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Betteridge's law of headlines

April 12, 2024

Betteridge's law of headlines is an adage that states: "Any headline that ends in a question mark can be answered by the word no." It is named after Ian Betteridge, a British technology journalist who wrote about it in 2009, although the principle is much older.[1][2] It is based on the assumption that if the publishers were confident that the answer was yes, they would have presented it as an assertion; by presenting it as a question, they are not accountable for whether it is correct or not. The adage does not apply to questions that are more open-ended than strict yes–no questions.[3]

The maxim has been cited by other names since 1991, when a published compilation of Murphy's law variants called it "Davis's law", a name that also appears online without any explanation of who Davis was.[4][5][6][7] It has also been referred to as the "journalistic principle" and in 2007 was referred to in commentary as "an old truism among journalists".[8][9][10]

History edit

Betteridge's name became associated with the concept after he discussed it in a February 2009 article, which examined a previous TechCrunch article that carried the headline "Did Last.fm Just Hand Over User Listening Data to the RIAA?" (Schonfeld 2009):

This story is a great demonstration of my maxim that any headline which ends in a question mark can be answered by the word "no." The reason why journalists use that style of headline is that they know the story is probably bullshit, and don't actually have the sources and facts to back it up, but still want to run it.[1]

A similar observation was made by British newspaper editor Andrew Marr in his 2004 book My Trade, among Marr's suggestions for how a reader should interpret newspaper articles:

If the headline asks a question, try answering 'no'. Is This the True Face of Britain's Young? (Sensible reader: No.) Have We Found the Cure for AIDS? (No; or you wouldn't have put the question mark in.) Does This Map Provide the Key for Peace? (Probably not.) A headline with a question mark at the end means, in the vast majority of cases, that the story is tendentious or over-sold. It is often a scare story, or an attempt to elevate some run-of-the-mill piece of reporting into a national controversy and, preferably, a national panic. To a busy journalist hunting for real information a question mark means 'don't bother reading this bit'.[11]

Studies edit

A 2016 study of a sample of academic journals (not news publications) that set out to test Betteridge's law and Hinchliffe's rule (see below) found that few titles were posed as questions and of those, few were yes/no questions and they were more often answered "yes" in the body of the article rather than "no".[12]

A 2018 study of 2,585 articles in four academic journals in the field of ecology similarly found that very few titles were posed as questions at all, with 1.82 percent being wh-questions and 2.15 percent being yes/no questions. Of the yes/no questions, 44 percent were answered "yes", 34 percent "maybe", and only 22 percent were answered "no".[13]

In 2015, a study of 26,000 articles from 13 news sites on the World Wide Web, conducted by a data scientist and published on his blog, found that the majority (54 percent) were yes/no questions, which divided into 20 percent "yes" answers, 17 percent "no" answers and 16 percent whose answers he could not determine.[14]

Question headlines edit

Phrasing headlines as questions is a tactic employed by newspapers that do not "have the facts required to buttress the nut graph".[15][3] Roger Simon characterized the practice as justifying "virtually anything, no matter how unlikely", giving "Hillary to Replace Biden on Ticket?" and "Romney to Endorse Gay Marriage Between Corporations?" as hypothetical examples of such a practice.[16][17] Many question headlines were used, for example, in reporting of Bharatiya Janata Party in-fighting in 2004, because no politicians went on record to confirm or deny facts, such as "Is Venkaiah Naidu on his way out?"[18] Because this implication is known to readers, guides giving advice to newspaper editors state that so-called "question heads" should be used sparingly.[19]

Freelance writer R. Thomas Berner calls them "gimmickry".[20] Grant Milnor Hyde observed that they give the impression of uncertainty in a newspaper's content.[21] When Linton Andrews worked at the Daily Mail after the First World War, one of the rules set by Lord Northcliffe was to avoid question headlines, unless the question itself reflected a national issue.[22]

Question headlines are not legally sound when it comes to avoiding defamation.[23] The Supreme Court of Oklahoma held in 1913, in its decision in Spencer v. Minnick, that "A man cannot libel another by the publication of language the meaning and damaging effect of which is clear to all men, and where the identity of the person meant cannot be doubted, and then escape liability through the use of a question mark."[24][23] The use of question headlines as a form of sensationalism has a long history, including the 9 June 1883, headline in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, "Was It Peppermint Mary?"[25] The story, about a jewellery store that had tried to prevent its female employees from flirting with people outside the store, only mentioned "Peppermint" Mary at the end of the piece as an employee who might possibly have caused this and did not answer the question.[25]

The New York World also famously used a question headline for hedging when editors were unsure of their facts, when it reported the outcome of the 1916 United States presidential election.[26][27] When other New York City newspapers ran statement headlines on 8 November 1916 saying "Hughes Is Elected" (The Evening Sun, final edition the night before), "Hughes Is Elected by Narrow Margin" (The Sun), "Hughes Is Elected by Majority of 40" (The New York Herald), "Hughes the Next President" (The Journal of Commerce), "Hughes Sweeps State" (New York Tribune) and "Nation Swept by Hughes!" (New York American), the World ran one with a question headline, "Hughes Elected in Close Contest?"[28]

This was the result of a last-minute intervention by then World journalist Herbert Bayard Swope, who, having received a tip from gambling friends that Charles Evans Hughes might not in fact win, persuaded Charles M. Lincoln, the managing editor of the paper, to reset the headline in between editions, inserting a question mark.[29][30] Confusingly, below the question headline the World still had a picture of Hughes captioned "The President-Elect" but the question headline did indeed turn out to have the answer "no", as President Woodrow Wilson was re-elected, which the World finally announced in a headline two days later.[26][28]

Advertisers and marketers prefer yes/no question headlines that are answered "yes", as a reader that immediately answers "no" to a question headline on an advertisement is likely to skip over the advertisement entirely.[31] The most famous example of such a question headline in advertising is "Do you make these mistakes in English?", written to advertise Sherwin Cody's English-language course and used from 1919 to 1959, which (with readers answering "yes" they did make the mistakes that the advertisement proceeded to outline) was measured as more successful than non-yes/no-question alternatives.[32][33]

Victor Schwab, a partner in the advertising agency that worked for Cody, published an analysis of the aspects of the headline (as Schwab 1939) attempting to look at it scientifically and using ten years' worth of revenue and customer enquiry data for both it and a statement headline that Cody had also used.[32][33] He noted amongst other things that working in its favour was the question addressing the reader using the second person.[34] A 2013 study into computer-mediated communication came to a similar conclusion, finding that question headlines posted to Twitter and eBay increased click-through rates in comparison to statement headlines and that questions that address or reference the reader have statistically significant higher click-through rates than rhetorical or general questions.[35][36]

Hinchliffe's rule edit

In the field of particle physics, the concept is known as Hinchliffe's rule, after physicist Ian Hinchliffe, who stated that if a research paper's title is in the form of a yes–no question, the answer to that question will be "no".[37][38] The adage led into a humorous attempt at a liar paradox by a 1988 paper, written by physicist Boris Kayser under the pseudonym "Boris Peon", which bore the title: "Is Hinchliffe's Rule True?" (Peon 1988).[39][38]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Betteridge 2009.
  2. ^ "The Macalope Weekly: Pointless Exercises". Macworld. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  3. ^ a b Murtha 2015.
  4. ^ Bloch 1991, p. 163.
  5. ^ Anvari 2006
  6. ^ "List of variants of Murphy's Law". Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  7. ^ Liberman 2006.
  8. ^ Götz 1997, Journalistic Principle.
  9. ^ ""It's an old truism among journalists..."". MeatRobot.org.uk. 4 December 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  10. ^ "The Vitamin B scam. Don't trust Boots". 22 November 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  11. ^ Marr 2004, p. 253.
  12. ^ Cook & Plourde 2016.
  13. ^ Mola 2017, p. 11.
  14. ^ Linander 2015.
  15. ^ Berthon et al. 2019, p. 257.
  16. ^ Paul & Moss 2015, p. 275.
  17. ^ Simon 2012.
  18. ^ Saxena 2006, pp. 95–96.
  19. ^ Saxena 2006, p. 95.
  20. ^ Berner 2007, p. 233.
  21. ^ Hyde 1931, p. 154.
  22. ^ Andrews 1964, p. 106.
  23. ^ a b Sack 1999, pp. 2–48.
  24. ^ Oklahoma 1913.
  25. ^ a b Juergens 2015, pp. 63–64.
  26. ^ a b Kahn 1965, p. 181.
  27. ^ Gies 1979, p. 64.
  28. ^ a b O'Keefe 2013, p. 154.
  29. ^ Kahn 1965, pp. 52, 181.
  30. ^ Ellis 1975, p. 305.
  31. ^ Zacher 1961, p. 118.
  32. ^ a b De Voe 1956, pp. 198, 262.
  33. ^ a b Battistella 2009, pp. 6, 39–40.
  34. ^ Battistella 2009, pp. 40.
  35. ^ Jarrett 2013.
  36. ^ Lai & Farbrot 2013.
  37. ^ Carroll 2006.
  38. ^ a b Shieber 2015.
  39. ^ Sher 2013.

Sources edit

  • Andrews, Linton (1964). The Autobiography of a Journalist. E. Benn.
  • Anvari, Ahmad (2006). "Davis's Law". anvari.org. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  • Battistella, Edwin L (2009). Do You Make These Mistakes in English?: The Story of Sherwin Cody's Famous Language School. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195367126.
  • Berner, R. Thomas (2007). Fundamentals of Journalism: Reporting, Writing and Editing. Marquette Books. ISBN 9780922993765.
  • Betteridge, Ian (23 February 2009). . Technovia.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  • Berthon, Pierre R.; Fedorenko, Ivan; Pitt, Leyland F.; Ferguson, Sarah Lord (2019). "Can Brand Custodians Cope with Fake News? Marketing Assets in the Age of Truthiness and Post-fact". In Parvatiyar, Atul; Sisodia, Rajendra (eds.). Handbook of Advances in Marketing in an Era of Disruptions: Essays in Honour of Jagdish N. Sheth. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9789352808182.
  • Bloch, Arthur (1991). The Complete Murphy's Law: A Definitive Collection (revised ed.). Los Angeles, California: Price Stern Sloan. ISBN 9780843129687.
  • Carroll, Sean (7 December 2006). . Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  • Cook, James M.; Plourde, Dawn (25 June 2016). "Do scholars follow Betteridge's Law? The use of questions in journal article titles" (PDF). Scientometrics. 108 (3): 1119–1128. doi:10.1007/s11192-016-2030-2. ISSN 0138-9130. S2CID 16494221.
  • De Voe, Merrill (1956). Effective advertising copy. Macmillan.
  • Ellis, Edward Robb (1975). Echoes of distant thunder: life in the United States, 1914–1918. Coward, McCann, & Geoghegan.
  • Gies, Joseph (1979). The Colonel of Chicago. Dutton. ISBN 9780525082675.
  • Götz, Andreas (1997). . MurphysLaws.net. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  • Hyde, Grant Milnor (1931). "Headline Writing". Newspaper Editing: A Manual for Editors, Copyreaders, and Students of Newspaper Desk Work (2nd ed.). D. Appleton.
  • Jarrett, Christian (4 November 2013). "Are you more likely to click headlines that are phrased as a question?". Research Digest. British Psychological Society. doi:10.1080/15534510.2013.847859. S2CID 55530539.
  • Juergens, George (2015). "Sensationalism". Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400877959.
  • Kahn, Ely Jacques (1965). The world of Swope. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Lai, Linda; Farbrot, Audun (25 October 2013). "What makes you click? The effect of question headlines on readership in computer-mediated communication". Social Influence. 9 (4). Taylor and Francis: 289–299. doi:10.1080/15534510.2013.847859. S2CID 55530539.
  • Liberman, Mark (17 September 2006). "Rhetorical questions: threat or menace?". Language Log. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  • Linander, Mats (19 March 2015). "is betteridge's law of headlines correct?". calmer than you are. New York.
  • Marr, Andrew (2004). My Trade: a short history of British journalism. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9781405005364.
  • Mola, John (4 April 2017). "Betteridge's Law in Ecology" (PDF). The Aggie Brickyard. Vol. 4. Ecology Graduate Group, UC Davis. (archived by Mola)
  • Murtha, Jack (September–October 2015). "Can You Really Tell an Entire Story in a Headline?". Columbia Journalism Review. 54.
  • O'Keefe, Kevin (2013). "The press and the politics of neutrality". A Thousand Deadlines: The New York City Press and American Neutrality, 1914–17. Springer. ISBN 9789401576086.
  • Paul, Richard; Moss, Steven (2015). We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292772496.
  • Peon, Boris (4 August 1988). . Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  • Spencer v. Minnick Okla. opinion 613, P.130. Vol. 41. 20 December 1913.
  • Sack, Robert D. (1999). "The Cause of Action". Sack on defamation: libel, slander, and related problems. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Practising Law Institute.
  • Saxena, Sunil (2006). "Question Headlines". Headline Writing. SAGE. ISBN 9780761934219.
  • Schonfeld, Erick (20 February 2009). "Did Last.fm Just Hand Over User Listening Data To the RIAA?". TechCrunch.
  • Schwab, Victor O. (September 1939). "An Advertisement That Is Never Changed". Printers' Ink Monthly: 10–11, 64–65.
  • Shieber, Stuart M. (May–June 2015). "Is This Article Consistent with Hinchliffe's Rule?" (PDF). Annals of Improbable Research. 21 (3). Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  • Sher, Marc (4 July 2013). "comment on 'A Second Higgs Particle?'".
  • Simon, Roger (8 May 2012). "Empty seats haunt Obama". Politico.
  • Zacher, Robert Vincent (1961). Advertising Techniques and Management. R. D. Irwin.

Further reading edit

  • Gooden, Philip (2015). "Arts". Skyscrapers, Hemlines and the Eddie Murphy Rule (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Information. ISBN 9781472915023.
  • "The Press: Question Mark Magazines". Time. Vol. 69, no. 5. 4 February 1957.
  • Locricchio v. Evening News Association, 438 Mich. 84 (1991-08-26) ("Nor is it determinative here that the sting of the headline concludes with a question mark — 'Is it Mafia?'").

External links edit

 
Look up Betteridge's law in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

April 12, 2024
betteridge, headlines, adage, that, states, headline, that, ends, question, mark, answered, word, named, after, betteridge, british, technology, journalist, wrote, about, 2009, although, principle, much, older, based, assumption, that, publishers, were, confid. Betteridge s law of headlines is an adage that states Any headline that ends in a question mark can be answered by the word no It is named after Ian Betteridge a British technology journalist who wrote about it in 2009 although the principle is much older 1 2 It is based on the assumption that if the publishers were confident that the answer was yes they would have presented it as an assertion by presenting it as a question they are not accountable for whether it is correct or not The adage does not apply to questions that are more open ended than strict yes no questions 3 The maxim has been cited by other names since 1991 when a published compilation of Murphy s law variants called it Davis s law a name that also appears online without any explanation of who Davis was 4 5 6 7 It has also been referred to as the journalistic principle and in 2007 was referred to in commentary as an old truism among journalists 8 9 10 Contents 1 History 2 Studies 3 Question headlines 4 Hinchliffe s rule 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory editBetteridge s name became associated with the concept after he discussed it in a February 2009 article which examined a previous TechCrunch article that carried the headline Did Last fm Just Hand Over User Listening Data to the RIAA Schonfeld 2009 This story is a great demonstration of my maxim that any headline which ends in a question mark can be answered by the word no The reason why journalists use that style of headline is that they know the story is probably bullshit and don t actually have the sources and facts to back it up but still want to run it 1 A similar observation was made by British newspaper editor Andrew Marr in his 2004 book My Trade among Marr s suggestions for how a reader should interpret newspaper articles If the headline asks a question try answering no Is This the True Face of Britain s Young Sensible reader No Have We Found the Cure for AIDS No or you wouldn t have put the question mark in Does This Map Provide the Key for Peace Probably not A headline with a question mark at the end means in the vast majority of cases that the story is tendentious or over sold It is often a scare story or an attempt to elevate some run of the mill piece of reporting into a national controversy and preferably a national panic To a busy journalist hunting for real information a question mark means don t bother reading this bit 11 Studies editA 2016 study of a sample of academic journals not news publications that set out to test Betteridge s law and Hinchliffe s rule see below found that few titles were posed as questions and of those few were yes no questions and they were more often answered yes in the body of the article rather than no 12 A 2018 study of 2 585 articles in four academic journals in the field of ecology similarly found that very few titles were posed as questions at all with 1 82 percent being wh questions and 2 15 percent being yes no questions Of the yes no questions 44 percent were answered yes 34 percent maybe and only 22 percent were answered no 13 In 2015 a study of 26 000 articles from 13 news sites on the World Wide Web conducted by a data scientist and published on his blog found that the majority 54 percent were yes no questions which divided into 20 percent yes answers 17 percent no answers and 16 percent whose answers he could not determine 14 Question headlines editPhrasing headlines as questions is a tactic employed by newspapers that do not have the facts required to buttress the nut graph 15 3 Roger Simon characterized the practice as justifying virtually anything no matter how unlikely giving Hillary to Replace Biden on Ticket and Romney to Endorse Gay Marriage Between Corporations as hypothetical examples of such a practice 16 17 Many question headlines were used for example in reporting of Bharatiya Janata Party in fighting in 2004 because no politicians went on record to confirm or deny facts such as Is Venkaiah Naidu on his way out 18 Because this implication is known to readers guides giving advice to newspaper editors state that so called question heads should be used sparingly 19 Freelance writer R Thomas Berner calls them gimmickry 20 Grant Milnor Hyde observed that they give the impression of uncertainty in a newspaper s content 21 When Linton Andrews worked at the Daily Mail after the First World War one of the rules set by Lord Northcliffe was to avoid question headlines unless the question itself reflected a national issue 22 Question headlines are not legally sound when it comes to avoiding defamation 23 The Supreme Court of Oklahoma held in 1913 in its decision in Spencer v Minnick that A man cannot libel another by the publication of language the meaning and damaging effect of which is clear to all men and where the identity of the person meant cannot be doubted and then escape liability through the use of a question mark 24 23 The use of question headlines as a form of sensationalism has a long history including the 9 June 1883 headline in Joseph Pulitzer s New York World Was It Peppermint Mary 25 The story about a jewellery store that had tried to prevent its female employees from flirting with people outside the store only mentioned Peppermint Mary at the end of the piece as an employee who might possibly have caused this and did not answer the question 25 The New York World also famously used a question headline for hedging when editors were unsure of their facts when it reported the outcome of the 1916 United States presidential election 26 27 When other New York City newspapers ran statement headlines on 8 November 1916 saying Hughes Is Elected The Evening Sun final edition the night before Hughes Is Elected by Narrow Margin The Sun Hughes Is Elected by Majority of 40 The New York Herald Hughes the Next President The Journal of Commerce Hughes Sweeps State New York Tribune and Nation Swept by Hughes New York American the World ran one with a question headline Hughes Elected in Close Contest 28 This was the result of a last minute intervention by then World journalist Herbert Bayard Swope who having received a tip from gambling friends that Charles Evans Hughes might not in fact win persuaded Charles M Lincoln the managing editor of the paper to reset the headline in between editions inserting a question mark 29 30 Confusingly below the question headline the World still had a picture of Hughes captioned The President Elect but the question headline did indeed turn out to have the answer no as President Woodrow Wilson was re elected which the World finally announced in a headline two days later 26 28 Advertisers and marketers prefer yes no question headlines that are answered yes as a reader that immediately answers no to a question headline on an advertisement is likely to skip over the advertisement entirely 31 The most famous example of such a question headline in advertising is Do you make these mistakes in English written to advertise Sherwin Cody s English language course and used from 1919 to 1959 which with readers answering yes they did make the mistakes that the advertisement proceeded to outline was measured as more successful than non yes no question alternatives 32 33 Victor Schwab a partner in the advertising agency that worked for Cody published an analysis of the aspects of the headline as Schwab 1939 attempting to look at it scientifically and using ten years worth of revenue and customer enquiry data for both it and a statement headline that Cody had also used 32 33 He noted amongst other things that working in its favour was the question addressing the reader using the second person 34 A 2013 study into computer mediated communication came to a similar conclusion finding that question headlines posted to Twitter and eBay increased click through rates in comparison to statement headlines and that questions that address or reference the reader have statistically significant higher click through rates than rhetorical or general questions 35 36 Hinchliffe s rule editIn the field of particle physics the concept is known as Hinchliffe s rule after physicist Ian Hinchliffe who stated that if a research paper s title is in the form of a yes no question the answer to that question will be no 37 38 The adage led into a humorous attempt at a liar paradox by a 1988 paper written by physicist Boris Kayser under the pseudonym Boris Peon which bore the title Is Hinchliffe s Rule True Peon 1988 39 38 See also editClickbait Web content intended to entice users to click on a link List of eponymous laws Adages and sayings named after a person Loaded question Question containing an unjustified assumptionReferences edit a b Betteridge 2009 The Macalope Weekly Pointless Exercises Macworld 11 August 2012 Retrieved 12 May 2019 a b Murtha 2015 Bloch 1991 p 163 Anvari 2006 List of variants of Murphy s Law Retrieved 12 May 2019 Liberman 2006 Gotz 1997 Journalistic Principle It s an old truism among journalists MeatRobot org uk 4 December 2007 Retrieved 12 May 2019 The Vitamin B scam Don t trust Boots 22 November 2007 Retrieved 12 May 2019 Marr 2004 p 253 Cook amp Plourde 2016 Mola 2017 p 11 Linander 2015 Berthon et al 2019 p 257 Paul amp Moss 2015 p 275 Simon 2012 Saxena 2006 pp 95 96 Saxena 2006 p 95 Berner 2007 p 233 Hyde 1931 p 154 Andrews 1964 p 106 a b Sack 1999 pp 2 48 Oklahoma 1913 a b Juergens 2015 pp 63 64 a b Kahn 1965 p 181 Gies 1979 p 64 a b O Keefe 2013 p 154 Kahn 1965 pp 52 181 Ellis 1975 p 305 Zacher 1961 p 118 a b De Voe 1956 pp 198 262 a b Battistella 2009 pp 6 39 40 Battistella 2009 pp 40 Jarrett 2013 Lai amp Farbrot 2013 Carroll 2006 a b Shieber 2015 Sher 2013 Sources edit Andrews Linton 1964 The Autobiography of a Journalist E Benn Anvari Ahmad 2006 Davis s Law anvari org Retrieved 3 July 2019 Battistella Edwin L 2009 Do You Make These Mistakes in English The Story of Sherwin Cody s Famous Language School Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195367126 Berner R Thomas 2007 Fundamentals of Journalism Reporting Writing and Editing Marquette Books ISBN 9780922993765 Betteridge Ian 23 February 2009 TechCrunch Irresponsible journalism Technovia co uk Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 Retrieved 12 May 2019 Berthon Pierre R Fedorenko Ivan Pitt Leyland F Ferguson Sarah Lord 2019 Can Brand Custodians Cope with Fake News Marketing Assets in the Age of Truthiness and Post fact In Parvatiyar Atul Sisodia Rajendra eds Handbook of Advances in Marketing in an Era of Disruptions Essays in Honour of Jagdish N Sheth SAGE Publications India ISBN 9789352808182 Bloch Arthur 1991 The Complete Murphy s Law A Definitive Collection revised ed Los Angeles California Price Stern Sloan ISBN 9780843129687 Carroll Sean 7 December 2006 Guest Blogger Joe Polchinski on the String Debates Discover Magazine Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 Retrieved 12 May 2019 Cook James M Plourde Dawn 25 June 2016 Do scholars follow Betteridge s Law The use of questions in journal article titles PDF Scientometrics 108 3 1119 1128 doi 10 1007 s11192 016 2030 2 ISSN 0138 9130 S2CID 16494221 De Voe Merrill 1956 Effective advertising copy Macmillan Ellis Edward Robb 1975 Echoes of distant thunder life in the United States 1914 1918 Coward McCann amp Geoghegan Gies Joseph 1979 The Colonel of Chicago Dutton ISBN 9780525082675 Gotz Andreas 1997 The Complete Edition of Murphy s Laws MurphysLaws net Archived from the original on 17 October 2018 Retrieved 12 May 2019 Hyde Grant Milnor 1931 Headline Writing Newspaper Editing A Manual for Editors Copyreaders and Students of Newspaper Desk Work 2nd ed D Appleton Jarrett Christian 4 November 2013 Are you more likely to click headlines that are phrased as a question Research Digest British Psychological Society doi 10 1080 15534510 2013 847859 S2CID 55530539 Juergens George 2015 Sensationalism Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World Princeton University Press ISBN 9781400877959 Kahn Ely Jacques 1965 The world of Swope New York Simon and Schuster Lai Linda Farbrot Audun 25 October 2013 What makes you click The effect of question headlines on readership in computer mediated communication Social Influence 9 4 Taylor and Francis 289 299 doi 10 1080 15534510 2013 847859 S2CID 55530539 Liberman Mark 17 September 2006 Rhetorical questions threat or menace Language Log Retrieved 12 May 2019 Linander Mats 19 March 2015 is betteridge s law of headlines correct calmer than you are New York Marr Andrew 2004 My Trade a short history of British journalism London Macmillan ISBN 9781405005364 Mola John 4 April 2017 Betteridge s Law in Ecology PDF The Aggie Brickyard Vol 4 Ecology Graduate Group UC Davis archived by Mola Murtha Jack September October 2015 Can You Really Tell an Entire Story in a Headline Columbia Journalism Review 54 O Keefe Kevin 2013 The press and the politics of neutrality A Thousand Deadlines The New York City Press and American Neutrality 1914 17 Springer ISBN 9789401576086 Paul Richard Moss Steven 2015 We Could Not Fail The First African Americans in the Space Program University of Texas Press ISBN 9780292772496 Peon Boris 4 August 1988 Is Hinchliffe s Rule True Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 Retrieved 12 May 2019 Spencer v Minnick Okla opinion 613 P 130 Vol 41 20 December 1913 Sack Robert D 1999 The Cause of Action Sack on defamation libel slander and related problems Vol 1 3rd ed Practising Law Institute Saxena Sunil 2006 Question Headlines Headline Writing SAGE ISBN 9780761934219 Schonfeld Erick 20 February 2009 Did Last fm Just Hand Over User Listening Data To the RIAA TechCrunch Schwab Victor O September 1939 An Advertisement That Is Never Changed Printers Ink Monthly 10 11 64 65 Shieber Stuart M May June 2015 Is This Article Consistent with Hinchliffe s Rule PDF Annals of Improbable Research 21 3 Retrieved 12 May 2019 Sher Marc 4 July 2013 comment on A Second Higgs Particle Simon Roger 8 May 2012 Empty seats haunt Obama Politico Zacher Robert Vincent 1961 Advertising Techniques and Management R D Irwin Further reading editGooden Philip 2015 Arts Skyscrapers Hemlines and the Eddie Murphy Rule 1st ed Bloomsbury Information ISBN 9781472915023 The Press Question Mark Magazines Time Vol 69 no 5 4 February 1957 Locricchio v Evening News Association 438 Mich 84 1991 08 26 Nor is it determinative here that the sting of the headline concludes with a question mark Is it Mafia External links edit nbsp Look up Betteridge s law in Wiktionary the free dictionary Ian Betteridge at the Wayback Machine archived 2016 01 10 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Betteridge 27s law of headlines amp oldid 1217598218, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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