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The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is a basilica church in Ravenna, Italy. It was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis). This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer".[1]
New Basilica of Saint Apollinaris Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo(in Italian)
It was reconsecrated in 561 AD, under the rule of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, under the new name "Sanctus Martinus in Coelo Aureo" ("Saint Martin in Golden Heaven"). Suppressing the Arian church, the church was dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours, a foe of Arianism. According to legend, Pope Gregory the Great ordered that the mosaics in the church be blackened, as their golden glory distracted worshipers from their prayers. The basilica was renamed again in 856 AD when relics of Saint Apollinaris were transferred from the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe because of the threat posed by frequent raids of pirates from the Adriatic Sea.
Its apse and atrium underwent modernization at various times, beginning in the 6th century with the destruction of mosaics whose themes were too overtly Arian or which expressed the king's glory, but the mosaics of the lateral walls, twenty-four columns with simplified Corinthiancapitals, and an Ambo are preserved. On some columns, images of arms and hands can be seen, which are parts of figures once representing praying Goths and Theodoric's court, deleted in Byzantine times.[2] Renovations (and alterations) were done to the mosaics in the mid-19th century by Felice Kibel. The present apse is a reconstruction after being damaged during World War I.
On the upper band of the left lateral wall are 13 small mosaics, depicting Jesus' miracles and parables; and on the right wall are 13 mosaics depicting the Passion and Resurrection. However, the flagellation and crucifixion are lacking. They describe the parts of the Bible that were read aloud in the church during Lent under the rule of Theodoric the Great. On the left, Jesus is always depicted as young, beardless man, dressed as a Roman Emperor. On the right, Jesus is depicted with a beard. For the Arians, this emphasized that Jesus grew older and became a "man of sorrows", as spoken of by the prophet Isaiah. These mosaics are separated by decorative mosaic panels depicting a shell-shaped niche with a tapestry, cross, and two doves. These mosaics were executed by at least two artists.
The next row of mosaics are a scheme of haloed saints, prophets and evangelists, sixteen on each side. The figures are executed in a Hellenistic-Roman tradition and show a certain individuality of expression as compared to the other figures in the basilica. Each individual depicted holds a book, in either scroll or codex format, and, like many of the other figures throughout the basilica, each of their robes has a mark or symbol in it. These mosaics alternate with windows. They were executed in the time of Theodoric.
The row below contains large mosaics in Byzantine style, lacking any individuality, having all identical expressions. These were executed about 50 years after the time of bishop Agnellus (d. 570), when the church had already become an orthodox church. To the left is a procession of the 22 Virgins of the Byzantine period, led by the Three Magi, moving from the city of Classe towards the group of the Madonna and Child surrounded by four angels. (The Magi in this mosaic are named Balthasar, Melchior and Gaspar; this is thought to be the earliest example of these three names being assigned to the Magi in Christian art.) To the right is a similar procession of 26 Martyrs, led by Saint Martin and including Saint Apollinaris, moving from the Palace of Theodoric towards a group representing Christ enthroned amid four angels. This lower band, containing a schematic representation of the Palace of Theoderic on the right wall and the port of Classe with three ships on the left wall, gives us a certain idea of the architecture in Ravenna during the time of Theodoric. In another part of the church there is a rough mosaic containing the portrait of the Emperor Justinian.
Panorama of the left lateral wall mosaics
Panorama of the right lateral wall mosaics
The entrance of the church is preceded by a marble portico built in the 16th century. Next to the church, on the right side of the portico, stands a round bell tower dating from the 9th or 10th century.
When the UNESCO inscribed the church on the World Heritage List, its experts pointed out that "both the exterior and interior of the basilica graphically illustrate the fusion between the western and eastern styles characteristic of the late 5th to early 6th century. This is one of the most important buildings from the period of crucial cultural significance in European religious art".[3]
Some art historians claim that one of the mosaics contains the first depiction of Satan in western art. In the mosaic, a blue angel appears to the left hand side of Jesus behind three goats (mentioned in St Matthew's account of Judgement Day).[4]
^"... e scomparvero nella nebbia". Medioevo (149): 40–43. 2009.
^"UNESCO World Heritage List - Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna: Advisory Body Evaluation" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
^How the Devil Got His Horns: A Diabolical Tale (BBC)
References
Paolucci, Antonio (1971). Ravenna, an art guide. Ravenna: Edizioni Salera.
Further reading
Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, no. 248, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ISBN9780870991790; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
External links
Media related to Sant' Apollinare Nuovo at Wikimedia Commons
Unesco World Heritage Official Site
(photos)
122 images from Bridgeman Art Library
Official Ravenna tourist information website 2020-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
April 29, 2023
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Catalan August 2012 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Catalan article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 266 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Catalan Wikipedia article at ca Basilica de Sant Apol linar el Nou see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ca Basilica de Sant Apol linar el Nou to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Basilica of Sant Apollinare Nuovo is a basilica church in Ravenna Italy It was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel during the first quarter of the 6th century as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to Christ the Redeemer 1 New Basilica of Saint ApollinarisBasilica di Sant Apollinare Nuovo in Italian ReligionAffiliationRoman CatholicProvinceArchdiocese of Ravenna CerviaRiteRomanYear consecrated6th centuryLocationLocationRavenna ItalyGeographic coordinates44 25 00 N 12 12 17 E 44 41667 N 12 20472 E 44 41667 12 20472 Coordinates 44 25 00 N 12 12 17 E 44 41667 N 12 20472 E 44 41667 12 20472ArchitectureStyleEarly Christian ByzantineGroundbreaking505UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial name Early Christian Monuments of RavennaTypeCulturalCriteriai ii iii ivDesignated1996 20th session Reference no 788State PartyItalyRegionEurope and North AmericaIt was reconsecrated in 561 AD under the rule of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I under the new name Sanctus Martinus in Coelo Aureo Saint Martin in Golden Heaven Suppressing the Arian church the church was dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours a foe of Arianism According to legend Pope Gregory the Great ordered that the mosaics in the church be blackened as their golden glory distracted worshipers from their prayers The basilica was renamed again in 856 AD when relics of Saint Apollinaris were transferred from the Basilica of Sant Apollinare in Classe because of the threat posed by frequent raids of pirates from the Adriatic Sea Its apse and atrium underwent modernization at various times beginning in the 6th century with the destruction of mosaics whose themes were too overtly Arian or which expressed the king s glory but the mosaics of the lateral walls twenty four columns with simplified Corinthian capitals and an Ambo are preserved On some columns images of arms and hands can be seen which are parts of figures once representing praying Goths and Theodoric s court deleted in Byzantine times 2 Renovations and alterations were done to the mosaics in the mid 19th century by Felice Kibel The present apse is a reconstruction after being damaged during World War I Contents 1 Architecture and decoration 2 Gallery 3 Notes 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksArchitecture and decoration Edit View towards the Apses On the upper band of the left lateral wall are 13 small mosaics depicting Jesus miracles and parables and on the right wall are 13 mosaics depicting the Passion and Resurrection However the flagellation and crucifixion are lacking They describe the parts of the Bible that were read aloud in the church during Lent under the rule of Theodoric the Great On the left Jesus is always depicted as young beardless man dressed as a Roman Emperor On the right Jesus is depicted with a beard For the Arians this emphasized that Jesus grew older and became a man of sorrows as spoken of by the prophet Isaiah These mosaics are separated by decorative mosaic panels depicting a shell shaped niche with a tapestry cross and two doves These mosaics were executed by at least two artists The next row of mosaics are a scheme of haloed saints prophets and evangelists sixteen on each side The figures are executed in a Hellenistic Roman tradition and show a certain individuality of expression as compared to the other figures in the basilica Each individual depicted holds a book in either scroll or codex format and like many of the other figures throughout the basilica each of their robes has a mark or symbol in it These mosaics alternate with windows They were executed in the time of Theodoric The row below contains large mosaics in Byzantine style lacking any individuality having all identical expressions These were executed about 50 years after the time of bishop Agnellus d 570 when the church had already become an orthodox church To the left is a procession of the 22 Virgins of the Byzantine period led by the Three Magi moving from the city of Classe towards the group of the Madonna and Child surrounded by four angels The Magi in this mosaic are named Balthasar Melchior and Gaspar this is thought to be the earliest example of these three names being assigned to the Magi in Christian art To the right is a similar procession of 26 Martyrs led by Saint Martin and including Saint Apollinaris moving from the Palace of Theodoric towards a group representing Christ enthroned amid four angels This lower band containing a schematic representation of the Palace of Theoderic on the right wall and the port of Classe with three ships on the left wall gives us a certain idea of the architecture in Ravenna during the time of Theodoric In another part of the church there is a rough mosaic containing the portrait of the Emperor Justinian Panorama of the left lateral wall mosaics Panorama of the right lateral wall mosaics The entrance of the church is preceded by a marble portico built in the 16th century Next to the church on the right side of the portico stands a round bell tower dating from the 9th or 10th century When the UNESCO inscribed the church on the World Heritage List its experts pointed out that both the exterior and interior of the basilica graphically illustrate the fusion between the western and eastern styles characteristic of the late 5th to early 6th century This is one of the most important buildings from the period of crucial cultural significance in European religious art 3 Some art historians claim that one of the mosaics contains the first depiction of Satan in western art In the mosaic a blue angel appears to the left hand side of Jesus behind three goats mentioned in St Matthew s account of Judgement Day 4 Gallery Edit Mosaic of Classe ancient port of Ravenna The nave as seen from an aisle featuring a mosaic of several saints Three Wise Men or Magi wearing trousers and Phrygian caps as a sign of their Oriental origin Mosaic of Justinian probably an overlay of an image of Theoderic The enthroned Christus with four vanguard angels Mosaic of Palace of Theoderic Notes Edit A study of the mosaics in the Basilica of Sant Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna Italy 1 permanent dead link 2010 e scomparvero nella nebbia Medioevo 149 40 43 2009 UNESCO World Heritage List Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna Advisory Body Evaluation PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2016 08 19 Retrieved 2019 12 26 How the Devil Got His Horns A Diabolical Tale BBC References EditPaolucci Antonio 1971 Ravenna an art guide Ravenna Edizioni Salera Further reading EditWeitzmann Kurt ed Age of spirituality late antique and early Christian art third to seventh century no 248 1979 Metropolitan Museum of Art New York ISBN 9780870991790 full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art LibrariesExternal links Edit Media related to Sant Apollinare Nuovo at Wikimedia Commons Unesco World Heritage Official Site Adrian Fletcher s Paradoxplace Ravenna Pages photos 122 images from Bridgeman Art Library Studies of the mosaics lining the walls of the nave in the Christian Iconography website Official Ravenna tourist information website Archived 2020 09 27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Basilica of Sant 27Apollinare Nuovo amp oldid 1150007263, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
