Black Sabbath (album)
Black Sabbath is the debut studio album by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, released on 13 February 1970 by Vertigo Records in the United Kingdom and Warner Bros. Records in the United States on 1 June 1970.[3] The album is widely regarded as the first heavy metal album,[4] and the opening track, "Black Sabbath", has been referred to as the first doom metal song.[5]
| Black Sabbath | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studio album by | ||||
| Released | 13 February 1970 (UK) 1 June 1970 (US) | |||
| Recorded | 16 October 1969 | |||
| Studio | Regent Sound, London | |||
| Genre | Heavy metal[1][2] | |||
| Length | 38:08 (UK version) 39:28 (US version) | |||
| Label | Vertigo | |||
| Producer | Rodger Bain | |||
| Black Sabbath chronology | ||||
| ||||
| Singles from Black Sabbath | ||||
| ||||
Upon release, the album reached number eight on the UK Albums Charts and number 23 on the US Billboard 200.[6] Black Sabbath is included in Robert Dimery's 2005 musical reference book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
Recording
According to Black Sabbath's guitarist and founding member Tony Iommi, the group's debut album was recorded in a single twelve-hour session on 16 October 1969.[7][nb 1][9] Iommi said: "We just went in the studio and did it in a day, we played our live set and that was it. We actually thought a whole day was quite a long time, then off we went the next day to play for £20 in Switzerland."[10] Aside from the bells, thunder and rain sound effects added to the beginning of the opening track and the double-tracked guitar solos on "N.I.B." and "Sleeping Village", there were virtually no overdubs added to the album.[7] Iommi recalls recording live: "We thought, 'We have two days to do it and one of the days is mixing.' So we played live. Ozzy was singing at the same time, we just put him in a separate booth and off we went. We never had a second run of most of the stuff."[11]
The key to the band's new sound on the album was Iommi's distinctive playing style that he developed after an accident at a sheet metal factory where he was working at the age of 17 in which the tips of the middle fingers of his fretting hand were severed. Iommi created a pair of false fingertips using plastic from a dish detergent bottle and detuned the strings on his guitar to make it easier for him to bend the strings, creating a massive, heavy sound. "I'd play a load of chords and I'd have to play fifths because I couldn't play fourths because of my fingers," Iommi explained to Phil Alexander in Mojo in 2013. "That helped me develop my style of playing, bending the strings and hitting the open string at the same time just to make the sound wilder." In the same article bassist Geezer Butler added, "Back then the bass player was supposed to do all these melodic runs, but I didn't know how to do that because I'd been a guitarist, so all I did was follow Tony's riff. That made the sound heavier."
Iommi began recording the album with a white Fender Stratocaster, his guitar of choice at the time, but a malfunctioning pickup forced him to finish recording with a Gibson SG, a guitar he had recently purchased as a backup but had "never really played". The SG was a right-handed model which the left-handed Iommi played upside down. Soon after recording the album, he met a right-handed guitarist who was playing a left-handed SG upside down, and the two agreed to swap guitars; this is the SG that Iommi modified and later "put out to pasture" at the Hard Rock Cafe.[7]
Black Sabbath vocalist Ozzy Osbourne has always spoken fondly of the recording of the band's debut album, stating in his autobiography I Am Ozzy, "Once we'd finished, we spent a couple of hours double-tracking some of the guitar and vocals, and that was that. Done. We were in the pub in time for last orders. It can't have taken any longer than twelve hours in total. That's how albums should be made, in my opinion." Drummer Bill Ward agrees, telling Guitar World in 2001, "I think the first album is just absolutely incredible. It's naïve, and there's an absolute sense of unity – it's not contrived in any way, shape or form. We weren't old enough to be clever. I love it all, including the mistakes!" In an interview for the Classic Albums series in 2010 Butler added, "It was literally live in the studio. I mean, (producer) Rodger Bain, I think he's a genius the way he captured the band in such a short time." In his autobiography Iron Man: My Journey Through Heaven & Hell with Black Sabbath, Iommi plays down the producer's role, insisting, "We didn't choose to work with Rodger Bain, he was chosen for us... He was good to have around, but we didn't really get a lot of advice from him. He maybe suggested a couple of things, but the songs were already fairly structured and sorted."
Genre
On release, a writer for The Boston Globe described the music of Black Sabbath as "hard blues-rock".[12] In retrospect, AllMusic's Steve Huey feels that Black Sabbath marks "the birth of heavy metal as we now know it".[13] In his opinion, the album "transcends its clear roots in blues-rock and psychedelia to become something more".[13] He ascribes its "sonic ugliness" as a reflection of "the bleak industrial nightmare" of the group's hometown, Birmingham, England.[13] Huey notes the first side's allusions to themes characteristic of heavy metal, including evil, paganism, and the occult, "as filtered through horror films and the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, H. P. Lovecraft, and Dennis Wheatley."[13] He characterises side two as "given over to loose blues-rock jamming learned through" the English rock band Cream.[13]
In the opinion of the author and former Metal Maniacs magazine editor Jeff Wagner, Black Sabbath is the "generally accepted starting point" when heavy metal "became distinct from rock and roll".[14] In his opinion, the album represented a transition from blues rock into "something uglier", and that this sound "found deeper gravity via mournful singing and a sinister rhythmic pulse".[14] According to Rolling Stone magazine, "the album that arguably invented heavy metal was built on thunderous blues-rock".[15] Sputnikmusic's Mike Stagno notes that Black Sabbath's combined elements of rock, jazz and blues, with heavy distortion created one of the most influential albums in the history of heavy metal.[16] In retrospect, Black Sabbath has been lauded as perhaps the first true heavy metal album.[17] It has also been credited as the first record in the stoner rock[18] and goth genres.[19]
Taking a broader perspective, Pete Prown of Vintage Guitar says, "The debut Black Sabbath album of 1970 was a watershed moment in heavy rock, but it was part of a larger trend of artists, producers, and engineers already moving towards the sound we now call hard rock and heavy metal."
Music and lyrics
Black Sabbath's music and lyrics were quite dark for the time. The opening track is based almost entirely on a tritone interval played at slow tempo on the electric guitar.[20] In the 2010 Classic Albums documentary on the making of the band's second album Paranoid, Geezer Butler claims the riff was inspired by "Mars, the Bringer of War", a movement in Gustav Holst's The Planets. Iommi reinterpreted the riff slightly and redefined the band's direction. Ward told Classic Albums, "When Oz sang 'What is this that stands before me?' it became completely different...this was a different lyric now, this was a different feel. I was playing drums to the words." The song's lyrics concern a "figure in black" which bassist Geezer Butler claims to have seen after waking up from a nightmare.[17] In the liner notes to the band's 1998 live album Reunion the bassist remembers:
I'd been raised a Catholic so I totally believed in the Devil. There was a weekly magazine called Man, Myth and Magic that I started reading which was all about Satan and stuff. That and books by Aleister Crowley and Dennis Wheatley, especially The Devil Rides Out ... I'd moved into this flat I'd painted black with inverted crosses everywhere. Ozzy gave me this 16th Century book about magic that he'd stolen from somewhere. I put it in the airing cupboard because I wasn't sure about it. Later that night I woke up and saw this black shadow at the end of the bed. It was a horrible presence that frightened the life out of me! I ran to the airing cupboard to throw the book out, but the book had disappeared. After that I gave up all that stuff. It scared me shitless.
Similarly, the lyrics of the song "N.I.B." are written from the point of view of Lucifer, who falls in love with a human woman and "becomes a better person" according to lyricist Butler.[21] Contrary to popular belief, the name of that song is not an abbreviation for "Nativity in Black;"[7] according to Osbourne's autobiography it is merely a reference to drummer Bill Ward's pointed goatee at the time, which was shaped as a pen-nib.[22] The lyrics of two other songs on the album were written about stories with mythological themes. "Behind the Wall of Sleep" is a reference to the H. P. Lovecraft short story "Beyond the Wall of Sleep,"[8] while "The Wizard" was inspired by the character of Gandalf from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.[23] The latter includes harmonica playing by Osbourne.[8] The band also recorded a cover of "Evil Woman," a song that had been an American hit for the band Crow. In his autobiography, Iommi admits the band reluctantly agreed to do the song at the behest of their manager Jim Simpson, who insisted they record something commercial.
Artwork
The cover photograph was shot at Mapledurham Watermill, situated on the River Thames in Oxfordshire, England, by photographer Keith McMillan (credited as Keef), who was in charge of the overall design. Standing in front of the watermill is a figure dressed in a black cloak, portrayed by model Louisa Livingstone, whose identity was not widely known until 2020.[24] "I'm sure (McMillan) said it was for Black Sabbath, but I don't know if that meant anything much to me at the time," Livingstone recalled, adding that it had been "freezing cold" during the shoot. "I had to get up at about 4 o'clock in the morning. Keith was rushing around with dry ice, throwing it into the water. It didn't seem to be working very well, so he ended up using a smoke machine," said the model.[25]
According to McMillan, Livingstone was wearing nothing underneath the black cloak, and some experimentation was done involving some "slightly more risqué" photographs taken at the session. "We decided none of that worked," McMillan said. "Any kind of sexuality took away from the more foreboding mood. But she was a terrific model. She had amazing courage and understanding of what I was trying to do."[25]
The inner gatefold sleeve of the original release featured an inverted cross containing a poem written by Roger Brown, McMillan's photography assistant.[24] The band were reportedly upset when they discovered this,[8] as it fuelled allegations that they were satanists or occultists;[7] however, in Osbourne's memoirs, he says that to the best of his knowledge nobody was upset with the inclusion.[26] Iommi's recollection is somewhat different: "Suddenly we had all these crazy people turning up at shows," he told Mojo magazine in 2013. "I think Alex Sanders (high priest of the Wiccan religion) turned up at a gig once. It was all quite strange, really." The liner notes to the 1998 Reunion album state "Unbeknownst to the band, Black Sabbath was launched in the U.S. with a party with the head of the Church of Satan, Anton LaVey, presiding over the proceedings... All of a sudden Sabbath were Satan's Right Hand Men."
In the years since the iconic cover photo was shot, Livingstone has released electronic music under the name Indreba.[25]
Release and reception
Black Sabbath was recorded for Fontana Records, but prior to release the record company elected to switch the band to another of their labels, Vertigo Records, which housed the company's more progressive acts.[27] Released on Friday the 13th February 1970 by Vertigo Records, Black Sabbath reached number eight on the UK Albums Charts.[28] Following its United States release in June 1970 by Warner Bros. Records, the album reached number 23 on the Billboard 200,[29][30] where it remained for more than a year and sold one million copies.[31][32]
Black Sabbath received generally negative reviews from contemporary critics.[33] Rolling Stone's Lester Bangs described the band as, "just like Cream! But worse", and he dismissed the album as "a shuck – despite the murky songtitles and some inane lyrics that sound like Vanilla Fudge paying doggerel tribute to Aleister Crowley, the album has nothing to do with spiritualism, the occult, or anything much except stiff recitations of Cream clichés".[34] Robert Christgau, writing for The Village Voice, panned the album as "bullshit necromancy".[35] He later described it as a reflection of "the worst of the counterculture", including "drug-impaired reaction time" and "long solos".[36]
Retrospective reviews and legacy
| Retrospective reviews | |
|---|---|
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | [13] |
| Christgau's Record Guide | C−[36] |
| Encyclopedia of Popular Music | [37] |
| MusicHound Rock | 4/5[38] |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | [39] |
| Sputnikmusic | [40] |
| Uncut | 7/10[41] |
Retrospective reviews of Black Sabbath have been positive. AllMusic reviewer Steve Huey said it was a highly innovative debut album with several classic metal songs, including the title track, which he felt had the "most definitive heavy metal riffs of all time". Huey was also impressed by how the band's "slowed-down, murky guitar rock bludgeons the listener in an almost hallucinatory fashion, reveling in its own dazed, druggy state of consciousness".[13] In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), journalist Scott Seward highlighted Bain's grandiose production on "an album that eats hippies for breakfast."[39] In the opinion of Mike Stagno of Sputnikmusic, "both fans of blues influenced hard rock and heavy metal of all sorts should find something they like on the album."[16] BBC Music's Pete Marsh referred to Black Sabbath as an "album that changed the face of rock music."[42] In Mick Wall's book Black Sabbath: Symptom of the Universe, Butler reflects, "The London press absolutely hated us when we made it 'cos they'd never written an article about us, they didn't know of us. When our first album, the first week, went straight into the charts, the London press went, like, what the hell's going on here? And they've hated us ever since."[citation needed]
In 1989, Kerrang! ranked Black Sabbath number 31 on their "100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time".[43] In 1994, it was ranked number 12 in Colin Larkin's Top 50 Heavy Metal Albums. Larkin praised the album's "crushing atmosphere of doom", which he described as "intense and relentless".[44] In 2000, Q magazine included Black Sabbath in their list of the "Best Metal Albums of All Time", stating: "[This album] was to prove so influential it remains a template for metal bands three decades on."[45] In 2003, it was ranked number 241 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time,[9] 243 in a 2012 revised list,[46] and 355 in a 2020 revised list.[47] Rolling Stone ranked Black Sabbath number 44 in their list of the 100 Best Debut Albums of All Time, describing the title track as the song that "would define the sound of a thousand bands".[48] Additionally, in 2017, the magazine ranked it 5th on their list of "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time".[49] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[50]
Track listing
All songs credited to Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, Bill Ward and Ozzy Osbourne, except where noted.
European edition
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Black Sabbath" | 6:20 |
| 2. | "The Wizard" | 4:24 |
| 3. | "Behind the Wall of Sleep" | 3:37 |
| 4. | "N.I.B." | 6:08 |
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5. | "Evil Woman" (Crow cover) |
| 3:25 |
| 6. | "Sleeping Village" | 3:46 | |
| 7. | "Warning" (The Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation cover) |
| 10:28 |
| Total length: | 38:08 | ||
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 8. | "Wicked World" | 4:47 |
| Total length: | 42:55 | |
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Wicked World" (single B-side, TF1067) | 4:44 |
| 2. | "Black Sabbath" (studio outtake) | 6:22 |
| 3. | "Black Sabbath" (Instrumental) | 6:13 |
| 4. | "The Wizard" (studio outtake) | 4:46 |
| 5. | "Behind the Wall of Sleep" (studio outtake) | 3:41 |
| 6. | "N.I.B." (instrumental[nb 2]) | 6:08 |
| 7. | "Evil Woman" (alternative version) | 3:47 |
| 8. | "Sleeping Village" (intro) | 3:45 |
| 9. | "Warning" (part 1) | 6:58 |
| Total length: | 46:24 | |
North American edition
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Black Sabbath" | 6:20 |
| 2. | "The Wizard" | 4:22 |
| 3. | "Wasp / Behind the Wall of Sleep / Bassically / N.I.B." | 9:44 |
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4. | "Wicked World" | 4:47 | |
| 5. | "A Bit of Finger / Sleeping Village / Warning" |
| 14:15 |
| Total length: | 39:28 | ||
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 6. | "Evil Woman" (L. Weigand, D. Weigand, Wagner) | 3:25 |
| Total length: | 42:53 | |
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Evil Woman" | 3:25 |
| 2. | "Black Sabbath" (studio outtake) | 6:22 |
| 3. | "Black Sabbath" (Instrumental) | 6:13 |
| 4. | "The Wizard" (studio outtake) | 4:46 |
| 5. | "Behind the Wall of Sleep" (studio outtake) | 3:41 |
| 6. | "N.I.B." (instrumental) | 6:08 |
| 7. | "Evil Woman" (alternative version) | 3:47 |
| 8. | "Sleeping Village" (intro) | 3:45 |
| 9. | "Warning" (Part 1) | 6:58 |
| Total length: | 45:05 | |
The original North American Warner Bros. Records pressings of Black Sabbath list incorrect running times for "Wicked World" and the "Warning" medley (4:30 and 14:32, respectively), and also credit the album's original songs using the band members' given names (Anthony Iommi, John Osbourne, Terence Butler, and William Ward).[51] The Castle Communications edition of 1986 also featured a live version of "Tomorrow's Dream" as a bonus track.
Disc two of the Deluxe Editions contains "N.I.B. (studio out-take)" with vocals, that was incorrectly listed as "N.I.B. (instrumental)".
Personnel
Black Sabbath
- Ozzy Osbourne – lead vocals, harmonica on "The Wizard", tambourine
- Tony Iommi – guitar
- Geezer Butler – bass
- Bill Ward – drums
Production
- Rodger Bain – production, Jew's harp on "Sleeping Village"[8]
- Tom Allom – engineering
- Barry Sheffield – engineering
- Marcus Keef – graphic design, photography
Charts
| Chart (1970) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)[52] | 8 |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[53] | 29 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)[54] | 6 |
| Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts)[55] | 13 |
| French Albums (SNEP)[56] | 10 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[57] | 8 |
| UK Albums (OCC)[58] | 8 |
| US Billboard 200[59] | 23 |
Certifications
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
|---|---|---|
| Canada (Music Canada)[60] | Gold | 50,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI)[61] 2009 deluxe edition | Gold | 100,000^ |
| United States (RIAA)[62] | Platinum | 1,000,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. | ||
Notes
References
- ^ "A Brief History of Metal – Heavy Metal 101". metal.mit.edu. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ Wiederhorn, Jon WiederhornJon. "52 Years Ago: Black Sabbath Release Their Debut Album + Invent Heavy Metal". loudwire.com. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ Osbourne 2010, p. 74.
- ^ Wiederhorn, Jon. "52 Years Ago: Black Sabbath Release Debut Album + Invent Metal". Loudwire. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ William Irwin, Black Sabbath and Philosophy: Mastering Reality (Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), ISBN 978-1118397596
- ^ "Billboard 200 (Week of December 26, 1970)". Billboard. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Iommi & Lammers 2012, chapter 16 – Black Sabbath records Black Sabbath
- ^ a b c d e Wells, David (2009). "Black Sabbath (1970)". Black Sabbath (CD Booklet). Black Sabbath. Sanctuary Records Group.
- ^ a b Levy 2005, p. 169.
- ^ Black, Johnny (14 March 2009). . Music Week. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ Rosen 1996, p. 38
- ^ "Music Reviews – Black Sabbath". The Boston Globe. 26 July 1970. p. 56. Retrieved 31 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com (subscription required).
- ^ a b c d e f g Huey.
- ^ a b Wagner 2010, p. 10.
- ^ "The 100 Best Debut Albums of All Time: 'Black Sabbath'". Rolling Stone. from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
- ^ a b Stagno, Mike (15 August 2006). "Black Sabbath – Black Sabbath". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ a b . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ Kolsterman, Chuck; Mlner, Greg; Pappademas, Alex (April 2003). "15 Most Influential Albums". Spin. 19: 84. from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ Baddeley 2002, pp. 263–234.
- ^ Iommi & Lammers 2012, chapter 14 – The early birds catch the first songs.
- ^ Black Sabbath Story Vol. 1. Warner Music. 3 November 1992.
- ^ Osbourne 2010, p. 99.
- ^ Neeley, Wendell (26 April 2005). . Metal Sludge. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ a b Grow, Kory (13 February 2020). "'That Evil Kind of Feeling': The Inside Story of Black Sabbath's Iconic Cover Art". Rolling Stone. from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
- ^ a b c Schaffner, Lauryn (13 February 2020). "The Woman on 'Black Sabbath' Cover Has Been Found". Loudwire. from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ Osbourne 2010, p. 103
- ^ Iommi & Lammers 2012, chapter 17 – Now under new management
- ^ "The Official Charts Company – Black Sabbath by Black Sabbath Search". The Official Charts Company. 17 September 2013.
- ^ George-Warren 2001, p. 82.
- ^ "Black Sabbath Billboard Albums". AllMusic. from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ Ruhlmann, William. "AMG Biography". AllMusic. from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
- ^ "Black Sabbath Biography". Rolling Stone. from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
- ^ McIver, Joel (17 November 2009). Black Sabbath: Sabbath Bloody Sabbath. Music Sales Group. p. 119. ISBN 978-0857120281. from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Bangs, Lester (17 September 1970). "Album reviews Black Sabbath". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ Christgau, Robert (19 November 1970). "Consumer Guide (14)". The Village Voice. New York. from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
- ^ a b Christgau, Robert (1981). "Black Sabbath: Black Sabbath". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0-89919-025-1. from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ^ Larkin, Colin (2011). "Black Sabbath". Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857125958.
- ^ Graff & Durchholz 1999, p. 1187.
- ^ a b . Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ K, Simon. "Black Sabbath – Black Sabbath". Sputnikmusic.
- ^ Pinnock, Tom (September 2015). "Black Sabbath". Uncut. p. 90.
- ^ Marsh, Pete. "Black Sabbath: Black Sabbath Review". BBC Music. from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ Hotten, Jon (21 January 1989). "Black Sabbath 'Black Sabbath'". Kerrang!. London, UK: Spotlight Publications Ltd. 222.
- ^ Larkin 1994, p. 183.
- ^ "Best Metal Albums of All Time". Q. London: 126. August 2000.
- ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time: #243". Rolling Stone. 6 April 2009. from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 2020. from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ . Rolling Stone. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ Grow, Kory (21 June 2017). "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
- ^ Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (7 February 2006). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition. Universe. ISBN 0-7893-1371-5.
- ^ As per the album labels from the original North American LP release of Black Sabbath, Warner Bros. Records, catalogue no. WS 1871, released June 1970.
- ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 19. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
- ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 3844". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Black Sabbath – Black Sabbath" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
- ^ . Infodisc.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2012. Select Black Sabbath from the menu, then press OK.
- ^ "Longplay-Chartverfolgung at Musicline" (in German). Musicline.de. Phononet GmbH. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ "Black Sabbath | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ "Black Sabbath Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ "Canadian album certifications – Black Sabbath – Black Sabbath". Music Canada.
- ^ "British album certifications – Black Sabbath – Black Sabbath". British Phonographic Industry.
- ^ "American album certifications – Black Sabbath – Black Sabbath". Recording Industry Association of America.
Bibliography
- Baddeley, Gavin (2002). Gothic Chic: A Connoisseur's Guide to Dark Culture. London: Plexus Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-85965-308-0.
- George-Warren, Holly, ed. (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll (2005 ed.). Fireside. ISBN 978-0-7432-9201-6.
- Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-1-57859-061-2.
- Huey, Steve. "Black Sabbath review". AllMusic. from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
- Iommi, Tony; Lammers, T. J. (11 December 2012). Iron Man: My Journey through Heaven and Hell with Black Sabbath. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306821455.
- Larkin, Colin (1994). Guinness Book of Top 1000 Albums (1 ed.). Gullane Children's Books. ISBN 978-0-85112-786-6.
- Levy, Joe, ed. (2005). (First Paperback ed.). Wenner Books. ISBN 978-1-932958-61-4. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.
- Osbourne, Ozzy (January 2010). I Am Ozzy. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-57313-9.
- Rosen, Steven (1996). The Story of Black Sabbath: Wheels of Confusion. Castle Communications. ISBN 1-86074-149-5.
- Wagner, Jeff (2010). Mean Deviation: Four Decades of Progressive Heavy Metal. Bazillion Points Books. ISBN 978-0979616334. from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Further reading
External links
- Black Sabbath at Discogs (list of releases)