This definition describes the chemical process of bioerosion, specifically as it applies to biorelated polymers and applications, rather than the geological concept, as covered in the article text. Surface degradation resulting from the action of cells.
Note 1: Erosion is a general characteristic of biodegradation by cells that adhere to a surface and the molar mass of the bulk does not change, basically.
Note 2: Chemical degradation can present the characteristics of cell-mediated erosion when the rate of chemical chain scission is greater than the rate of penetration of the cleaving chemical reagent, like diffusion of water in the case of hydrolytically degradable polymer, for instance.
Note 3: Erosion with constancy of the bulk molar mass is also observed in the case of in vitro abiotic enzymatic degradation.
Note 4: In some cases, bioerosion results from a combination of cell-mediated and chemical degradation, actually.[1]
Bioerosion of coral reefs generates the fine and white coral sand characteristic of tropical islands. The coral is converted to sand by internal bioeroders such as algae, fungi, bacteria (microborers) and sponges (Clionaidae), bivalves (including Lithophaga), sipunculans, polychaetes, acrothoracican barnacles and phoronids, generating extremely fine sediment with diameters of 10 to 100 micrometres. External bioeroders include sea urchins (such as Diadema) and chitons. These forces in concert produce a great deal of erosion. Sea urchin erosion of calcium carbonate has been reported in some reefs at annual rates exceeding 20 kg/m2.
Fish also erode coral while eating algae. Parrotfish cause a great deal of bioerosion using well developed jaw muscles, tooth armature, and a pharyngeal mill, to grind ingested material into sand-sized particles. Bioerosion of coral reefaragonite by parrotfish can range from 1017.7±186.3 kg/yr (0.41±0.07 m3/yr) for Chlorurus gibbus and 23.6±3.4 kg/yr (9.7 10−3±1.3 10−3 m2/yr) for Chlorurus sordidus (Bellwood, 1995).
Bioerosion is also well known in the fossil record on shells and hardgrounds (Bromley, 1970), with traces of this activity stretching back well into the Precambrian (Taylor & Wilson, 2003). Macrobioerosion, which produces borings visible to the naked eye, shows two distinct evolutionary radiations. One was in the Middle Ordovician (the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution; see Wilson & Palmer, 2006) and the other in the Jurassic (see Taylor & Wilson, 2003; Bromley, 2004; Wilson, 2007). Microbioerosion also has a long fossil record and its own radiations (see Glaub & Vogel, 2004; Glaub et al., 2007).
Petroxestes borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southern Ohio; see Wilson and Palmer (2006).
Gastrochaenolites borings in a Middle Jurassic hardground, southern Utah; see Wilson and Palmer (1994).
Numerous borings in a Cretaceous cobble, Faringdon, England; see Wilson (1986).
Cross-section of a Jurassic rockground; borings include Gastrochaenolites (some with boring bivalves in place) and Trypanites; Mendip Hills, England; scale bar = 1 cm.
Teredolites borings in a modern wharf piling; the work of bivalves known as "shipworms".
^Vert, Michel; Doi, Yoshiharu; Hellwich, Karl-Heinz; Hess, Michael; Hodge, Philip; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Rinaudo, Marguerite; Schué, François (2012). (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 84 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04. S2CID 98107080. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
Bellwood, D. R. (1995). "Direct estimate of bioerosion by two parrotfish species, Chlorurus gibbus and C. sordidus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia". Marine Biology. 121 (3): 419–429. doi:10.1007/BF00349451. S2CID 85045930.
Bromley, R. G (1970). "Borings as trace fossils and Entobia cretacea Portlock as an example". In Crimes, T.P.; Harper, J.C. (eds.). Trace Fossils. Geological Journal Special Issue 3. pp. 49–90.
Bromley, R. G. (2004). "A stratigraphy of marine bioerosion". In D. McIlroy (ed.). The application of ichnology to palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic analysis. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 228. London: Geological Society. pp. 455–481. ISBN1-86239-154-8.
Glaub, I.; Golubic, S.; Gektidis, M.; Radtke, G.; Vogel, K. (2007). "Microborings and microbial endoliths: geological implications". In Miller III, W (ed.). Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 368–381. ISBN978-0-444-52949-7.
Glaub, I.; Vogel, K. (2004). "The stratigraphic record of microborings". Fossils & Strata. 51: 126–135. doi:10.18261/9781405169851-2004-08. ISBN9781405169851. ISSN 0300-9491.
Palmer, T. J. (1982). "Cambrian to Cretaceous changes in hardground communities". Lethaia. 15 (4): 309–323. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1982.tb01696.x.
Taylor, P. D.; Wilson, M. A. (2003). (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 62 (1–2): 1–103. Bibcode:2003ESRv...62....1T. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00131-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25.
Vinn, O.; Wilson, M. A.; Mõtus, M.-A. (2014). "The Earliest Giant Osprioneides Borings from the Sandbian (Late Ordovician) of Estonia". PLOS ONE. 9 (6: e99455): e99455. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...999455V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099455. PMC4047083. PMID 24901511.
Wilson, M. A. (1986). "Coelobites and spatial refuges in a Lower Cretaceous cobble-dwelling hardground fauna". Palaeontology. 29: 691–703. ISSN 0031-0239.
Wilson, M. A. (2007). "Macroborings and the evolution of bioerosion". In Miller III, W (ed.). Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 356–367. ISBN978-0-444-52949-7.
Wilson, M. A.; Palmer, T. J. (1994). "A carbonate hardground in the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic, SW Utah, USA) and its associated encrusters, borers and nestlers". Ichnos. 3 (2): 79–87. doi:10.1080/10420949409386375.
Wilson, M. A.; Palmer, T. J. (2001). "Domiciles, not predatory borings: a simpler explanation of the holes in Ordovician shells analyzed by Kaplan and Baumiller, 2000". PALAIOS. 16 (5): 524–525. Bibcode:2001Palai..16..524W. doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0524:DNPBAS>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130036115.
Wilson, M. A.; Palmer, T. J. (2006). (PDF). Ichnos. 13 (3): 109–112. doi:10.1080/10420940600850505. S2CID 128831144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-16.
Further readingedit
Vinn, O.; Wilson, M.A. (2010). "Occurrence of giant borings of Osprioneides kampto in the lower Silurian (Sheinwoodian) stromatoporoids of Saaremaa, Estonia". Ichnos. 17 (3): 166–171. doi:10.1080/10420940.2010.502478. S2CID 128990588. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
Vinn, O.; Wilson, M.A. (2010). "Early large borings from a hardground of Floian-Dapingian age (Early and Middle Ordovician) in northeastern Estonia (Baltica)". Carnets de Géologie. 2010: CG2010_L04. doi:10.4267/2042/35594.
Vinn, O.; Wilson, M.A.; Toom, U. (2015). "Bioerosion of Inorganic Hard Substrates in the Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica)". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0134279. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034279V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134279. PMC4517899. PMID 26218582.
External linksedit
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bioerosion, describes, breakdown, hard, ocean, substrates, less, often, terrestrial, substrates, living, organisms, marine, bioerosion, caused, mollusks, polychaete, worms, phoronids, sponges, crustaceans, echinoids, fish, occur, coastlines, coral, reefs, ship. Bioerosion describes the breakdown of hard ocean substrates and less often terrestrial substrates by living organisms Marine bioerosion can be caused by mollusks polychaete worms phoronids sponges crustaceans echinoids and fish it can occur on coastlines on coral reefs and on ships its mechanisms include biotic boring drilling rasping and scraping On dry land bioerosion is typically performed by pioneer plants or plant like organisms such as lichen and mostly chemical e g by acidic secretions on limestone or mechanical e g by roots growing into cracks in nature Sponge borings Entobia and encrusters on a modern bivalve shell North Carolina IUPAC definition This definition describes the chemical process of bioerosion specifically as it applies to biorelated polymers and applications rather than the geological concept as covered in the article text Surface degradation resulting from the action of cells Note 1 Erosion is a general characteristic of biodegradation by cells that adhere to a surface and the molar mass of the bulk does not change basically Note 2 Chemical degradation can present the characteristics of cell mediated erosion when the rate of chemical chain scission is greater than the rate of penetration of the cleaving chemical reagent like diffusion of water in the caseof hydrolytically degradable polymer for instance Note 3 Erosion with constancy of the bulk molar mass is also observed in the case of in vitro abiotic enzymatic degradation Note 4 In some cases bioerosion results from a combination of cell mediated and chemical degradation actually 1 Bioerosion of coral reefs generates the fine and white coral sand characteristic of tropical islands The coral is converted to sand by internal bioeroders such as algae fungi bacteria microborers and sponges Clionaidae bivalves including Lithophaga sipunculans polychaetes acrothoracican barnacles and phoronids generating extremely fine sediment with diameters of 10 to 100 micrometres External bioeroders include sea urchins such as Diadema and chitons These forces in concert produce a great deal of erosion Sea urchin erosion of calcium carbonate has been reported in some reefs at annual rates exceeding 20 kg m2 Fish also erode coral while eating algae Parrotfish cause a great deal of bioerosion using well developed jaw muscles tooth armature and a pharyngeal mill to grind ingested material into sand sized particles Bioerosion of coral reef aragonite by parrotfish can range from 1017 7 186 3 kg yr 0 41 0 07 m3 yr for Chlorurus gibbus and 23 6 3 4 kg yr 9 7 10 3 1 3 10 3 m2 yr for Chlorurus sordidus Bellwood 1995 Bioerosion is also well known in the fossil record on shells and hardgrounds Bromley 1970 with traces of this activity stretching back well into the Precambrian Taylor amp Wilson 2003 Macrobioerosion which produces borings visible to the naked eye shows two distinct evolutionary radiations One was in the Middle Ordovician the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution see Wilson amp Palmer 2006 and the other in the Jurassic see Taylor amp Wilson 2003 Bromley 2004 Wilson 2007 Microbioerosion also has a long fossil record and its own radiations see Glaub amp Vogel 2004 Glaub et al 2007 Contents 1 Gallery 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksGallery edit nbsp Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground southeastern Indiana see Wilson and Palmer 2001 nbsp Petroxestes borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground southern Ohio see Wilson and Palmer 2006 nbsp Gastrochaenolites borings in a Middle Jurassic hardground southern Utah see Wilson and Palmer 1994 nbsp Numerous borings in a Cretaceous cobble Faringdon England see Wilson 1986 nbsp Cross section of a Jurassic rockground borings include Gastrochaenolites some with boring bivalves in place and Trypanites Mendip Hills England scale bar 1 cm nbsp Teredolites borings in a modern wharf piling the work of bivalves known as shipworms nbsp Ordovician hardground cross section with Trypanites borings filled with dolomite southern Ohio nbsp Gastrochaenolites boring in a recrystallized scleractinian coral Matmor Formation Middle Jurassic of southern Israel nbsp Osprioneides borings in a Silurian stromatoporoid from Saaremaa Estonia see Vinn Wilson and Motus 2014 nbsp Gnathichnus pentax echinoid trace fossil on an oyster from the Cenomanian of Hamakhtesh Hagadol southern Israel nbsp Geopetal structure in bivalve boring in coral bivalve shell visible Matmor Formation Middle Jurassic southern Israel nbsp Borings in an Upper Ordovician bryozoan Bellevue Formation northern Kentucky polished cross section See also editBiopitting Geomorphology Scientific study of landforms Biogeomorphology Study of interactions between organisms and the development of landforms Coastal erosion Displacement of land along the coastline Marine biogenic calcificationReferences edit Vert Michel Doi Yoshiharu Hellwich Karl Heinz Hess Michael Hodge Philip Kubisa Przemyslaw Rinaudo Marguerite Schue Francois 2012 Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications IUPAC Recommendations 2012 PDF Pure and Applied Chemistry 84 2 377 410 doi 10 1351 PAC REC 10 12 04 S2CID 98107080 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 03 19 Retrieved 2013 07 27 Bellwood D R 1995 Direct estimate of bioerosion by two parrotfish species Chlorurus gibbus and C sordidus on the Great Barrier Reef Australia Marine Biology 121 3 419 429 doi 10 1007 BF00349451 S2CID 85045930 Bromley R G 1970 Borings as trace fossils and Entobia cretacea Portlock as an example In Crimes T P Harper J C eds Trace Fossils Geological Journal Special Issue 3 pp 49 90 Bromley R G 2004 A stratigraphy of marine bioerosion In D McIlroy ed The application of ichnology to palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic analysis Geological Society of London Special Publications 228 London Geological Society pp 455 481 ISBN 1 86239 154 8 Glaub I Golubic S Gektidis M Radtke G Vogel K 2007 Microborings and microbial endoliths geological implications In Miller III W ed Trace fossils concepts problems prospects Amsterdam Elsevier pp 368 381 ISBN 978 0 444 52949 7 Glaub I Vogel K 2004 The stratigraphic record of microborings Fossils amp Strata 51 126 135 doi 10 18261 9781405169851 2004 08 ISBN 9781405169851 ISSN 0300 9491 Palmer T J 1982 Cambrian to Cretaceous changes in hardground communities Lethaia 15 4 309 323 doi 10 1111 j 1502 3931 1982 tb01696 x Taylor P D Wilson M A 2003 Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities PDF Earth Science Reviews 62 1 2 1 103 Bibcode 2003ESRv 62 1T doi 10 1016 S0012 8252 02 00131 9 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 03 25 Vinn O Wilson M A Motus M A 2014 The Earliest Giant Osprioneides Borings from the Sandbian Late Ordovician of Estonia PLOS ONE 9 6 e99455 e99455 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 999455V doi 10 1371 journal pone 0099455 PMC 4047083 PMID 24901511 Wilson M A 1986 Coelobites and spatial refuges in a Lower Cretaceous cobble dwelling hardground fauna Palaeontology 29 691 703 ISSN 0031 0239 Wilson M A 2007 Macroborings and the evolution of bioerosion In Miller III W ed Trace fossils concepts problems prospects Amsterdam Elsevier pp 356 367 ISBN 978 0 444 52949 7 Wilson M A Palmer T J 1994 A carbonate hardground in the Carmel Formation Middle Jurassic SW Utah USA and its associated encrusters borers and nestlers Ichnos 3 2 79 87 doi 10 1080 10420949409386375 Wilson M A Palmer T J 2001 Domiciles not predatory borings a simpler explanation of the holes in Ordovician shells analyzed by Kaplan and Baumiller 2000 PALAIOS 16 5 524 525 Bibcode 2001Palai 16 524W doi 10 1669 0883 1351 2001 016 lt 0524 DNPBAS gt 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 130036115 Wilson M A Palmer T J 2006 Patterns and processes in the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution PDF Ichnos 13 3 109 112 doi 10 1080 10420940600850505 S2CID 128831144 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 12 16 Further reading editVinn O Wilson M A 2010 Occurrence of giant borings of Osprioneides kampto in the lower Silurian Sheinwoodian stromatoporoids of Saaremaa Estonia Ichnos 17 3 166 171 doi 10 1080 10420940 2010 502478 S2CID 128990588 Retrieved 2014 06 10 Vinn O Wilson M A 2010 Early large borings from a hardground of Floian Dapingian age Early and Middle Ordovician in northeastern Estonia Baltica Carnets de Geologie 2010 CG2010 L04 doi 10 4267 2042 35594 Vinn O Wilson M A Toom U 2015 Bioerosion of Inorganic Hard Substrates in the Ordovician of Estonia Baltica PLOS ONE 10 7 e0134279 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1034279V doi 10 1371 journal pone 0134279 PMC 4517899 PMID 26218582 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bioerosion Bioerosion Website at The College of Wooster Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bioerosion amp oldid 1188492886, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
