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Bell, California

Bell is an incorporated city in Los Angeles County, California, near the center of the former San Antonio Township (abolished after 1960). Its population was 35,477 at the 2010 census, down from 36,664 in the 2000 census.[6] Bell is located on the west bank of the Los Angeles River and is a suburb of the city of Los Angeles. At 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2), Bell is the thirteenth-smallest city in the United States with a population of at least 25,000.[7][6]

Bell, California
Images, from top and left to right: James George Bell House, Bell Public Library, City of Bell Police sign
Location of Bell in Los Angeles County, California.
Bell
Location in California
Bell
Bell (California)
Bell
Bell (the United States)
Coordinates: 33°59′N 118°11′W / 33.983°N 118.183°W / 33.983; -118.183
Country United States
State California
CountyLos Angeles
IncorporatedNovember 7, 1927[1]
Government
 • MayorFidencio Joel Gallardo
 • Vice MayorAna Maria Quintana
 • City CouncilMonica Arroyo
Alicia Romero
Ali Saleh
 • City ManagerMichael L. Antwine II
Area
 • Total2.63 sq mi (6.80 km2)
 • Land2.51 sq mi (6.50 km2)
 • Water0.12 sq mi (0.31 km2)  4.53%
Elevation141 ft (43 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total33,559
 • Density13,380.78/sq mi (5,166.23/km2)
Time zoneUTC-8 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP Code
90201, 90202, 90270[4]
Area code323[5]
FIPS code06-04870
GNIS feature IDs1660322, 2409816
Websitewww.cityofbell.org

In 2007, the U.S. Census Bureau ranked Bell's land area at 1245 out of 1257 cities (defined as incorporated areas) and two unincorporated areas that had a population of at least 25,000 in year 2000. Ten cities in the list of 1267 cities had no land area data (e.g., Goleta, California).

City residents voted to become a charter city in a special municipal election on November 29, 2005. Fewer than 400 voters turned out for that special election.[8] More than half of those votes were dubiously obtained absentee votes.[9] Being a charter city meant that city officials were exempt from state salary caps.[10] A scandal ensued, in which several city officials were indicted for giving themselves extraordinarily high salaries.[11]

History edit

Early history edit

 
Californio land baron Antonio María Lugo was granted Rancho San Antonio in 1838, which included Bell and much of the surrounding area.

The area comprising the present-day City of Bell has a Native American history dating back thousands of years. The Gabrieliño Indians migrated to the place now called Bell in 500 B.C. Spaniards have been living in this area of California since the mid-18th century. Among the early Spanish settlers was one of California's first families, the Lugos.[12]

While stationed at Mission San Antonio de Padua near Salinas, California, Francisco Lugo's first California son, Antonio María Lugo was born in 1775,[12] who would become Don Antonio María Lugo, Spanish aristocrat and soldier, who settled on 30,000 acres of land that encompasses the present-day City of Bell. In 1810, the king of Spain formally granted the land to Lugo as a reward for his military service[12] and the acreage became known as Rancho San Antonio. Lugo later became the mayor of Los Angeles from 1816 to 1819.[citation needed]

The grant was confirmed by the Mexican governor in 1838. By 1865, the Lugo family's fortune had dwindled and most of the Rancho was sold for less than a dollar per acre. The Lugo family did manage to retain its home, built about 1810, which is the now oldest house in Los Angeles County. The original adobe house was on Gage Avenue.[13]

Between 1870 and 1890, settlers arrived to the area and among those was the city's founder. In 1876, the pioneer residents for whom the city is named, James George Bell and his wife Susan Abia Hollenbeck Bell, and their two children, Maude Elizabeth and Alphonzo Sr. moved from Los Angeles where they lived for a short period with Susan's brother, John Hollenbeck, in their Victorian style home – the Bell House, now a historic landmark located at 4401 East Gage Avenue.[13] On April 6, 2000, the Bell House was dedicated as a California State Historical Resource.[12]

 
James George Bell House

They acquired about 360 acres (145.7 ha) of land and in the next decade, helped in its development as a small farming and cattle raising community. The Bell Family lived at the Hollenbeck's "Town House" on 4th and Breed Street until they moved into the "ranch" Bell House in 1876. The Bell House was an early Victorian style farm house. In 1898, the town's name was changed from Rancho San Antonio to Bell, in honor of its pioneer founders.[13]

At the turn of the 20th century, the Bell area was a sparsely settled countryside with a scattering of houses, including the Bell family's home. Between 1900 and 1915, more people settled into the area. More homes, schools, churches and a library were built, and several small businesses were established by 1913. The citizens agreed to provide all facilities and services for the library, except for the books.[citation needed]

Between 1920 and 1935, an explosive growth in population occurred in the Bell area. Old and new residents built new businesses, established schools, and founded community organizations, such as the Bell Chamber of Commerce and the Woman's Club. An area-wide sanitation district was formed in 1923 to provide sewer facilities.

In 1924, George O. Wheeler founded the Industrial Post, the local newspaper. By the early 1960s, the Bell Industrial Post had become the Bell-Maywood-Cudahy Industrial Post. It was later renamed the Community News, and became part of the Los Cerritos Community Newspaper Group. In 1998 it was sold again. The Community News disappeared not long after[why?],[14] facilitating a chain of corrupt practiced that ultimately led to criminal convictions for city administrator Robert Rizzo, who had been hired around 1998, and six other Bell city officials.[citation needed]

In 1925, the Alcazar Theater to show "talking pictures", was opened. It has since been demolished.[15]

In 1926, Bell High School was opened.[16]

Cityhood edit

Bell was incorporated as a city in 1927. Since its incorporation, the city of Bell has acquired land for public parks and the recreational program. The city also has constructed an adequate sewer system, widened all major streets, built a city hall, and provided fire department buildings, with the cooperation of the city of Maywood and the County of Los Angeles, the city of Bell constructed an indoor public swimming pool at Bell High School.

 
James George Bell House

The city's Chamber of Commerce is located at the historic James George Bell House, which serves as a meeting place and in addition, a museum showcasing artifacts from the city's founding family and period furniture. The house is open to the general public with free admission.

In March 2007, the city of Bell held its first contested election for city council in almost a decade.[17] The next election for City Council was held in March 2011, and included the recall of all the city council members save one, who was not re-elected.

Oscar controversy edit

In March 2000, Bell gained worldwide publicity, as the media announced that a shipment of 55 Oscar statuettes was stolen from a trucking company loading dock in Bell. In addition to the Los Angeles and Bell police departments, FBI art theft experts investigated. It was the second Oscar mishap within a short period, as earlier that month 4,000 Oscar ballots were misrouted. Coincidentally, the missing Oscar ballots were found by the post office in a Bell processing center. AMPAS Executive Director Bruce Davis was quoted as jokingly warning Billy Crystal, host of that year's Oscar ceremony, not to go near Bell because it "seems to be a Bermuda Triangle for Oscar things".[18]

2010 city official corruption scandal edit

In July 2010, when two Los Angeles Times reporters, Jeff Gottlieb and Ruben Vives, were investigating possible malfeasance in the neighboring city of Maywood, it was revealed that Bell city officials were receiving unusually large salaries, perhaps the highest in the United States. The salaries came into the public eye after the newspaper's investigation, based on California Public Records Act requests, showed that the city payroll was swollen with six- to seven-figure salaries.[19] Robert Rizzo, the City manager, received $787,637 a year, almost double the salary of the President of the United States. Including benefits, he had received $1.5 million in the last year.[20] Rizzo's assistant, Angela Spaccia, was earning $376,288 a year, more than the top administrator for Los Angeles County.[8] The police chief, Randy Adams, was paid $457,000, 33% more than Los Angeles Police Chief Charlie Beck.[8] All three resigned following news reports and public outcry. All but one of the members of the city council were receiving $100,000 for their part-time work, salaries which were authorized by a sparsely attended special election,[21] giving the city "Charter" status. By comparison, council members in cities similar to Bell in size make an average of $4,800 a year, prosecutors have noted.[8]

In September 2010, the California Attorney General's office filed a lawsuit against eight former and current City of Bell employees, requesting the return of what the suit calls "excessive salaries" as well a reduction in pension benefits accrued as a result of those higher salaries.[11] Allegations about irregularities in the 2009 election also were examined by the FBI and California Secretary of State office.[22] The city's high property taxes are also being investigated.[23]

On September 21, 2010, former city manager Robert Rizzo, Mayor Oscar Hernandez, former assistant city manager Angela Spaccia and council members George Mirabal, Teresa Jacobo, Luis Artiga, George Cole and Victor Bello were arrested and charged with misappropriation of public funds.[24][25] The mayor and council members all either resigned or were recalled. Of the eight, only Luis Artiga was found not guilty. The revelations about the salary amounts paid to city officials in Bell led media inquires into salaries paid in other cities.[26] After a review, the L.A. Times found frequent failures in audits of public agencies in other municipalities in California.[27]

Geography edit

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2), of which 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) is water.

Demographics edit

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
19307,884
194011,26442.9%
195015,43037.0%
196019,45026.1%
197021,83612.3%
198025,45016.6%
199034,36535.0%
200036,6646.7%
201035,477−3.2%
202033,559−5.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[28]

2010 edit

The 2010 United States Census[29] reported that Bell had a population of 35,477. The population density was 13,545.5 inhabitants per square mile (5,229.9/km2). The racial makeup of Bell was 19,098 (53.8%) White (4.9% Non-Hispanic White),[30] 337 (0.9%) African American, 315 (0.9%) Native American, 259 (0.7%) Asian, 8 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 13,899 (39.2%) from other races, and 1,561 (4.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33,028 persons (93.1%).

The census reported that 34,898 people (98.4% of the population) lived in households, 490 (1.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 89 (0.3%) were institutionalized.

There were 8,870 households, of which 5,327 (60.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 4,659 (52.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,879 (21.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,019 (11.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 857 (9.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 31 (0.3%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 967 households (10.9%) were made up of individuals, and 388 (4.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.93. There were 7,557 families (85.2% of all households); the average family size was 4.15.

11,363 people (32.0% of the population) were under the age of 18, 4,124 people (11.6%) aged 18 to 24, 10,783 people (30.4%) aged 25 to 44, 6,811 people (19.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,396 people (6.8%) 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.

There were 9,217 housing units at an average density of 3,519.2 per square mile (1,358.8/km2), of which 2,570 (29.0%) were owner-occupied, and 6,300 (71.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.3%. 11,333 people (31.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 23,565 people (66.4%) lived in rental housing units.

2000 edit

At the 2000 census,[31] there were 36,664 people, 8,918 households and 7,615 families residing in the city. The population density was 14,802.5 inhabitants per square mile (5,715.3/km2). There were 9,215 housing units at an average density of 3,720.4 per square mile (1,436.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 48.45% White, 1.28% Black or African American, 1.28% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 43.09% from other races, and 4.78% from two or more races. Bell also has a small Lebanese community.[32] 90.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 8,918 households, out of which 57.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.6% were non-families. 11.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.05 and the average family size was 4.27.

35.3% of the population were under the age of 18, 12.9% were from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 14.1% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.3males.

The median household income was $29,946 and the median family income was $30,504.

Income data edit

During 2009–2013, Bell had a median household income of $35,985, with 30.2% of its residents living below the federal poverty line.[30]

Economy edit

Bell is in a financial crisis due to the above-referenced public embezzlement scandals. Due to the actions of the former city's manager (Robert Rizzo) and the council in squandering the taxes of their constituents for their own benefit, there is a deficit of several million dollars in the general fund. An audit by the Los Angeles County auditor-controller concluded that the city must significantly downsize its budget, including the possibility of disbanding its police department and contracting with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.[33]

Government and infrastructure edit

The City of Bell has a City Council-City Manager form of local government. City Council is composed of five council members who serve four-year terms, and the Mayor is elected every year by its fellow council members. The City of Bell contracts with Los Angeles County for Fire protection services, along with Animal control services.

The city has the following departments:

  • City Manager's Office: Oversees the implementation of City Council policy and prepare's the City Manager's draft budget.
  • City Clerks's Office- Official Record keeper of City, staff support to the City Council, and administers City Elections.
  • Finance Department- Administers the city's finances including the Budget, accounts payable, accounts receivable and oversees business license renewals. The department also manages various contracts related to managing the CIty's finances.
  • Community Development Department- Oversees the Building and Planning Division, Economic Development, and Public Works and Engineering.
  • Community Services Department- Oversees the city's Parks and Recreations programs and Special events.
  • Police Department-Provides public safety services, traffic enforcement, and parking enforcement services.

The City of Bell has 75 full-time employees across all City departments.

Fire protection in Bell is provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department. The LACFD operates Station No. 163 at 6320 Pine Avenue in Bell as a part of Battalion 3.[34]

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Whittier Health Center in Whittier, serving Bell and surrounding areas.[35]

The United States Postal Service operates the Bell Post Office at 6327 Otis Avenue and the Bandini Station Post Office at 5555 Bandini Boulevard.[36][37]

State and federal representation edit

In the California State Legislature, Bell is in the 33rd Senate District, represented by Democrat Lena Gonzalez, and in the 63rd Assembly District, represented by Republican Bill Essayli.[38]

In the United States House of Representatives, Bell is in California's 42nd congressional district[39] and its represented by Democrat Robert Julio Garcia

City government edit

After a special election in March 2011, lifelong Bell resident Ali Saleh was named mayor by his fellow council members. Danny Harber, a retired baker and 40-year resident of Bell, was elected vice mayor.[40] Saleh vowed to remake the city whose name had become synonymous with municipal corruption into a model of good government.

Education edit

Schools edit

Public schools edit

Bell is served by Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD).

A portion of Bell lies within the limits of the Montebello Unified School District, but it has no residents.[41]

Kindergarten schools:

Elementary schools:

  • Corona Avenue Elementary School, K-5[43][44]
  • Nueva Vista Elementary School, K-5[45]
  • Woodlawn Avenue Elementary School, K-5
  • Ellen Ochoa Learning Center, K-5

Middle schools:

Orchard Academy Middle Schools K-8 schools:

High schools:
All residents are zoned to Bell High School in Bell.[47][48] The high school population is 98% Hispanic, .02% Black, and a small population of Lebanese, and Asian and Pacific Islanders.[16] The Mission of Bell High School is to: educate all students to the highest degree of their abilities socially, academically, and technologically so that they become contributing members of society. It is the home of the "Mighty Eagles".[49]

Any student who lives in the Bell or Huntington Park zones may apply to Maywood Academy High School, which opened in 2005 and moved into its permanent campus in 2006. Maywood does not have its own attendance boundary because it lacks American football, track and field, and tennis facilities.[50]

South Region Middle School 2 opened in Bell in 2010.[51]

Private schools edit

Al-Hadi School is located in Bell.[52]

Public libraries edit

 
Bell Library

The County of Los Angeles Public Library operates the Bell Library at 4411 East Gage Avenue.[53]

Parks and recreation edit

The city of Bell has several recreational facilities. The Bell Community Center hosts many events such as anniversaries, baptisms, birthdays, conferences, company parties, receptions, and seminars. Treder Park, located at the community center, has a gazebo, a pavilion with barbecues, and picnic tables.[54] Camp Little Bear Park and Lodge is a park designed for children 12 and under. The park includes a three-in-one area for junior players with basketball, handball, and four square courts. The park also has an outdoor amphitheater for films, a miniature golf course, an indoor lodge with classrooms and computers, picnic pavilions, play equipment, rock climbing, and a small soccer (football) turf field.[55]

Ernest Debs Park has a synthetic turf soccer field and a shaded outdoor fitness area with cardio, resistance, and strengthening equipment. The park also has one full and two half basketball courts, benches, pavilions, picnic tables, and table games.[56] Veterans Memorial Park has one junior (half) and two full-court basketball courts, batting cages, a baseball diamond with stadium seating and scoreboards, tree-shaded benches, a clubhouse with computer access, large picnic pavilions, tree-shaded picnic tables, a playground for ages 2 through 12, a rose garden in honor of U.S. soldiers, and a snack bar.[57]

The city also has a joint-use agreement with the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) for the use of the Nueva Vista Elementary Soccer Field during after-school hours to facilitate youth and adult soccer programs.[58] The Bell Futsal Park (opened in 2018) is a repurposed skate park that features one main court that can be split into 3 smaller courts.[59]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  3. ^ "Bell". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  4. ^ "USPS - ZIP Code Lookup - Find a ZIP+ 4 Code By City Results". Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  6. ^ a b . County and City Data Book: 2007. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  7. ^ . Geography.about.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d Vives, Ruben (July 21, 2010). "Bell council seeks resignations of 3 city officials". Los Angeles Times. from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  9. ^ . Wavenewspapers.com. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  10. ^ "Charter Cities". League of California Cities. May 9, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2008.
  11. ^ a b "California AG sues over California town's municipal salaries". CNN. September 15, 2010. from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
  12. ^ a b c d . Bell.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  13. ^ a b c "City of Bell". cityofbell.org.
  14. ^ Francke, Terry (July 28, 2010). "Why the Bell Scandal Happened and What Can Be Done". Voice of OC. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  15. ^ "Cinemas Around the World - United States - California". CinemaTour. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  16. ^ a b "LAUSD School Profile". Search.lausd.k12.ca.us. September 16, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  17. ^ "Bell CA election, 2007: Web Search Results from Answers.com". Answers.com.
  18. ^ "Waiting For Oscar". CBS News. March 25, 2000.
  19. ^ Rogers, John (July 27, 2010). "DA probes voter fraud allegations in Calif. city". PhillyBurbs.com. Retrieved July 29, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ Gottlieb, Jeff; Vives, Ruben (August 8, 2010). "Former Bell city manager's compensation totaled $1.5 million a year, records show". Los Angeles Times. from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  21. ^ "L.A. Now". Los Angeles Times. July 22, 2010.
  22. ^ Winton, Richard; Jeff Gottlieb and Andrew Blankstein. "L.A. County D.A. expands probe into Bell government", Los Angeles Times, July 28, 2010.
  23. ^ Gelinas, Nicole (August 16, 2010). "Bell stuck in a money rut". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  24. ^ "Rizzo faces 53 counts; Bell was 'corruption on steroids,' D.A. Cooley says", The Los Angeles Times, September 21, 2010
  25. ^ "8 current, former Bell, California officials arrested". CNN. September 21, 2010. from the original on September 23, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
  26. ^ Allen, Sam (July 29, 2010). "California's city officials scramble to limit damage from Bell scandal". Los Angeles Times. from the original on July 29, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  27. ^ "Bell mayor in corruption case"[permanent dead link], mercedsunstar.com; November 11, 2010; accessed October 1, 2014.
  28. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  29. ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Bell city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  30. ^ a b . United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  31. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  32. ^ Winton, Richard (July 28, 2010). "Bell city scandal: L.A. County D.A. expands probe into Bell city government". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
  33. ^ Bell must downsize budget December 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, laweekly.com, December 2012; accessed October 1, 2014.
  34. ^ "Hometown Fire Stations September 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine". Los Angeles County Fire Department. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
  35. ^ "Whittier Health Center May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  36. ^ "Post Office Location - BELL". United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
  37. ^ "Post Office Location - BANDINI STATION". United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
  38. ^ . Regents of the University of California. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  39. ^ "California's 42nd Congressional District - CA-42 Representatives & District Map". GovTrack.us. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
  40. ^ "EnlaceLink - Informações do dia a dia - Acompanhe as informações do dia a dia, como negócios online, cursos superiores, emagrecimento e muito mais". EnlaceLink - Informações do dia a dia.[permanent dead link]
  41. ^ "District Map August 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." Montebello Unified School District. Retrieved on January 3, 2017.
  42. ^ "Project Details". Laschools.org. February 26, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  43. ^ . Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. ^ "School Information & Ratings on SchoolFinder". education.com.
  45. ^ "School Information & Ratings on SchoolFinder". education.com.
  46. ^ "You are about to leave the LAUSD Domain". lausd.net.
  47. ^ "Bell city, California June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 2, 2010.
  48. ^ "". Los Angeles Unified School District. Retrieved on June 24, 2010.
  49. ^ . Bell.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  50. ^ "School History November 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". Maywood Academy High School. Retrieved on July 2, 2010.
  51. ^ "Project Details". Laschools.org. February 26, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  52. ^ "Our Location". Al-Hadi School. Retrieved on October 4, 2010.
  53. ^ "Bell Library". County of Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
  54. ^ "Bell Community Center March 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". City of Bell. Retrieved on March 23, 2010.
  55. ^ "Camp Little Bear Park and Lodge March 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". City of Bell. Retrieved on March 23, 2010.
  56. ^ "Debs Park March 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". City of Bell. Retrieved on March 23, 2010.
  57. ^ "Veterans Memorial Park March 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". City of Bell. Retrieved on March 23, 2010.
  58. ^ "Nueva Vista Field | City of Bell". cityofbell.org. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  59. ^ "Futsal Park | City of Bell". cityofbell.org. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

External links edit

  • Official website
  • Bell Library, County of Los Angeles Public Library

bell, california, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Bell California news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Bell is an incorporated city in Los Angeles County California near the center of the former San Antonio Township abolished after 1960 Its population was 35 477 at the 2010 census down from 36 664 in the 2000 census 6 Bell is located on the west bank of the Los Angeles River and is a suburb of the city of Los Angeles At 2 5 square miles 6 5 km2 Bell is the thirteenth smallest city in the United States with a population of at least 25 000 7 6 Bell CaliforniaCityImages from top and left to right James George Bell House Bell Public Library City of Bell Police signFlagLocation of Bell in Los Angeles County California BellLocation in CaliforniaShow map of the Los Angeles metropolitan areaBellBell California Show map of CaliforniaBellBell the United States Show map of the United StatesCoordinates 33 59 N 118 11 W 33 983 N 118 183 W 33 983 118 183Country United StatesState CaliforniaCountyLos AngelesIncorporatedNovember 7 1927 1 Government MayorFidencio Joel Gallardo Vice MayorAna Maria Quintana City CouncilMonica Arroyo Alicia Romero Ali Saleh City ManagerMichael L Antwine IIArea 2 Total2 63 sq mi 6 80 km2 Land2 51 sq mi 6 50 km2 Water0 12 sq mi 0 31 km2 4 53 Elevation 3 141 ft 43 m Population 2020 Total33 559 Density13 380 78 sq mi 5 166 23 km2 Time zoneUTC 8 PST Summer DST UTC 7 PDT ZIP Code90201 90202 90270 4 Area code323 5 FIPS code06 04870GNIS feature IDs1660322 2409816Websitewww wbr cityofbell wbr orgIn 2007 the U S Census Bureau ranked Bell s land area at 1245 out of 1257 cities defined as incorporated areas and two unincorporated areas that had a population of at least 25 000 in year 2000 Ten cities in the list of 1267 cities had no land area data e g Goleta California City residents voted to become a charter city in a special municipal election on November 29 2005 Fewer than 400 voters turned out for that special election 8 More than half of those votes were dubiously obtained absentee votes 9 Being a charter city meant that city officials were exempt from state salary caps 10 A scandal ensued in which several city officials were indicted for giving themselves extraordinarily high salaries 11 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Cityhood 1 3 Oscar controversy 1 4 2010 city official corruption scandal 2 Geography 3 Demographics 3 1 2010 3 2 2000 3 3 Income data 4 Economy 5 Government and infrastructure 5 1 State and federal representation 5 2 City government 6 Education 6 1 Schools 6 1 1 Public schools 6 1 2 Private schools 6 2 Public libraries 7 Parks and recreation 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory editEarly history edit nbsp Californio land baron Antonio Maria Lugo was granted Rancho San Antonio in 1838 which included Bell and much of the surrounding area The area comprising the present day City of Bell has a Native American history dating back thousands of years The Gabrielino Indians migrated to the place now called Bell in 500 B C Spaniards have been living in this area of California since the mid 18th century Among the early Spanish settlers was one of California s first families the Lugos 12 While stationed at Mission San Antonio de Padua near Salinas California Francisco Lugo s first California son Antonio Maria Lugo was born in 1775 12 who would become Don Antonio Maria Lugo Spanish aristocrat and soldier who settled on 30 000 acres of land that encompasses the present day City of Bell In 1810 the king of Spain formally granted the land to Lugo as a reward for his military service 12 and the acreage became known as Rancho San Antonio Lugo later became the mayor of Los Angeles from 1816 to 1819 citation needed The grant was confirmed by the Mexican governor in 1838 By 1865 the Lugo family s fortune had dwindled and most of the Rancho was sold for less than a dollar per acre The Lugo family did manage to retain its home built about 1810 which is the now oldest house in Los Angeles County The original adobe house was on Gage Avenue 13 Between 1870 and 1890 settlers arrived to the area and among those was the city s founder In 1876 the pioneer residents for whom the city is named James George Bell and his wife Susan Abia Hollenbeck Bell and their two children Maude Elizabeth and Alphonzo Sr moved from Los Angeles where they lived for a short period with Susan s brother John Hollenbeck in their Victorian style home the Bell House now a historic landmark located at 4401 East Gage Avenue 13 On April 6 2000 the Bell House was dedicated as a California State Historical Resource 12 nbsp James George Bell HouseThey acquired about 360 acres 145 7 ha of land and in the next decade helped in its development as a small farming and cattle raising community The Bell Family lived at the Hollenbeck s Town House on 4th and Breed Street until they moved into the ranch Bell House in 1876 The Bell House was an early Victorian style farm house In 1898 the town s name was changed from Rancho San Antonio to Bell in honor of its pioneer founders 13 At the turn of the 20th century the Bell area was a sparsely settled countryside with a scattering of houses including the Bell family s home Between 1900 and 1915 more people settled into the area More homes schools churches and a library were built and several small businesses were established by 1913 The citizens agreed to provide all facilities and services for the library except for the books citation needed Between 1920 and 1935 an explosive growth in population occurred in the Bell area Old and new residents built new businesses established schools and founded community organizations such as the Bell Chamber of Commerce and the Woman s Club An area wide sanitation district was formed in 1923 to provide sewer facilities In 1924 George O Wheeler founded the Industrial Post the local newspaper By the early 1960s the Bell Industrial Post had become the Bell Maywood Cudahy Industrial Post It was later renamed the Community News and became part of the Los Cerritos Community Newspaper Group In 1998 it was sold again The Community News disappeared not long after why 14 facilitating a chain of corrupt practiced that ultimately led to criminal convictions for city administrator Robert Rizzo who had been hired around 1998 and six other Bell city officials citation needed In 1925 the Alcazar Theater to show talking pictures was opened It has since been demolished 15 In 1926 Bell High School was opened 16 Cityhood edit Bell was incorporated as a city in 1927 Since its incorporation the city of Bell has acquired land for public parks and the recreational program The city also has constructed an adequate sewer system widened all major streets built a city hall and provided fire department buildings with the cooperation of the city of Maywood and the County of Los Angeles the city of Bell constructed an indoor public swimming pool at Bell High School nbsp James George Bell HouseThe city s Chamber of Commerce is located at the historic James George Bell House which serves as a meeting place and in addition a museum showcasing artifacts from the city s founding family and period furniture The house is open to the general public with free admission In March 2007 the city of Bell held its first contested election for city council in almost a decade 17 The next election for City Council was held in March 2011 and included the recall of all the city council members save one who was not re elected Oscar controversy edit In March 2000 Bell gained worldwide publicity as the media announced that a shipment of 55 Oscar statuettes was stolen from a trucking company loading dock in Bell In addition to the Los Angeles and Bell police departments FBI art theft experts investigated It was the second Oscar mishap within a short period as earlier that month 4 000 Oscar ballots were misrouted Coincidentally the missing Oscar ballots were found by the post office in a Bell processing center AMPAS Executive Director Bruce Davis was quoted as jokingly warning Billy Crystal host of that year s Oscar ceremony not to go near Bell because it seems to be a Bermuda Triangle for Oscar things 18 2010 city official corruption scandal edit Main article City of Bell scandal In July 2010 when two Los Angeles Times reporters Jeff Gottlieb and Ruben Vives were investigating possible malfeasance in the neighboring city of Maywood it was revealed that Bell city officials were receiving unusually large salaries perhaps the highest in the United States The salaries came into the public eye after the newspaper s investigation based on California Public Records Act requests showed that the city payroll was swollen with six to seven figure salaries 19 Robert Rizzo the City manager received 787 637 a year almost double the salary of the President of the United States Including benefits he had received 1 5 million in the last year 20 Rizzo s assistant Angela Spaccia was earning 376 288 a year more than the top administrator for Los Angeles County 8 The police chief Randy Adams was paid 457 000 33 more than Los Angeles Police Chief Charlie Beck 8 All three resigned following news reports and public outcry All but one of the members of the city council were receiving 100 000 for their part time work salaries which were authorized by a sparsely attended special election 21 giving the city Charter status By comparison council members in cities similar to Bell in size make an average of 4 800 a year prosecutors have noted 8 In September 2010 the California Attorney General s office filed a lawsuit against eight former and current City of Bell employees requesting the return of what the suit calls excessive salaries as well a reduction in pension benefits accrued as a result of those higher salaries 11 Allegations about irregularities in the 2009 election also were examined by the FBI and California Secretary of State office 22 The city s high property taxes are also being investigated 23 On September 21 2010 former city manager Robert Rizzo Mayor Oscar Hernandez former assistant city manager Angela Spaccia and council members George Mirabal Teresa Jacobo Luis Artiga George Cole and Victor Bello were arrested and charged with misappropriation of public funds 24 25 The mayor and council members all either resigned or were recalled Of the eight only Luis Artiga was found not guilty The revelations about the salary amounts paid to city officials in Bell led media inquires into salaries paid in other cities 26 After a review the L A Times found frequent failures in audits of public agencies in other municipalities in California 27 Geography editAccording to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area of 2 6 square miles 6 7 km2 of which 2 5 square miles 6 5 km2 is land and 0 1 square miles 0 26 km2 is water Demographics editHistorical population CensusPop Note 19307 884 194011 26442 9 195015 43037 0 196019 45026 1 197021 83612 3 198025 45016 6 199034 36535 0 200036 6646 7 201035 477 3 2 202033 559 5 4 U S Decennial Census 28 2010 edit The 2010 United States Census 29 reported that Bell had a population of 35 477 The population density was 13 545 5 inhabitants per square mile 5 229 9 km2 The racial makeup of Bell was 19 098 53 8 White 4 9 Non Hispanic White 30 337 0 9 African American 315 0 9 Native American 259 0 7 Asian 8 0 0 Pacific Islander 13 899 39 2 from other races and 1 561 4 4 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33 028 persons 93 1 The census reported that 34 898 people 98 4 of the population lived in households 490 1 4 lived in non institutionalized group quarters and 89 0 3 were institutionalized There were 8 870 households of which 5 327 60 1 had children under the age of 18 living in them 4 659 52 5 were opposite sex married couples living together 1 879 21 2 had a female householder with no husband present 1 019 11 5 had a male householder with no wife present There were 857 9 7 unmarried opposite sex partnerships and 31 0 3 same sex married couples or partnerships 967 households 10 9 were made up of individuals and 388 4 4 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 3 93 There were 7 557 families 85 2 of all households the average family size was 4 15 11 363 people 32 0 of the population were under the age of 18 4 124 people 11 6 aged 18 to 24 10 783 people 30 4 aged 25 to 44 6 811 people 19 2 aged 45 to 64 and 2 396 people 6 8 65 years of age or older The median age was 28 9 years For every 100 females there were 101 7 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 98 5 males There were 9 217 housing units at an average density of 3 519 2 per square mile 1 358 8 km2 of which 2 570 29 0 were owner occupied and 6 300 71 0 were occupied by renters The homeowner vacancy rate was 1 6 the rental vacancy rate was 3 3 11 333 people 31 9 of the population lived in owner occupied housing units and 23 565 people 66 4 lived in rental housing units 2000 edit At the 2000 census 31 there were 36 664 people 8 918 households and 7 615 families residing in the city The population density was 14 802 5 inhabitants per square mile 5 715 3 km2 There were 9 215 housing units at an average density of 3 720 4 per square mile 1 436 5 km2 The racial makeup of the city was 48 45 White 1 28 Black or African American 1 28 Native American 1 07 Asian 0 06 Pacific Islander 43 09 from other races and 4 78 from two or more races Bell also has a small Lebanese community 32 90 90 of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race There were 8 918 households out of which 57 6 had children under the age of 18 living with them 58 0 were married couples living together 18 3 had a female householder with no husband present and 14 6 were non families 11 0 of all households were made up of individuals and 5 1 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 4 05 and the average family size was 4 27 35 3 of the population were under the age of 18 12 9 were from 18 to 24 32 2 from 25 to 44 14 1 from 45 to 64 and 5 4 65 years of age or older The median age was 26 years For every 100 females there were 102 0 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 99 3males The median household income was 29 946 and the median family income was 30 504 Income data edit During 2009 2013 Bell had a median household income of 35 985 with 30 2 of its residents living below the federal poverty line 30 Economy editBell is in a financial crisis due to the above referenced public embezzlement scandals Due to the actions of the former city s manager Robert Rizzo and the council in squandering the taxes of their constituents for their own benefit there is a deficit of several million dollars in the general fund An audit by the Los Angeles County auditor controller concluded that the city must significantly downsize its budget including the possibility of disbanding its police department and contracting with the Los Angeles County Sheriff s Department 33 Government and infrastructure editThe City of Bell has a City Council City Manager form of local government City Council is composed of five council members who serve four year terms and the Mayor is elected every year by its fellow council members The City of Bell contracts with Los Angeles County for Fire protection services along with Animal control services The city has the following departments City Manager s Office Oversees the implementation of City Council policy and prepare s the City Manager s draft budget City Clerks s Office Official Record keeper of City staff support to the City Council and administers City Elections Finance Department Administers the city s finances including the Budget accounts payable accounts receivable and oversees business license renewals The department also manages various contracts related to managing the CIty s finances Community Development Department Oversees the Building and Planning Division Economic Development and Public Works and Engineering Community Services Department Oversees the city s Parks and Recreations programs and Special events Police Department Provides public safety services traffic enforcement and parking enforcement services The City of Bell has 75 full time employees across all City departments Fire protection in Bell is provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department The LACFD operates Station No 163 at 6320 Pine Avenue in Bell as a part of Battalion 3 34 The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Whittier Health Center in Whittier serving Bell and surrounding areas 35 The United States Postal Service operates the Bell Post Office at 6327 Otis Avenue and the Bandini Station Post Office at 5555 Bandini Boulevard 36 37 State and federal representation edit In the California State Legislature Bell is in the 33rd Senate District represented by Democrat Lena Gonzalez and in the 63rd Assembly District represented by Republican Bill Essayli 38 In the United States House of Representatives Bell is in California s 42nd congressional district 39 and its represented by Democrat Robert Julio Garcia City government edit After a special election in March 2011 lifelong Bell resident Ali Saleh was named mayor by his fellow council members Danny Harber a retired baker and 40 year resident of Bell was elected vice mayor 40 Saleh vowed to remake the city whose name had become synonymous with municipal corruption into a model of good government Education editSchools edit Public schools edit Bell is served by Los Angeles Unified School District LAUSD A portion of Bell lies within the limits of the Montebello Unified School District but it has no residents 41 Kindergarten schools Martha Escutia Primary Center opened in 2005 42 Bell Elementary schools Corona Avenue Elementary School K 5 43 44 Nueva Vista Elementary School K 5 45 Woodlawn Avenue Elementary School K 5 Ellen Ochoa Learning Center K 5Middle schools Chester W Nimitz Middle School Huntington Park 46 Orchard Academy Middle Schools K 8 schools Ellen Ochoa Learning Center Cudahy High schools All residents are zoned to Bell High School in Bell 47 48 The high school population is 98 Hispanic 02 Black and a small population of Lebanese and Asian and Pacific Islanders 16 The Mission of Bell High School is to educate all students to the highest degree of their abilities socially academically and technologically so that they become contributing members of society It is the home of the Mighty Eagles 49 Any student who lives in the Bell or Huntington Park zones may apply to Maywood Academy High School which opened in 2005 and moved into its permanent campus in 2006 Maywood does not have its own attendance boundary because it lacks American football track and field and tennis facilities 50 South Region Middle School 2 opened in Bell in 2010 51 Private schools edit Al Hadi School is located in Bell 52 Public libraries edit nbsp Bell LibraryThe County of Los Angeles Public Library operates the Bell Library at 4411 East Gage Avenue 53 Parks and recreation editThe city of Bell has several recreational facilities The Bell Community Center hosts many events such as anniversaries baptisms birthdays conferences company parties receptions and seminars Treder Park located at the community center has a gazebo a pavilion with barbecues and picnic tables 54 Camp Little Bear Park and Lodge is a park designed for children 12 and under The park includes a three in one area for junior players with basketball handball and four square courts The park also has an outdoor amphitheater for films a miniature golf course an indoor lodge with classrooms and computers picnic pavilions play equipment rock climbing and a small soccer football turf field 55 Ernest Debs Park has a synthetic turf soccer field and a shaded outdoor fitness area with cardio resistance and strengthening equipment The park also has one full and two half basketball courts benches pavilions picnic tables and table games 56 Veterans Memorial Park has one junior half and two full court basketball courts batting cages a baseball diamond with stadium seating and scoreboards tree shaded benches a clubhouse with computer access large picnic pavilions tree shaded picnic tables a playground for ages 2 through 12 a rose garden in honor of U S soldiers and a snack bar 57 The city also has a joint use agreement with the Los Angeles Unified School District LAUSD for the use of the Nueva Vista Elementary Soccer Field during after school hours to facilitate youth and adult soccer programs 58 The Bell Futsal Park opened in 2018 is a repurposed skate park that features one main court that can be split into 3 smaller courts 59 See also editSouth Los Angeles Gateway CitiesPortal nbsp Greater Los AngelesReferences edit California Cities by Incorporation Date California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions Archived from the original Word on November 3 2014 Retrieved August 25 2014 2020 U S Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau Retrieved October 30 2021 Bell Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior Retrieved October 11 2014 USPS ZIP Code Lookup Find a ZIP 4 Code By City Results Retrieved January 17 2007 Number Administration System NPA and City Town Search Results Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved January 18 2007 a b Cities with 25 000 population or more C 1 Area and Population County and City Data Book 2007 U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on March 5 2008 Retrieved July 23 2010 Smallest Cities in the United States Geography about com Archived from the original on June 27 2012 Retrieved July 26 2010 a b c d Vives Ruben July 21 2010 Bell council seeks resignations of 3 city officials Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on July 22 2010 Retrieved July 26 2010 AG Jerry Brown subpoenas Bell officials sets up voter fraud hotline Los Angeles Wave Community News Sports amp Entertainment News Wavenewspapers com August 10 2010 Archived from the original on July 22 2011 Retrieved August 17 2010 Charter Cities League of California Cities May 9 2007 Retrieved April 17 2008 a b California AG sues over California town s municipal salaries CNN September 15 2010 Archived from the original on September 18 2010 Retrieved September 16 2010 a b c d Timeline Bell k12 ca us Archived from the original on August 22 2010 Retrieved July 29 2010 a b c City of Bell cityofbell org Francke Terry July 28 2010 Why the Bell Scandal Happened and What Can Be Done Voice of OC Retrieved January 22 2017 Cinemas Around the World United States California CinemaTour Retrieved July 26 2010 a b LAUSD School Profile Search lausd k12 ca us September 16 2009 Retrieved July 26 2010 Bell CA election 2007 Web Search Results from Answers com Answers com Waiting For Oscar CBS News March 25 2000 Rogers John July 27 2010 DA probes voter fraud allegations in Calif city PhillyBurbs com Retrieved July 29 2010 permanent dead link Gottlieb Jeff Vives Ruben August 8 2010 Former Bell city manager s compensation totaled 1 5 million a year records show Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on August 11 2010 Retrieved August 8 2010 L A Now Los Angeles Times July 22 2010 Winton Richard Jeff Gottlieb and Andrew Blankstein L A County D A expands probe into Bell government Los Angeles Times July 28 2010 Gelinas Nicole August 16 2010 Bell stuck in a money rut Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on July 17 2012 Retrieved August 30 2010 Rizzo faces 53 counts Bell was corruption on steroids D A Cooley says The Los Angeles Times September 21 2010 8 current former Bell California officials arrested CNN September 21 2010 Archived from the original on September 23 2010 Retrieved September 21 2010 Allen Sam July 29 2010 California s city officials scramble to limit damage from Bell scandal Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on July 29 2010 Retrieved July 29 2010 Bell mayor in corruption case permanent dead link mercedsunstar com November 11 2010 accessed October 1 2014 Census of Population and Housing Census gov Retrieved June 4 2015 2010 Census Interactive Population Search CA Bell city U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on July 15 2014 Retrieved July 12 2014 a b Bell city QuickFacts United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on April 16 2015 Retrieved April 16 2015 U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 31 2008 Winton Richard July 28 2010 Bell city scandal L A County D A expands probe into Bell city government Los Angeles Times Retrieved August 3 2010 Bell must downsize budget Archived December 26 2010 at the Wayback Machine laweekly com December 2012 accessed October 1 2014 Hometown Fire Stations Archived September 13 2007 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles County Fire Department Retrieved on December 6 2008 Whittier Health Center Archived May 27 2010 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles County Department of Health Services Retrieved on March 18 2010 Post Office Location BELL United States Postal Service Retrieved on December 6 2008 Post Office Location BANDINI STATION United States Postal Service Retrieved on December 6 2008 Statewide Database Regents of the University of California Archived from the original on February 1 2015 Retrieved April 7 2015 California s 42nd Congressional District CA 42 Representatives amp District Map GovTrack us Retrieved March 20 2023 EnlaceLink Informacoes do dia a dia Acompanhe as informacoes do dia a dia como negocios online cursos superiores emagrecimento e muito mais EnlaceLink Informacoes do dia a dia permanent dead link District Map Archived August 11 2016 at the Wayback Machine Montebello Unified School District Retrieved on January 3 2017 Project Details Laschools org February 26 2010 Retrieved July 26 2010 Archived copy Archived from the original on March 12 2017 Retrieved December 12 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link School Information amp Ratings on SchoolFinder education com School Information amp Ratings on SchoolFinder education com You are about to leave the LAUSD Domain lausd net Bell city California Archived June 7 2011 at the Wayback Machine U S Census Bureau Retrieved on July 2 2010 Proposed Changes to South East HS Area Schools Los Angeles Unified School District Retrieved on June 24 2010 Official Bell High School Page Bell k12 ca us Archived from the original on March 28 2010 Retrieved July 26 2010 School History Archived November 24 2010 at the Wayback Machine Maywood Academy High School Retrieved on July 2 2010 Project Details Laschools org February 26 2010 Retrieved July 26 2010 Our Location Al Hadi School Retrieved on October 4 2010 Bell Library County of Los Angeles Public Library Retrieved on December 6 2008 Bell Community Center Archived March 13 2010 at the Wayback Machine City of Bell Retrieved on March 23 2010 Camp Little Bear Park and Lodge Archived March 13 2010 at the Wayback Machine City of Bell Retrieved on March 23 2010 Debs Park Archived March 13 2010 at the Wayback Machine City of Bell Retrieved on March 23 2010 Veterans Memorial Park Archived March 13 2010 at the Wayback Machine City of Bell Retrieved on March 23 2010 Nueva Vista Field City of Bell cityofbell org Retrieved June 25 2022 Futsal Park City of Bell cityofbell org Retrieved June 25 2022 External links editOfficial website Bell High School Bell Library County of Los Angeles Public Library City of Bell Ringers Timeline of Bell California Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bell California amp oldid 1185715353, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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