Belarusian Auxiliary Police
The Belarusian Auxiliary Police (Belarusian: Беларуская дапаможная паліцыя, romanized: Biełaruskaja dapamožnaja palicyja) was a German force established in July 1941 in occupied Belarus, staffed by local inhabitants, considered collaborationist[citation needed]. In western Belarus, auxiliary police were formed in the form of Schutzmannschaften units, while in the east they were formed in the form of Ordnungsdienst.
| Belarusian Auxiliary Police | |
|---|---|
Inspection of Belarusian Auxiliary Police by Radasłaŭ Astroŭski | |
| Active | July 1941-1944 |
| Allegiance | Germany |
| Type | Auxiliary police |
| Role | Nazi security warfare The Holocaust in Belarus |
| Size | 30,000 (1943)[1] |
It was intended that the auxiliary police would consist of one policeman for every 100 villagers and one policeman for every 300 city residents.[2]
Creation edit
On July 7, 1941, the commander of Army Group Centre, General Max von Schenckendorf, in the occupied territory of Belarus, issued an order to create a local administration and order service called Miliz or Order Service (German: Ordnungsdienst; OD).[2][3] After the passage of the front and the stabilization of the civil administration in western Belarus in the form of Generalbezirk Weissruthenien, the OD units passed from under the authority of the German army to the Order Police (Orpo) and were transformed on November 6, 1941, into permanent Guarding Troops (German: Schutzmannschaft, Schuma) subordinated to the commander of Orpo in Belarus.[4][5] In eastern Belarus, which was still the area of operations of Army Group Centre, the OD continued to operate.[2] The division between Schuma in western Belarus and OD in eastern Belarus persisted until the end of the German occupation.[5]
Ordnungsdienst edit
The Ordnungsdienst, which operated in the eastern part of the country, was divided into four branches: criminal police (OD I), state police (OD II; prosecuting anti-German activity), order police (OD III) and combat police (OD IV), dealing with enemy "bands".[5] OD I and OD II were under authority of the Security Police and the SD, the other two branches were still fully under the military authorities.[6]
The number of police officers stationed at local posts was relatively small, assumed to be no more than 300 for each district and city, with 500 expected in larger cities.[1] The threat from partisan units led to the rapid expansion of local forces and the formation of peasant militias in the form of Hilfs-OD units and village police.[1]
Schutzmannschaften edit
The Schutzmannschaften was a formation whose main task, in addition to guarding order, was to combat hostile activity. For this reason, in addition to the normal police force, there were trained battalions of a military nature. Schutzmannschaften were categorized into:[7]
- Schutzmannschaften-Einzeldienst – a regular police force of an orderly nature, stationed in posts in cities and provinces
- Hilfsschutzmannschaften – force designed to guard prisoner of war camps and carry out ad hoc tasks
- Feuerschutzmannschaften – firefighting force
- Schuma battalions of three kinds:
- Feld-Bataillone – field battalions
- Wacht-Bataillone – guard battalions
- Ersatz-Bataillone – reserve battalions
The exact number of Belarusian Schuma battalions is uncertain, the most accepted estimation is 7 guard battalions, 4 field and 1 reserve battalions:[8]
- 45 Schutzmannschaft Bataillon, formed in September 1943;
- 46 Schutzmannschaft Bataillon, formed in July 1942 in Minsk;
- 47 Schutzmannschaft Bataillon, formed in July 1942 in Minsk;
- 48 Schutzmannschaft Ersatz-Bataillon, formed in July 1942 in Minsk;
- 48 Schutzmannschaft Feld-Bataillon 48, formed in August 1943 in Slonim;
- 49 Weiss-Schutzmannschafts Wacht-Bataillon, formed in September 1942 in Minsk;
- 60 Weiss Schuma-Feld-Bataillon, formed in August 1943 in Snoŭ;
- 64 Weiss Schuma-Feld-Bataillon, formed in February 1944 in Hlybokaye;
- 65 Weiss Schuma-Wacht-Bataillon, formed in February 1944 in Novogrudok;
- 66 Weiss Schuma-Wacht-Bataillon, formed in February 1944 in Slutsk;
- 67 Weiss Schuma-Wacht-Bataillon, formed in February 1944 in Vileyka;
- 68 Weiss Schuma-Wacht-Bataillon, formed in February 1944 in Novogrudok;
The 36th Police Rifle Regiment, with about 1,100 soldiers, was also formed from some of the Schuma volunteers, with one battalion to be German and the other two Belarusian with German officers.[9]
Activities edit
Belarusian Auxiliary Police participated in civilian massacres across villages on the territory of modern-day Belarus; dubbed the anti-partisan actions.[10] The role of the local policemen was crucial in the totality of procedures, as only they – wrote Martin Dean – knew the identity of the Jews.[11]
The German Order Police battalions as well as Einsatzgruppen carried out the first wave of killings. The pacification actions were conducted using experienced Belarusian auxiliary guards in roundups (as in Gomel, Mazyr, Kalinkavichy, Karma). The Belarusian police took on a secondary role in the first stage of the killings. The ghettoised Jews were controlled and brutalized before mass executions (as in Dobrush, Chachersk, Zhytkavichy).[12]
After a while the auxiliary police, being locals, not only led the Jews out of the ghettos to places of massacres but also took active part in the shooting actions.[13] Such tactic was successful (without much exertion of force) in places where the destruction of the Jews was carried out in early September, and throughout October and November 1941. In winter 1942, a different tactic was used – the killing raids in Zhlobin, Pyetrykaw, Streszyn, Chachersk.[12] The role of the Belarusian police in the killings became particularly noticeable during the second wave of the ghetto liquidation actions,[14] starting in February–March 1942.[15]
During Operation Cottbus which began on 20 May 1943 in the areas of Begoml, Lyepyel and Ushachy, a number of Belarusian auxiliary police battalions took part in the mass murder of unarmed civilians (predominantly Jews), along with the SS Special Battalion Dirlewanger and other destruction units.[16] They included the 46th Belarusian Battalion from Novogrodek, the 47th Belarusian Battalion from Minsk, the 51st Belarusian Battalion from Volozhin, and the 49th Belarusian Battalion also from Minsk.[17]
Legacy edit
Little is known about the specifics of the wartime atrocities committed by the Belarusian Auxiliary Police in the vast number of small Belarusian communities because the Belarusian police's involvement in the Holocaust is not acknowledged publicly in the country. Article 28 in the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, under the "Procedures Governing Access to Documents Containing Information Relating to the Secret Life of Private Citizens" (added in July 1996) denies access to information about Belarusians who served with the Nazis.[18][better source needed] "The official memorial narrative allows only a pro-Soviet version of the resistance to the German invaders."[19][20]
References edit
- ^ a b c Rein 2017, p. 182.
- ^ a b c Grzybowski 2021, p. 167.
- ^ Dean 2000, p. 64.
- ^ Dean 2000, p. 65.
- ^ a b c Rein 2017, p. 181.
- ^ Rein 2017, p. 181-182.
- ^ Grzybowski 2021, p. 167-168.
- ^ Grzybowski 2021, p. 168-169.
- ^ Grzybowski 2021, p. 169-170.
- ^ Mironowicz, Eugeniusz (2014). [German occupation of Belarus]. History of Belarus, mid 18th century until the 20th century (Historia Białorusi od połowy XVIII do XX w.) (in Polish and Belarusian). Związek Białoruski w RP, Katedra Kultury Białoruskiej Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku (Internet Archive). Idea sojuszu niemiecko-białoruskiego (German-Belarusian Alliance). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
- ^ Dean, Martin (2003). "The Ghetto 'Liquidations'". Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 18, 22, 78, 93. ISBN 1403963711 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Smilovitsky, Dr Leonid (September 2005). Bock, Fran (ed.). "Ghettos in the Gomel Region: Commonalities and Unique Features, 1941-42". Letter from Ilya Goberman in Kiriat Yam (Israel), September 17, 2000. Belarus SIG, Online Newsletter No. 11/2005.
Note 16: Archive of the author; Note 17: M. Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust.
- ^ Dean 2000, pp. 77–78.
- ^ Simon, Andrea (2002). Bashert: A Granddaughter's Holocaust Quest. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. p. 228. ISBN 1578064813.
- ^ Litvin, Alexey (Алексей Літвін). [Participation of the local police in the extermination of Jews]. Местная вспомогательная полиция на территории Беларуси, июль 1941 — июль 1944 гг. [The auxiliary police in Belarus, July 1941 – July 1944]. Archived from the original on 2020-02-01. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
- ^ Breitman, Richard (1997). . Archived from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2017. Museum of Tolerance Online. Retrieved 15 March 2009
- ^ Blood, Philip W (2006). Hitler's Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books. p. 181. ISBN 1597970212.
- ^ Meehan, Meredith M (2010). Auxiliary Police Units in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941-43: A Case Study of the Holocaust in Gomel, Belarus (PDF) (BS thesis). Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Academy. p. 44 – via PDF file, direct download 2.13 MB.
- ^ Goujon, Alexandra (28 August 2008). . Dijon: University of Burgundy. p. 4. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 – via DOC file, direct download.
- ^ Himka, John-Paul & Michlic, Joanna Beata (July 2013). (PDF). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0803246478. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2015.
Bibliography edit
- Dean, Martin (2000). Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403963711.
- Grzybowski, Jerzy (2021). Białoruski ruch niepodległościowy w czasie II wojny światowej [Belarusian independence movement during World War II] (in Polish). Warsaw. ISBN 978-83-8229-251-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Rein, Leonid (2017). "The Belarusian Auxiliary Police". In Böhler, Jochen (ed.). The Waffen-SS. A European History.