Edit Noah Hutton created the documentary film In Silico over a 10 year period The film was released in April 2021 34 The film covers the shifting goals and landmarks 35 of the Blue Brain Project as well as the drama In the end this isn t about science It s about the universals of power greed ego and fame 36 See also EditArtificial intelligence BRAIN Initiative CoDi Cognitive architecture Cognitive science Google Brain Human Brain Project List of artificial intelligence projects Neuroinformatics Noogenesis Outline of brain mapping Outline of the human brain Project Joshua Blue Simulation argument Simulated reality Social simulation Whole brain emulationReferences Edit Graham Rowe D June 2005 Mission to build a simulated brain begins New Scientist Palmer Jason Simulated brain closer to thought BBC News Segev I ASC 2012 Prof Idan Segev The blue brain The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Archived from the original on 2021 12 21 Retrieved 31 May 2013 Project Milestones Blue Brain Retrieved 2008 08 11 Horton JC Adams DL April 2005 The cortical column a structure without a function Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 360 1456 837 62 doi 10 1098 rstb 2005 1623 PMC 1569491 PMID 15937015 Rakic P August 2008 Confusing cortical columns Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 34 12099 100 Bibcode 2008PNAS 10512099R doi 10 1073 pnas 0807271105 PMC 2527871 PMID 18715998 Henry Markram Simulating the brain the next decisive years video 3 3 07 00 Retrieved 2011 08 29 Henry Markram Simulating the brain the next decisive years 07 00 YouTube Retrieved 2011 08 29 dead YouTube link News and Media information Blue Brain Archived from the original on 2008 09 19 Retrieved 2008 08 11 Jolivet R Coggan JS Allaman I Magistretti PJ February 2015 Multi timescale modeling of activity dependent metabolic coupling in the neuron glia vasculature ensemble PLOS Computational Biology 11 2 e1004036 Bibcode 2015PLSCB 11E4036J doi 10 1371 journal pcbi 1004036 PMC 4342167 PMID 25719367 Blue Brain Team Discovers a Multi Dimensional Universe in Brain Networks Frontiers Science News June 12 2017 Blue Brain Project releases first ever digital 3D brain cell atlas ScienceDaily November 28 2018 Retrieved 18 April 2019 Brain in the computer What did I learn from simulating the brain Idan Segev YouTube Blue Brain builds neurons with mathematics Kate Mullins EPFL news June 4th 2022 Building the Blue Brain Nexus Informatics from Technology Networks Retrieved 2021 06 04 The Nexus Ecosystem Better Research Data Management bluebrainnexus io Retrieved 2021 06 04 Sy Mohameth Francois Roman Bogdan Kerrien Samuel Claude Montero Didac Mendez Genet Henry Wajerowicz Wojciech Dupont Michael Lavriushev Ian Machon Julien Pirman Kenneth mana Dhanesh Neela Stafeeva Natalia Kaufmann Anna Kristin Huanxiang Lu Lurie Jonathan Fonta Pierre Alexandre Rojas Martinez Alejandra Garcia Ulbrich Alexander D Lindqvist Carolina Jimenez Silvia Rotenberg David Markram Henry Hill Sean L August 2022 Blue Brain Nexus An open secure scalable system for knowledge graph management and data driven science Semantic Web 1 31 doi 10 3233 SW 222974 S2CID 251964238 BlueBrain nexus The Blue Brain Project 2021 06 03 retrieved 2021 06 04 Van Geit W Gevaert M Chindemi G Rossert C Courcol JD Muller EB et al 2016 BluePyOpt Leveraging Open Source Software and Cloud Infrastructure to Optimise Model Parameters in Neuroscience Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 10 17 arXiv 1603 00500 doi 10 3389 fninf 2016 00017 PMC 4896051 PMID 27375471 Migliore R Lupascu CA Bologna LL Romani A Courcol JD Antonel S et al September 2018 The physiological variability of channel density in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons explored using a unified data driven modeling workflow PLOS Computational Biology 14 9 e1006423 Bibcode 2018PLSCB 14E6423M doi 10 1371 journal pcbi 1006423 PMC 6160220 PMID 30222740 Masoli S Rizza MF Sgritta M Van Geit W Schurmann F D Angelo E 2017 Single Neuron Optimization as a Basis for Accurate Biophysical Modeling The Case of Cerebellar Granule Cells Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 11 71 doi 10 3389 fncel 2017 00071 PMC 5350144 PMID 28360841 BlueBrain BluePyOpt The Blue Brain Project 2020 12 16 retrieved 2020 12 16 Kumbhar P Hines M Fouriaux J Ovcharenko A King J Delalondre F Schurmann F 2019 CoreNEURON An Optimized Compute Engine for the NEURON Simulator Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 13 63 arXiv 1901 10975 doi 10 3389 fninf 2019 00063 PMC 6763692 PMID 31616273 BlueBrain CoreNeuron The Blue Brain Project 2020 12 15 retrieved 2020 12 16 Abdellah M Hernando J Eilemann S Lapere S Antille N Markram H Schurmann F July 2018 NeuroMorphoVis a collaborative framework for analysis and visualization of neuronal morphology skeletons reconstructed from microscopy stacks Bioinformatics 34 13 i574 i582 doi 10 1093 bioinformatics bty231 PMC 6022592 PMID 29949998 BlueBrain NeuroMorphoVis The Blue Brain Project 2020 12 15 retrieved 2020 12 16 Dai K Hernando J Billeh YN Gratiy SL Planas J Davison AP et al February 2020 The SONATA data format for efficient description of large scale network models PLOS Computational Biology 16 2 e1007696 Bibcode 2020PLSCB 16E7696D doi 10 1371 journal pcbi 1007696 PMC 7058350 PMID 32092054 BlueBrain sonata The Blue Brain Project 2018 04 28 retrieved 2020 12 24 AllenInstitute sonata Allen Institute 2020 12 02 retrieved 2020 12 24 Abbott A 23 January 2013 Brain simulation and graphene projects win billion euro competition Nature doi 10 1038 nature 2013 12291 S2CID 61977896 Blue Brain Project IBM has not withdrawn support Henry Markram Project Director as quoted by IBM Switzerland to Technology Report on January 19 2009 Retrieved 2009 04 14 Cajal Blue Brain Project Archived from the original on 2011 03 19 Retrieved 2011 01 07 Nanotechnology Microscope for Brain Studies 21 May 2009 Retrieved 2011 01 07 Allowing Room for Shifts to Happen Noah Hutton on the Decade Long Making of His Brain Science Doc In Silico 21 June 2021 In Silico 30 April 2021 In Silico the future is now or is it 11 November 2020 Further reading EditMarkram H February 2006 The blue brain project Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7 2 153 60 doi 10 1038 nrn1848 PMID 16429124 S2CID 15752137 Ray S 6 June 2005 IBM Aims To Simulate A Brain Forbes Archived from the original on June 8 2005 Graham Rowe D 6 June 2005 Mission to build a simulated brain begins New Scientist Archived from the original on 20 October 2008 Growing a Brain in Switzerland Der Spiegel 7 February 2007 Out of the Blue Can a thinking remembering decision making biologically accurate brain be built from a supercomputer Seed Magazine March 2008 Reconstructing the Heart of Mammalian Intelligence Henry Markram s Lecture March 4 2008 The Blue Brain Project Henry Markram s Lecture Neuro Informatics 2008 The Blue Brain Project an Interview with Idan Segev Simulated brain closer to thought BBC News 22 April 2009 Firing Up the Blue Brain We Are 10 Years Away From a Functional Artificial Human Brain Luke McKinney July 2009 Henry Ankara builds a brain in a supercomputer TED Conference July 2009 Indian startup to help copy your brain on computers Silicon India 1 February 2010External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Brain Project Blue Brain Project site Lausanne FAQ on Blue Brain NCS documentation NEURON documentation Blue Brain Portal Knowledge Space for Neuroscience Out of the Blue SEEDMAGAZINE ComPortal Switzerland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blue Brain Project amp oldid 1133428521, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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