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Paenungulata

May 09, 2024

Paenungulata (from Latin paene "almost" + ungulātus "having hoofs") is a clade of "sub-ungulates", which groups three extant mammal orders: Proboscidea (including elephants), Sirenia (sea cows, including dugongs and manatees), and Hyracoidea (hyraxes). At least two more possible orders are known only as fossils, namely Embrithopoda and Desmostylia.[a]

Paenungulata
Temporal range: Paleocene - Recent, 61–0 Ma
Top: Rock hyrax (Hyracoidea), Arsinoitherium zitteli (Embrithopoda); bottom: Asian elephant (Proboscidea), West Indian manatee (Sirenia).
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Afrotheria
Clade: Paenungulatomorpha
Grandorder: Paenungulata
Simpson, 1945
Subgroups

Molecular evidence indicates that Paenungulata (or at least its extant members) is part of the cohort Afrotheria, an ancient assemblage of mainly African mammals of great diversity. The other members of this cohort are the orders Afrosoricida (tenrecs and golden moles), Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) and Tubulidentata (aardvarks).[2]

Of the five orders, hyraxes are the most basal, followed by embrithopods; the remaining orders (sirenians and elephants) are more closely related. These latter three are grouped as the Tethytheria, because it is believed that their common ancestors lived on the shores of the prehistoric Tethys Sea; however, recent myoglobin studies indicate that even Hyracoidea had an aquatic ancestor.[3]

History edit

In 1945, George Gaylord Simpson used traditional taxonomic techniques to group these spectacularly diverse mammals in the superorder he named Paenungulata ("almost ungulates"), but there were many loose threads in unravelling their genealogy.[4] For example, hyraxes in his Paenungulata had some characteristics suggesting they might be connected to the Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinos). Indeed, early taxonomists placed the Hyracoidea closest to the rhinoceroses because of their dentition.

When genetic techniques were developed for inspecting amino acid differences among haemoglobin sequences the most parsimonious cladograms depicted Simpson's Paenungulata as an authentic clade and as one of the first groups to diversify from the basal placental mammals (Eutheria). The amino acid sequences reject a connection between extant paenungulates and perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates).[4]

However, a 2014 cladistic analysis placed anthracobunids and desmostylians, two major extinct groups that have been considered to be non-African afrotheres, close to each other within Perissodactyla.[5]

Phylogeny edit

A cladogram of Afrotheria based on molecular evidence[6]

Gallery edit

Extinct orders edit

Each of the extinct orders, the Embrithopoda and Desmostylia,[a] was as unique in its members' ways of making a living as the three orders that survive. Embrithopods were rhinoceros-like herbivorous mammals with plantigrade feet, and desmostylians were hippopotamus-like amphibious animals. Their walking posture and diet have been the subject of speculation, but tooth wear indicates that desmostylians browsed on terrestrial plants and had a posture similar to other large hoofed mammals.[2]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Desmostylians, however, have been placed in Perissodactyla by a 2014 cladistic analysis,[5] and the taxonomic placement of embrithopods has also been questioned[7] though recently supported.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ Avilla, Leonardo S.; Mothé, Dimila (2021). "Out of Africa: A New Afrotheria Lineage Rises From Extinct South American Mammals". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.654302. ISSN 2296-701X.
  2. ^ a b Kleinschmidt, Traute; Czelusniak, John; Goodman, Morris; Braunitzer, Gerhard (1986). (PDF). Mol. Biol. Evol. 3 (5): 427–435. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040411. PMID 3444412. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  3. ^ . National Geographic Society. 13 June 2013. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013.
  4. ^ a b Seiffert, Erik; Guillon, J.M. (2007). "A new estimate of Afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-224. PMC 2248600. PMID 17999766.
  5. ^ a b Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E.R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S.I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S.T.; Thewissen, J.G.M. (2014). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
  6. ^ Tabuce, R.; Asher, R. J.; Lehmann, T. (2008). "Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data" (PDF). Mammalia. 72: 2–14. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2008.004. S2CID 46133294.
  7. ^ Erdal, O.; Antoine, P.-O.; Sen, S.; Smith, A. (2016). "New material of Palaeoamasia kansui (Embrithopoda, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Turkey and a phylogenetic analysis of Embrithopoda at the species level" (PDF). Palaeontology. 59 (5): 631–655. doi:10.1111/pala.12247. S2CID 89418652.
  8. ^ E. Gheerbrant; A. Schmitt; L. Kocsis (2018). "Early African fossils elucidate the origin of embrithopod mammals". Current Biology. 28 (13): 2167–2173.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.032. PMID 30008332.

Sources edit

  • Kleinschmidt, Traute; Czelusniak, John; Goodman, Morris; Braunitzer, Gerhard (1986). (PDF). Mol. Biol. Evol. 3 (5): 427–435. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040411. PMID 3444412. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  • McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K., eds. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-8.
  • Seiffert, Erik; Guillon, J.M. (2007). "A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-224. PMC 2248600. PMID 17999766.

Further reading edit

  • Gheerbrant, E. (2005). "Paenungulata (Sirenia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Relatives)". In Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (eds.). The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and relationships of the major extant clades. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 84–105. ISBN 080188022X – via Google Books.

External links edit

  • . Paleos.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-13.

May 09, 2024
paenungulata, from, latin, paene, almost, ungulātus, having, hoofs, clade, ungulates, which, groups, three, extant, mammal, orders, proboscidea, including, elephants, sirenia, cows, including, dugongs, manatees, hyracoidea, hyraxes, least, more, possible, orde. Paenungulata from Latin paene almost ungulatus having hoofs is a clade of sub ungulates which groups three extant mammal orders Proboscidea including elephants Sirenia sea cows including dugongs and manatees and Hyracoidea hyraxes At least two more possible orders are known only as fossils namely Embrithopoda and Desmostylia a PaenungulataTemporal range Paleocene Recent 61 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Top Rock hyrax Hyracoidea Arsinoitherium zitteli Embrithopoda bottom Asian elephant Proboscidea West Indian manatee Sirenia Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Superorder Afrotheria Clade Paenungulatomorpha Grandorder PaenungulataSimpson 1945 Subgroups Hyracoidea Sudamericungulata 1 Tethytheria Molecular evidence indicates that Paenungulata or at least its extant members is part of the cohort Afrotheria an ancient assemblage of mainly African mammals of great diversity The other members of this cohort are the orders Afrosoricida tenrecs and golden moles Macroscelidea elephant shrews and Tubulidentata aardvarks 2 Of the five orders hyraxes are the most basal followed by embrithopods the remaining orders sirenians and elephants are more closely related These latter three are grouped as the Tethytheria because it is believed that their common ancestors lived on the shores of the prehistoric Tethys Sea however recent myoglobin studies indicate that even Hyracoidea had an aquatic ancestor 3 Contents 1 History 2 Phylogeny 3 Gallery 4 Extinct orders 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory editIn 1945 George Gaylord Simpson used traditional taxonomic techniques to group these spectacularly diverse mammals in the superorder he named Paenungulata almost ungulates but there were many loose threads in unravelling their genealogy 4 For example hyraxes in his Paenungulata had some characteristics suggesting they might be connected to the Perissodactyla odd toed ungulates such as horses and rhinos Indeed early taxonomists placed the Hyracoidea closest to the rhinoceroses because of their dentition When genetic techniques were developed for inspecting amino acid differences among haemoglobin sequences the most parsimonious cladograms depicted Simpson s Paenungulata as an authentic clade and as one of the first groups to diversify from the basal placental mammals Eutheria The amino acid sequences reject a connection between extant paenungulates and perissodactyls odd toed ungulates 4 However a 2014 cladistic analysis placed anthracobunids and desmostylians two major extinct groups that have been considered to be non African afrotheres close to each other within Perissodactyla 5 Phylogeny editAfrotheria Paenungulata Hyracoidea Procaviidae nbsp Tethytheria Sirenia Trichechidae nbsp Dugongidae nbsp Proboscidea Elephantidae nbsp Afroinsectiphilia Tubulidentata Orycteropodidae nbsp Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Macroscelididae nbsp Afrosoricida Chrysochloridae nbsp Tenrecomorpha Potamogalidae nbsp Tenrecidae nbsp A cladogram of Afrotheria based on molecular evidence 6 Gallery edit nbsp The rodent like hyrax nbsp A bull bush elephant nbsp A manatee and her calf nbsp Ocepeia a basal species nbsp Arsinoitherium a rhino like embrithopod nbsp Desmostylus a member of desmostylia the only extinct order of marine mammals Extinct orders editEach of the extinct orders the Embrithopoda and Desmostylia a was as unique in its members ways of making a living as the three orders that survive Embrithopods were rhinoceros like herbivorous mammals with plantigrade feet and desmostylians were hippopotamus like amphibious animals Their walking posture and diet have been the subject of speculation but tooth wear indicates that desmostylians browsed on terrestrial plants and had a posture similar to other large hoofed mammals 2 See also editAltungulata MeridiungulataNotes edit a b Desmostylians however have been placed in Perissodactyla by a 2014 cladistic analysis 5 and the taxonomic placement of embrithopods has also been questioned 7 though recently supported 8 References edit Avilla Leonardo S Mothe Dimila 2021 Out of Africa A New Afrotheria Lineage Rises From Extinct South American Mammals Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 doi 10 3389 fevo 2021 654302 ISSN 2296 701X a b Kleinschmidt Traute Czelusniak John Goodman Morris Braunitzer Gerhard 1986 Paenungulata A comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from Elephant Hyrax and Manatee PDF Mol Biol Evol 3 5 427 435 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals molbev a040411 PMID 3444412 Archived from the original PDF on 30 June 2010 Retrieved 24 July 2010 One Protein Shows Elephants and Moles Had Aquatic Ancestors National Geographic Society 13 June 2013 Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 a b Seiffert Erik Guillon J M 2007 A new estimate of Afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic morphological and fossil evidence BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 13 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 7 224 PMC 2248600 PMID 17999766 a b Cooper L N Seiffert E R Clementz M Madar S I Bajpai S Hussain S T Thewissen J G M 2014 Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls PLOS ONE 9 10 e109232 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 9j9232C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0109232 PMC 4189980 PMID 25295875 Tabuce R Asher R J Lehmann T 2008 Afrotherian mammals a review of current data PDF Mammalia 72 2 14 doi 10 1515 MAMM 2008 004 S2CID 46133294 Erdal O Antoine P O Sen S Smith A 2016 New material of Palaeoamasia kansui Embrithopoda Mammalia from the Eocene of Turkey and a phylogenetic analysis of Embrithopoda at the species level PDF Palaeontology 59 5 631 655 doi 10 1111 pala 12247 S2CID 89418652 E Gheerbrant A Schmitt L Kocsis 2018 Early African fossils elucidate the origin of embrithopod mammals Current Biology 28 13 2167 2173 e2 doi 10 1016 j cub 2018 05 032 PMID 30008332 Sources editKleinschmidt Traute Czelusniak John Goodman Morris Braunitzer Gerhard 1986 Paenungulata A comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant hyrax and manatee PDF Mol Biol Evol 3 5 427 435 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals molbev a040411 PMID 3444412 Archived from the original PDF on 30 June 2010 Retrieved 24 July 2010 McKenna M C Bell S K eds 1997 Classification of Mammals above the Species Level New York NY Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 11013 8 Seiffert Erik Guillon J M 2007 A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic morphological and fossil evidence BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 13 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 7 224 PMC 2248600 PMID 17999766 Simpson G G 1945 The principles of classification and a classification of mammals American Museum of Natural History 85 1 350 hdl 2246 1104 Further reading editGheerbrant E 2005 Paenungulata Sirenia Proboscidea Hyracoidea and Relatives In Rose Kenneth D Archibald J David eds The Rise of Placental Mammals Origins and relationships of the major extant clades Baltimore MD Johns Hopkins University Press pp 84 105 ISBN 080188022X via Google Books External links edit Vertebrates Paenungulata Paleos com Archived from the original on 2008 03 13 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paenungulata amp oldid 1215382350, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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