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Blue-capped manakin

January 01, 1970

The blue-capped manakin (Lepidothrix coronata) is a species of bird in the family Pipridae. The males have a brilliant blue cap; some have black, others have green body plumage, but the relationship between the subspecies is not well understood.

Blue-capped manakin
Adult male photographed in Manacapuru, Brazil
call recorded in Ecuador
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Pipridae
Genus: Lepidothrix
Species:
L. coronata
Binomial name
Lepidothrix coronata
(Spix, 1825)
Synonyms

Pipra coronata Spix, 1825

It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and heavily degraded former forest.

Taxonomy edit

The blue-capped manakin was formally described in 1825 by the German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix under the binomial name Pipra coronata. The type locality is the state of São Paulo de Olivença in western Brazil.[2][3] The specific epithet is from Latin coronatus meaning "crowned".[4] The blue-capped manakin is now the type species of the genus Lepidothrix that was introduced by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1854.[5][6]

Phylogeny based on Ohlson et al. 2013.[7]

Subspecies edit

Six subspecies are recognised, but see the text below the table.[6]

Subspecies Description Range
Lepidothrix coronata coronata

(Spix, 1825)

Males typically lack blue coloration and are entirely black.[8] Eastern Ecuador, and Northeast Peru and Western Brazil south of the Amazon[9]
Lepidothrix coronata caquetae

(Meyer de Schauensee, 1953)

Similar in size to L. c. carbonata, but has more black coloration on the male, making the blue markings less distinct. However, it is not as deep black in color as L. c. minuscula.[10] Southern Columbia, east of Andes[9]
Lepidothrix coronata carbonata

(Todd, 1925)

South-central & Southeast Colombia, Southern Venezuela, and Northeast Peru and Northwest Brazil north of the Amazon[9]
Lepidothrix coronata exquisita

(Hellmayr, 1905)

Males are typically green much like juveniles and females.[8] Central Peru east of Andes[9]
Lepidothrix coronata caelestipileata

(Goeldi, 1905)

Southeast Peru, Northwest Bolivia and Western Brazil[9]
Lepidothrix coronata regalis

(J. Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940)

North Central Bolivia[9]

With the exception of L. c. carbonata, the subspecies categories listed above are not supported phylogenetically. They were instead named based on differences in male plumage. Blue-capped manakins differ genetically into six clades based on geographic location: trans-Andean, Venezuela, North Amazon, Napo-Marañon, Central Peru, and South Peru/Bolivia. Interestingly, birds of highly different plumage fall into the same clades. For example, L. c. exquisita, which has green plumage males, and L. c. coronata, which has completely black colored males, both fall into the Central Peru clade.[8]

Based on significant vocal and phylogenetic differences, in July 2022 the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society split L. c. velutina and L. c. minuscula from L. coronata and named the resulting L. velutina the velvety manakin. They also renamed the now-reduced L. carbonata "blue-capped manakin" to avoid confusion with the pre-split species.[11][12] The velvety manakin was therefore promoted to species status and the "blue-crowned manakin" renamed to the blue-capped manakin.[6]

Evolution edit

Blue-capped manakins vary genetically based on geographic location. Physical boundaries, such as large Amazonian rivers and the Andes Mountains, tend to separate genetically distinct blue-capped manakins. The uplift of the Andes Mountains seem to be the first major source of separation between blue-capped manakin populations followed by the establishment of Amazonian rivers. The Amazon River separates North and South Amazonian clades and the Napo River separates the North Amazon and Napo-Marañon clades. Large rivers present a barrier to Blue-crowned manakins despite being flighted because they prefer the understory of terra firme (non-flooded) forests. Central Peru and South Peru/Bolivia clades and Venezuela and Amazonia clades are not separated by a geographic barrier. It is likely that they instead historically separated and evolved separately for a period of time.[8]

Description edit

Blue-capped manakins show sexual dimorphism in weight and wing chord length. Females are heavier at 9.8 g on average with a max weight of 11.5 g and a minimum weight of 8.5 g. Males are 8.5 g on average with a maximum weight of 9.5 g and a minimum weight of 7.5 g. Males have a wing chord length of 60.45 mm on average with a maximum length of 63 mm and a minimum length of 58 mm. Females have a wing chord length of 58.76 mm on average with a maximum length of 62 mm and a minimum length of 55 mm.[13]

 
Blue-crowned manakin with male plumage
 
Blue-crowned manakin with female plumage
 
Male blue-crowned manakin chi-wirr vocalization
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Males are sooty black with a bright blue crown while females are green.[14] Juvenile plumage is similar to female plumage but is duller in color. Their first prebasic molt occurs within 2 months of leaving the nest and is a partial molt. Their second prebasic molt occurs at the end of the first breeding season or one year after their first prebasic molt. This molt is complete, so they lose their molt limits. At this stage, males gain signs of male plumage. The third prebasic molt occurs at the end of their third year and males gain full male plumage.[15]

Vocalizations edit

The blue-capped manakin's contact call is a swee sound. It is used by blue-capped manakins of all ages and sex. Males will use it while perching on their song perch, while interacting with other blue-crowned manakins, and while performing some of their display behaviors. Females and fledglings use a soft swee sound during foraging. Adult females will also use this call when visiting a territorial male. Their contact call can be a single note or in bouts of a varying number of repetitions. It is a high pitch note that increases in pitch from 2.8 to 5.7 kHz. Territorial males use an advertisement call that sounds like chi-wrr. It can be a single note or 3-5 repetitions. This call is composed of three parts. First, a lower pitched swee sound of 3–5 kHz. Second, a short descending note of three stacked harmonics or 1.4, 2.8, and 4.8 kHz. Third, a harsh note of two harmonics of 2.0 and 3.9 kHz. Males make a preew call when interacting with males and females in their territory. It is composed of 4-5 rapid oscillations between 3.1 and 6 kHz. During display, males make a pee call of 1-10 repetitions. It consists of both flat notes and harmonics between 1.5 and 15 kHz.[16]

Distribution and habitat edit

Blue-capped manakins live in terra firme forest understory of South America.[8]

Behavior and ecology edit

Breeding edit

Breeding season coincides with the dry season (late November to early April).[14] Males are known to display alone or form leks of up to seven males. Adult and juvenile males form territories though juveniles are unable to maintain their own territory.[16] Their territories range from 206 to 5045 m² in size.[14] They defend their territory and attract mates through song. They perform their songs on song perches that are horizontal or slightly angled twigs and will sing between 6am and 5pm. Their display courts are 3–5 m in diameter and are located close to the ground in the open understory. They use up to two courts at a time, but courts can change location annually. Their courtship displays are somewhat complex with a total of 11 behaviors, 6 of which are aerial.[16] Female's home ranges average 4 ha in size and overlap with one lek on average.[14]

 
Blue-capped manakin nest placed in a horizontally forked branch with one egg.

Blue-capped manakins make simple, open-cup nests using dry palm, dry leaves, and/or bark externally. The internal lining of their nest is pale brown, but can also be whitish or yellow. They use spider webs to secure their nests to the tree.[17] They chose small shrubs and treelets that are less than 1 meter tall and place their nests on horizontal forks.[17][18] They typically nest in Rudgea spp., Ixora killipii, R. viridifoliax, and R. lindenicana along small ravines.[17] Females are the sole nest builders and take care of their offspring alone. They lay two eggs per clutch. Their nests experience high predation rates. To help mitigate this risk, Blue-crowned manakins choose nesting sites away from wire-tailed manakins, a species that favors similar nesting environments. This reduces the number of birds nesting in one area and thus reduces the chance that predators will predate the area.[18]

Food and feeding edit

Blue-capped manakins are frugivores. Their diet includes fruit from Melastomataceae, Moraceae, Bromeliaceae, and Araceae.[19]

When feeding in a mixed flock, blue-capped manakins tend to flock with cinereus and dusty-throated antshrikes, and the white-flanked, Yasuni, long-winged, gray, and rufous-tailed stipplethroats. These flocks are typically only composed of one or two blue-capped manakins. When there are two blue-capped manakins in a flock, they forage independently from one another. Their behavior is never aggressive toward other species of birds in the flock. Both males and females forage in mixed flocks, but females spend more time on average in the flock. They forage in the understory between a height of 2–7 m. Their preferred food while in flocks are arthropods, including ants, flies, and other small insects. While catching arthropods, their hunting technique was often a sally-strike or sally-glean off of live foliage. Considering their normally frugivorous diet, it is speculated that the blue-capped manakins are taking advantage of the flock's ability to cause insects to scatter.[20]

Threats edit

Blue-capped manakins experience high nest predation rates with 70% of nests failing due to predation. It is estimated that only 7.5% of nests successfully fledge young. It is uncertain how blue-crowned manakins maintain population size with such a low rate of success, but it has been speculated that high female survivability and multiple breeding attempts per season may be a factor.[21]

Blue-capped manakins can get infected with haemosporidian parasites. A genetic study revealed that half of the sampled manakins were infected with blood parasites, representing nine different types. Young individuals had higher infection rates compared to adults.[22]

Status edit

The blue-capped manakin has least concern conservation status. A major factor in this decision is its large range of 5,050,000 km2 (1,950,000 sq mi). Its population size is unknown, but has a decreasing trend.[23]

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Lepidothrix coronata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22701012A93809726. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22701012A93809726.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ von Spix, Johann Baptist (1825). Avium species novae, quas Brasiliam anus MDCCCXVII - MDCCCXX (in Latin). Vol. 2. Monachii [Munich]: Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni. p. 5, Plate 7 fig. 1.
  3. ^ Traylor, Melvin A. Jr, ed. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 273.
  4. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1854). "Conspectus Volucrum Anisodactylorum". L'Ateneo Italiano. Raccolta di Documenti e Memorie Relative al Progresso delle Scienze Fisiche. 2 (11): 311–321 [316].
  6. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  7. ^ Ohlson, Jan I.; Fjeldså, Jon; Ericson, Per G.P. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of the manakins (Aves: Passeriformes: Pipridae), with a new classification and the description of a new genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 796–804. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.024. PMID 23831559.
  8. ^ a b c d e Cheviron, Z.A.; Hackett, Shannon J.; Capparella, Angelo P. (August 2005). "Complex evolutionary history of a Neotropical lowland forest bird (Lepidothrix coronata) and its implications for historical hypotheses of the origin of Neotropical avian diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (2): 338–357. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.015. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 15955514.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Blue-crowned Manakin (Lepidothrix coronata)". www.hbw.com. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  10. ^ Meyer de Schauensee, Rodolphe (1953). "Manakins and Cotingas from Ecuador and Peru". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 105: 29–43. JSTOR 4064468.
  11. ^ Moncrieff, A.E.; Faircloth, B.C.; Brumfield, R.T. (2022). "Systematics of Lepidothrix manakins (Aves: Passeriformes: Pipridae) using RADcap markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 173 (107525): 107525. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107525. PMID 35577299. S2CID 248803313.
  12. ^ Moncrieff, Andre E. (June 2022). "Proposal 943: Recognize Lepidothrix velutina as a separate species from Lepidothrix coronata". South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  13. ^ Aulicky, Carly (2014). The Ecology of Blue-crowned Manakins (Lepidothrix coronata) : a Comparison Study of Biometric Sexing using Discriminant Analyses (Thesis). OCLC 887854176.
  14. ^ a b c d Durães, Renata. (2008). Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Lekking Behavior and Female Mate Choice in the Blue-crowned Manakin (Lepidothrix coronata, Aves: Pipridae) (Thesis). University of Missouri--St. Louis. OCLC 516213742.
  15. ^ Rider, Thomas B. (2005). "It's not easy being green: using molt and morphological criteria to age and sex green-plumage manakins (Aves: Pipridae)" (PDF). Ornitologia Neotropical. 16: 481–491.
  16. ^ a b c Durães, Renata (2009). "Lek structure and male display repertoire of blue-crowned manakins in eastern Ecuador". The Condor. 111 (3): 453–461. doi:10.1525/cond.2009.080100. S2CID 85736889.
  17. ^ a b c Hidalgo, J.; Ryder, T.; Tori, W.; Durães, R.; Blake, J.; Loiselle, B. (2007). "Nest architecture and placement of three manakin species in lowland Ecuador" (PDF). Cotinga. 29: 57–61.
  18. ^ a b Hidalgo, Jose R. (2012). "Nest site selection by blue-crowned (Lepidothrix coronata) and wire-tailed (Pipra filicauda) manakins in lowland Ecuador". Ornitologia Neotropical. 23: 63–71.
  19. ^ Loiselle, Bette A.; Blake, John G.; Durães, Renata; Ryder, T. Brandt; Tori, Wendy (2007). "Environmental and spatial segregation of leks among six co-occurring species of manakins (Pipridae) in eastern Ecuador". The Auk. 124 (2): 420. doi:10.1093/auk/124.2.420.
  20. ^ Buitron-Jurado, Galo (2008). "Foraging behavior of two species of manakins (Pipridae) in mixed-species flocks in Yasuní, Ecuador" (PDF). Ornitologica Neotropical. 19: 243–253.
  21. ^ Ryder, Thomas B.; Durães, Renata; Tori, Wendy P.; Hidalgo, José R.; Loiselle, Bette A.; Blake, John G. (May 2008). "Nest survival for two species of manakins (Pipridae) in lowland Ecuador". Journal of Avian Biology. 39 (3): 355–358. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04290.x. ISSN 0908-8857.
  22. ^ Bosholn, Mariane; Anciães, Marina; Gil, Diego; Weckstein, Jason D.; Dispoto, Janice H.; Fecchio, Alan (2020). "Individual variation in feather corticosterone levels and its influence on haemosporidian infection in a Neotropical bird". Ibis. 162 (1): 215–226. doi:10.1111/ibi.12709. ISSN 1474-919X.
  23. ^ "Blue-crowned manakin Lepidothrix coronata". Data Zone BirdLife International. 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.

Further reading edit

  • Reis, C.A.; Dias, C.; Araripe, J.; Aleixo, A.; Anciães, M.; Sampaio, M.; Schneider, H.; Sena do Rêgo, P. (2019). "Multilocus data of a manakin species reveal cryptic diversification moulded by vicariance". Zoologica Scripta. 49 (2): 129–144. doi:10.1111/zsc.12395. S2CID 209573931.
  • Skutch, Alexander F. (1969). "Blue-crowned manakin" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds III: Families Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, and Picidae. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 35. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 97–109.

January 01, 1970
blue, capped, manakin, blue, capped, manakin, lepidothrix, coronata, species, bird, family, pipridae, males, have, brilliant, blue, some, have, black, others, have, green, body, plumage, relationship, between, subspecies, well, understood, adult, male, photogr. The blue capped manakin Lepidothrix coronata is a species of bird in the family Pipridae The males have a brilliant blue cap some have black others have green body plumage but the relationship between the subspecies is not well understood Blue capped manakin Adult male photographed in Manacapuru Brazil source source call recorded in Ecuador Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Pipridae Genus Lepidothrix Species L coronata Binomial name Lepidothrix coronata Spix 1825 Synonyms Pipra coronata Spix 1825 It is found in Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru and Venezuela Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and heavily degraded former forest Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Subspecies 1 2 Evolution 2 Description 2 1 Vocalizations 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior and ecology 4 1 Breeding 4 2 Food and feeding 5 Threats 6 Status 7 References 8 Further readingTaxonomy editThe blue capped manakin was formally described in 1825 by the German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix under the binomial name Pipra coronata The type locality is the state of Sao Paulo de Olivenca in western Brazil 2 3 The specific epithet is from Latin coronatus meaning crowned 4 The blue capped manakin is now the type species of the genus Lepidothrix that was introduced by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1854 5 6 Phylogeny based on Ohlson et al 2013 7 Ceratopipra Dixiphia Machaeropterus Pipra Manacus Heterocercus Cryptopipo Lepidothrix White fronted manakin Orange bellied manakin Blue crowned manakin Snow capped manakin Opal crowned manakin Blue rumped manakin Cerulean capped manakin Subspecies edit Six subspecies are recognised but see the text below the table 6 Subspecies Description Range Lepidothrix coronata coronata Spix 1825 Males typically lack blue coloration and are entirely black 8 Eastern Ecuador and Northeast Peru and Western Brazil south of the Amazon 9 Lepidothrix coronata caquetae Meyer de Schauensee 1953 Similar in size to L c carbonata but has more black coloration on the male making the blue markings less distinct However it is not as deep black in color as L c minuscula 10 Southern Columbia east of Andes 9 Lepidothrix coronata carbonata Todd 1925 South central amp Southeast Colombia Southern Venezuela and Northeast Peru and Northwest Brazil north of the Amazon 9 Lepidothrix coronata exquisita Hellmayr 1905 Males are typically green much like juveniles and females 8 Central Peru east of Andes 9 Lepidothrix coronata caelestipileata Goeldi 1905 Southeast Peru Northwest Bolivia and Western Brazil 9 Lepidothrix coronata regalis J Bond amp Meyer de Schauensee 1940 North Central Bolivia 9 With the exception of L c carbonata the subspecies categories listed above are not supported phylogenetically They were instead named based on differences in male plumage Blue capped manakins differ genetically into six clades based on geographic location trans Andean Venezuela North Amazon Napo Maranon Central Peru and South Peru Bolivia Interestingly birds of highly different plumage fall into the same clades For example L c exquisita which has green plumage males and L c coronata which has completely black colored males both fall into the Central Peru clade 8 Based on significant vocal and phylogenetic differences in July 2022 the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society split L c velutina and L c minuscula from L coronata and named the resulting L velutina the velvety manakin They also renamed the now reduced L carbonata blue capped manakin to avoid confusion with the pre split species 11 12 The velvety manakin was therefore promoted to species status and the blue crowned manakin renamed to the blue capped manakin 6 Evolution edit Blue capped manakins vary genetically based on geographic location Physical boundaries such as large Amazonian rivers and the Andes Mountains tend to separate genetically distinct blue capped manakins The uplift of the Andes Mountains seem to be the first major source of separation between blue capped manakin populations followed by the establishment of Amazonian rivers The Amazon River separates North and South Amazonian clades and the Napo River separates the North Amazon and Napo Maranon clades Large rivers present a barrier to Blue crowned manakins despite being flighted because they prefer the understory of terra firme non flooded forests Central Peru and South Peru Bolivia clades and Venezuela and Amazonia clades are not separated by a geographic barrier It is likely that they instead historically separated and evolved separately for a period of time 8 Description editBlue capped manakins show sexual dimorphism in weight and wing chord length Females are heavier at 9 8 g on average with a max weight of 11 5 g and a minimum weight of 8 5 g Males are 8 5 g on average with a maximum weight of 9 5 g and a minimum weight of 7 5 g Males have a wing chord length of 60 45 mm on average with a maximum length of 63 mm and a minimum length of 58 mm Females have a wing chord length of 58 76 mm on average with a maximum length of 62 mm and a minimum length of 55 mm 13 nbsp Blue crowned manakin with male plumage nbsp Blue crowned manakin with female plumage nbsp Male blue crowned manakin chi wirr vocalization source source Problems playing this file See media help Males are sooty black with a bright blue crown while females are green 14 Juvenile plumage is similar to female plumage but is duller in color Their first prebasic molt occurs within 2 months of leaving the nest and is a partial molt Their second prebasic molt occurs at the end of the first breeding season or one year after their first prebasic molt This molt is complete so they lose their molt limits At this stage males gain signs of male plumage The third prebasic molt occurs at the end of their third year and males gain full male plumage 15 Vocalizations edit The blue capped manakin s contact call is a swee sound It is used by blue capped manakins of all ages and sex Males will use it while perching on their song perch while interacting with other blue crowned manakins and while performing some of their display behaviors Females and fledglings use a soft swee sound during foraging Adult females will also use this call when visiting a territorial male Their contact call can be a single note or in bouts of a varying number of repetitions It is a high pitch note that increases in pitch from 2 8 to 5 7 kHz Territorial males use an advertisement call that sounds like chi wrr It can be a single note or 3 5 repetitions This call is composed of three parts First a lower pitched swee sound of 3 5 kHz Second a short descending note of three stacked harmonics or 1 4 2 8 and 4 8 kHz Third a harsh note of two harmonics of 2 0 and 3 9 kHz Males make a preew call when interacting with males and females in their territory It is composed of 4 5 rapid oscillations between 3 1 and 6 kHz During display males make a pee call of 1 10 repetitions It consists of both flat notes and harmonics between 1 5 and 15 kHz 16 Distribution and habitat editBlue capped manakins live in terra firme forest understory of South America 8 Behavior and ecology editBreeding edit Breeding season coincides with the dry season late November to early April 14 Males are known to display alone or form leks of up to seven males Adult and juvenile males form territories though juveniles are unable to maintain their own territory 16 Their territories range from 206 to 5045 m in size 14 They defend their territory and attract mates through song They perform their songs on song perches that are horizontal or slightly angled twigs and will sing between 6am and 5pm Their display courts are 3 5 m in diameter and are located close to the ground in the open understory They use up to two courts at a time but courts can change location annually Their courtship displays are somewhat complex with a total of 11 behaviors 6 of which are aerial 16 Female s home ranges average 4 ha in size and overlap with one lek on average 14 nbsp Blue capped manakin nest placed in a horizontally forked branch with one egg Blue capped manakins make simple open cup nests using dry palm dry leaves and or bark externally The internal lining of their nest is pale brown but can also be whitish or yellow They use spider webs to secure their nests to the tree 17 They chose small shrubs and treelets that are less than 1 meter tall and place their nests on horizontal forks 17 18 They typically nest in Rudgea spp Ixora killipii R viridifoliax and R lindenicana along small ravines 17 Females are the sole nest builders and take care of their offspring alone They lay two eggs per clutch Their nests experience high predation rates To help mitigate this risk Blue crowned manakins choose nesting sites away from wire tailed manakins a species that favors similar nesting environments This reduces the number of birds nesting in one area and thus reduces the chance that predators will predate the area 18 Food and feeding edit Blue capped manakins are frugivores Their diet includes fruit from Melastomataceae Moraceae Bromeliaceae and Araceae 19 When feeding in a mixed flock blue capped manakins tend to flock with cinereus and dusty throated antshrikes and the white flanked Yasuni long winged gray and rufous tailed stipplethroats These flocks are typically only composed of one or two blue capped manakins When there are two blue capped manakins in a flock they forage independently from one another Their behavior is never aggressive toward other species of birds in the flock Both males and females forage in mixed flocks but females spend more time on average in the flock They forage in the understory between a height of 2 7 m Their preferred food while in flocks are arthropods including ants flies and other small insects While catching arthropods their hunting technique was often a sally strike or sally glean off of live foliage Considering their normally frugivorous diet it is speculated that the blue capped manakins are taking advantage of the flock s ability to cause insects to scatter 20 Threats editBlue capped manakins experience high nest predation rates with 70 of nests failing due to predation It is estimated that only 7 5 of nests successfully fledge young It is uncertain how blue crowned manakins maintain population size with such a low rate of success but it has been speculated that high female survivability and multiple breeding attempts per season may be a factor 21 Blue capped manakins can get infected with haemosporidian parasites A genetic study revealed that half of the sampled manakins were infected with blood parasites representing nine different types Young individuals had higher infection rates compared to adults 22 Status editThe blue capped manakin has least concern conservation status A major factor in this decision is its large range of 5 050 000 km2 1 950 000 sq mi Its population size is unknown but has a decreasing trend 23 References edit BirdLife International 2016 Lepidothrix coronata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22701012A93809726 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22701012A93809726 en Retrieved 11 November 2021 von Spix Johann Baptist 1825 Avium species novae quas Brasiliam anus MDCCCXVII MDCCCXX in Latin Vol 2 Monachii Munich Franc Seraph Hubschmanni p 5 Plate 7 fig 1 Traylor Melvin A Jr ed 1979 Check List of Birds of the World Vol 8 Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 273 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 118 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Bonaparte Charles Lucien 1854 Conspectus Volucrum Anisodactylorum L Ateneo Italiano Raccolta di Documenti e Memorie Relative al Progresso delle Scienze Fisiche 2 11 311 321 316 a b c Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds July 2020 Cotingas manakins tityras becards IOC World Bird List Version 10 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 14 December 2020 Ohlson Jan I Fjeldsa Jon Ericson Per G P 2013 Molecular phylogeny of the manakins Aves Passeriformes Pipridae with a new classification and the description of a new genus Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69 3 796 804 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2013 06 024 PMID 23831559 a b c d e Cheviron Z A Hackett Shannon J Capparella Angelo P August 2005 Complex evolutionary history of a Neotropical lowland forest bird Lepidothrix coronata and its implications for historical hypotheses of the origin of Neotropical avian diversity Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36 2 338 357 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 01 015 ISSN 1055 7903 PMID 15955514 a b c d e f Blue crowned Manakin Lepidothrix coronata www hbw com Retrieved 2019 12 04 Meyer de Schauensee Rodolphe 1953 Manakins and Cotingas from Ecuador and Peru Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 105 29 43 JSTOR 4064468 Moncrieff A E Faircloth B C Brumfield R T 2022 Systematics of Lepidothrix manakins Aves Passeriformes Pipridae using RADcap markers Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 173 107525 107525 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2022 107525 PMID 35577299 S2CID 248803313 Moncrieff Andre E June 2022 Proposal 943 Recognize Lepidothrix velutina as a separate species from Lepidothrix coronata South American Classification Committee American Ornithologists Union Retrieved 27 August 2022 Aulicky Carly 2014 The Ecology of Blue crowned Manakins Lepidothrix coronata a Comparison Study of Biometric Sexing using Discriminant Analyses Thesis OCLC 887854176 a b c d Duraes Renata 2008 Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Lekking Behavior and Female Mate Choice in the Blue crowned Manakin Lepidothrix coronata Aves Pipridae Thesis University of Missouri St Louis OCLC 516213742 Rider Thomas B 2005 It s not easy being green using molt and morphological criteria to age and sex green plumage manakins Aves Pipridae PDF Ornitologia Neotropical 16 481 491 a b c Duraes Renata 2009 Lek structure and male display repertoire of blue crowned manakins in eastern Ecuador The Condor 111 3 453 461 doi 10 1525 cond 2009 080100 S2CID 85736889 a b c Hidalgo J Ryder T Tori W Duraes R Blake J Loiselle B 2007 Nest architecture and placement of three manakin species in lowland Ecuador PDF Cotinga 29 57 61 a b Hidalgo Jose R 2012 Nest site selection by blue crowned Lepidothrix coronata and wire tailed Pipra filicauda manakins in lowland Ecuador Ornitologia Neotropical 23 63 71 Loiselle Bette A Blake John G Duraes Renata Ryder T Brandt Tori Wendy 2007 Environmental and spatial segregation of leks among six co occurring species of manakins Pipridae in eastern Ecuador The Auk 124 2 420 doi 10 1093 auk 124 2 420 Buitron Jurado Galo 2008 Foraging behavior of two species of manakins Pipridae in mixed species flocks in Yasuni Ecuador PDF Ornitologica Neotropical 19 243 253 Ryder Thomas B Duraes Renata Tori Wendy P Hidalgo Jose R Loiselle Bette A Blake John G May 2008 Nest survival for two species of manakins Pipridae in lowland Ecuador Journal of Avian Biology 39 3 355 358 doi 10 1111 j 0908 8857 2008 04290 x ISSN 0908 8857 Bosholn Mariane Anciaes Marina Gil Diego Weckstein Jason D Dispoto Janice H Fecchio Alan 2020 Individual variation in feather corticosterone levels and its influence on haemosporidian infection in a Neotropical bird Ibis 162 1 215 226 doi 10 1111 ibi 12709 ISSN 1474 919X Blue crowned manakin Lepidothrix coronata Data Zone BirdLife International 2019 Retrieved 4 December 2019 Further reading editReis C A Dias C Araripe J Aleixo A Anciaes M Sampaio M Schneider H Sena do Rego P 2019 Multilocus data of a manakin species reveal cryptic diversification moulded by vicariance Zoologica Scripta 49 2 129 144 doi 10 1111 zsc 12395 S2CID 209573931 Skutch Alexander F 1969 Blue crowned manakin PDF Life Histories of Central American Birds III Families Cotingidae Pipridae Formicariidae Furnariidae Dendrocolaptidae and Picidae Pacific Coast Avifauna Number 35 Berkeley California Cooper Ornithological Society pp 97 109 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blue capped manakin amp oldid 1219282802, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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