fbpx
Wikipedia

Barefoot running

January 01, 1970

Barefoot running, also called "natural running", is the act of running without footwear. With the advent of modern footwear, running barefoot has become less common in most parts of the world but is still practiced in parts of Africa and Latin America. In some Western countries, barefoot running has grown in popularity due to perceived health benefits.[1]

Woman running barefoot on Torrey Pines State Beach

Scientific research into the practice of running barefoot or with minimalist shoes is increasingly suggesting that it increases intrinsic foot muscle size and strength, but it has been limited to healthy individuals and further research is required to reach definite conclusions.[2] While footwear might provide protection from cuts, bruises, impact and weather, proponents argue that running barefoot reduces the risk of chronic injuries (notably repetitive stress injuries) caused by heel striking in padded running shoes.

The barefoot movement has prompted some manufacturers to introduce minimalist shoes, thin-soled and flexible shoes such as traditional moccasins and huaraches for minimalist running.

History edit

 
Statue of Pheidippides along the Marathon Road

Throughout most of human history, running was performed while barefoot or in thin-soled shoes such as moccasins. This practice continues today in Kenya and among the Tarahumara people of northern Mexico.[3] Historians believe that the runners of Ancient Greece ran barefoot. According to legend, Pheidippides, the first marathoner, ran from Athens to Sparta in less than 36 hours. After the Battle of Marathon, it is said he ran straight from the battlefield to Athens to inform the Athenians of the Greek victory over Persia.[4]

 
Children running barefoot; the animation is from the year 1893.

In 1960, Abebe Bikila of Ethiopia won the Olympic marathon in Rome barefoot setting a new world record after discovering that Adidas, the Olympic shoe supplier, had run out of shoes in his size. He was in pain because he had received shoes that were too small, so he decided to simply run barefoot; Bikila had trained running barefoot prior to the Olympics. He would go on to defend his Olympic title four years later in Tokyo while wearing shoes and setting a new world record.[5]

British runner Bruce Tulloh competed in many races during the 1960s while barefoot, and won the gold medal in the 1962 European Games 5,000-metre race.[6]

In the 1970s, Shivnath Singh, one of India's greatest long distance runners, was known for always running barefoot with only tape on his feet.[7]

During the 1980s, a South African runner, Zola Budd, became known for her barefoot running style as well as training and racing barefoot. She won the 1985 and 1986 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and competed in the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles.[7]

Kenyan runner Tegla Loroupe began running barefoot 10 km (6.2 mi) to and from school every day at the age of seven. She performed well in contests at school, and in 1988, won a prestigious cross country barefoot race. She went on to compete, both barefoot and shod, in several international competitions, marathons, and half-marathons. She won the Goodwill Games over 10,000 metres, barefoot, and was the first African woman to win the New York City Marathon in 1994, winning again in 1998.[8]

 
A barefoot man in robes running while holding a stick (1878)

In the 2000s, barefoot running gained a small yet significant following on the fringe of the larger running community. The practice saw a surge in popularity after the 2009 publication of Christopher McDougall's book, Born to Run, promoting the practice.[9][10] In the United States, the Barefoot Runners Society was founded in November 2009 as a national club for unshod runners and grew quickly.[11]

Health and medical implications edit

 
Example foot pressure

Since the latter half of the 20th century, there has been scientific and medical interest in the benefits and harm involved in barefoot running. The 1970s, in particular, saw a resurgent interest in jogging in western countries and modern running shoes were developed and marketed.[12] Since then, running shoes have been blamed for the increased incidence of running injuries and this has prompted some runners to go barefoot.[1]

 
A barefoot runner on asphalt

The structure of the human foot and lower leg is very efficient at absorbing the shock of landing and turning the energy of the fall into forward motion, through the springing action of the foot's natural arch. Scientists studying runners' foot motions have observed striking differences between habitually shod runners (wearing shoes) and barefoot runners. The foot of habitually shod runners typically lands with an initial heel strike, while the foot of a barefoot runner lands with a more springy step on the middle, or on the ball of the foot.[1] In addition, the strike is shorter in duration and the step rate is higher. When looking at the muscle activity (electromyography), studies have shown a higher pre-activation of the plantar flexor muscles when running barefoot.[13] Indeed, since muscles' role is to prepare the locomotor system for the contact with the ground, muscle activity before the strike depends on the expected impact. Forefoot strike, shorter step duration, higher rate and higher muscle pre-activation are techniques to reduce stress of repetitive high shocks.[13] This avoids a very painful and heavy impact, equivalent to two to three times the body weight.[12]

A prospective study from 2019 found that when habituated to barefoot running (for two months with 15 minutes per week of barefoot running), participants exhibited higher vertical loading rates than shod runners, contradicting Lieberman and the asserted injury prevention potential of barefoot running.[14] Another study from 2018 showed that the highest load rates are found in injured heel striking runners.[15]

When comparing different populations of habitually barefoot runners, not all of them favour the forefoot strike. A 2012 study focusing on 38 runners of the Daasanach tribe in Kenya found that a majority of runners favoured a heel strike instead of a forefoot strike.[16]

The longitudinal (medial) arch of the foot also may undergo physiological changes upon habitually training barefoot. The longitudinal arch has been observed to decrease in length by an average of 4.7 mm, suggesting activation of foot musculature when barefoot that is usually inactive when shod. These muscles allow the foot to dampen impact and may remove stress from the plantar fascia.[1] In addition to muscle changes, barefoot running also reduces energy use: oxygen consumption was found to be approximately 4% higher in shod versus barefoot runners. Better running economy observed when running barefoot compared to running with shoes can be explained by a better use of the muscle elasticity. Reduction of contact time and higher pre-stretch level can enhance the stretch shortening cycle behaviour of the plantar flexor muscles and thus possibly allow a better storage and restitution of elastic energy compared to shod running.[17]

The running shoe itself has also been examined as a possible cause of many injuries associated with shod running. It has been found that running in conventional running shoes increases stress on the knee joints up to 38%, although it is still unclear if this leads to a higher rate of heel injuries or not.[18] One study suggests that there is no evidence that cushioning or pronation control in shoes reduces injury rates or reduces performance.[19] Improperly fitting shoes may also result in injuries such as a subungual hematoma, a collection of blood underneath the toenail. This may also be known as "runner's toe" or "tennis toe".[20]

Minimal footwear edit

Main article: Minimalist shoe
 
A pair of Xero Shoes Huaraches, laced up on grass

The alternative to going barefoot is to wear thin shoes with minimal padding. This is what runners wore for thousands of years before the 1980s when the modern running shoe was invented. Shoes, such as moccasins or thin sandals, permit a similar gait as barefoot, but protect the feet from cuts, abrasion and soft sticky matter.[1] The Tarahumara wear thin-soled sandals known as huaraches.[3] These sandals have a single long lace with a thin sole made from either recycled tires, commercially available replacement outsole rubber, or leather. The practice of wearing light or no shoes while running may be termed "minimalist running".[21]

Historically, Plimsolls were worn by children in the United Kingdom for physical education classes as well as by soldiers for PT. Inexpensive "dime store" plimsolls have very thin footbeds (3mm elastomer/rubber outsole, 1mm card, 2mm eva foam) and no heel lift or stiffening.[22]

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to People running barefoot.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to People running barefoot.
 
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Sport Innovation/Barefoot Running
 
Wikiversity has learning resources about Barefoot running

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Francis, Peter; Schofield, Grant (1 April 2020). "From barefoot hunter gathering to shod pavement pounding. Where to from here? A narrative review". BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 6 (1): e000577. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000577. ISSN 2055-7647. PMC 7202747. PMID 32405429.
  2. ^ Xu, Jennifer; Saliba, Susan A.; Jaffri, Abbis H. (1 May 2023). "The effects of minimalist shoes on plantar intrinsic foot muscle size and strength: A systematic review". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 44 (5): 320–328. doi:10.1055/a-1908-8867. ISSN 0172-4622. PMID 35878616.
  3. ^ a b Tawa, Nassib; Louw, Quinette (2018). "Biomechanical factors associated with running economy and performance of elite Kenyan distance runners: A systematic review". Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 22 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.11.004. ISSN 1360-8592. PMID 29332730.
  4. ^ Christensen, Dirk Lund; Nielsen, Thomas Heine; Schwartz, Adam (2009). "Herodotos and Hemerodromoi: Pheidippides' Run from Athens to Sparta in 490 BC from Historical and Physiological Perspectives". Hermes. 137 (2): 148–169. doi:10.25162/hermes-2009-0010. ISSN 0018-0777. JSTOR 40379088.
  5. ^ Jahn, Vitória da Silveira; Correia, Clara Knierim; Dell’Antonio, Elisa; Mochizuki, Luis; Ruschel, Caroline (11 December 2020). "Biomechanics of shod and barefoot running: A literature review". Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 26 (6): 551–557. doi:10.1590/1517-869220202606219320. ISSN 1517-8692.
  6. ^ Lorenz, Daniel S.; Pontillo, Marisa (1 November 2012). "Is there evidence to support a forefoot strike pattern in barefoot runners? A review". Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 4 (6): 480–484. doi:10.1177/1941738112448055. ISSN 1941-7381. PMC 3497946. PMID 24179586.
  7. ^ a b Warnock, Carly (2013). Barefoot running: Feeling the world through your feet (Thesis). University of Ottawa. doi:10.20381/ruor-3151. hdl:10393/24398.
  8. ^ Bridel, William; Denison, Jim; Markula, Pirkko, eds. (5 October 2015). Endurance running: A socio-cultural examination (1 ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315749518. ISBN 978-1-315-74951-8.
  9. ^ McDougall, Christopher (2009). Born to run: a hidden tribe, superathletes, and the greatest race the world has never seen. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26630-9. OCLC 318360335.
  10. ^ Markula, Pirkko (5 October 2015). "Foot trouble: The minimalist running movement". In Bridel, William; Denison, Jim; Markula, Pirkko (eds.). Endurance Running: A socio-cultural examination (1 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315749518-8. ISBN 978-1-315-74951-8.
  11. ^ Altman, Allison R.; Davis, Irene S. (1 April 2016). "Prospective comparison of running injuries between shod and barefoot runners". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50 (8): 476–480. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094482. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 26130697.
  12. ^ a b Lieberman, Daniel E.; Venkadesan, Madhusudhan; Werbel, William A.; Daoud, Adam I.; D’Andrea, Susan; Davis, Irene S.; Mang’Eni, Robert Ojiambo; Pitsiladis, Yannis (1 January 2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners". Nature. 463 (7280): 531–535. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..531L. doi:10.1038/nature08723. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20111000.
  13. ^ a b Divert, C.; Mornieux, G.; Baur, H.; Mayer, F.; Belli, A. (1 September 2005). "Mechanical comparison of barefoot and shod running". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 26 (7): 593–598. doi:10.1055/s-2004-821327. ISSN 0172-4622. PMID 16195994. S2CID 42071767.
  14. ^ Hollander, Karsten; Liebl, Dominik; Meining, Stephanie; Mattes, Klaus; Willwacher, Steffen; Zech, Astrid (1 July 2019). "Adaptation of Running Biomechanics to Repeated Barefoot Running: A Randomized Controlled Study". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (8): 1975–1983. doi:10.1177/0363546519849920. ISSN 0363-5465. PMC 6604239. PMID 31166116.
  15. ^ Futrell, Erin E.; Jamison, Steve T.; Tenforde, Adam S.; Davis, Irene S. (1 September 2018). "Relationships between habitual cadence, footstrike, and vertical load rates in runners". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 50 (9): 1837–1841. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001629. ISSN 1530-0315. PMID 29614001.
  16. ^ Hatala, Kevin G.; Dingwall, Heather L.; Wunderlich, Roshna E.; Richmond, Brian G. (9 January 2013). Lucia, Alejandro (ed.). "Variation in Foot Strike Patterns during Running among Habitually Barefoot Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e52548. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...852548H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052548. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3541372. PMID 23326341.
  17. ^ Hanson, N. J.; Berg, K.; Deka, P.; Meendering, J. R.; Ryan, C. (1 June 2011). "Oxygen cost of running barefoot vs. running shod". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 32 (6): 401–406. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1265203. ISSN 0172-4622. PMID 21472628.
  18. ^ Kerrigan, D. Casey; Franz, Jason R.; Keenan, Geoffrey S.; Dicharry, Jay; Della Croce, Ugo; Wilder, Robert P. (1 December 2009). "The effect of running shoes on lower extremity joint torques". PM&R. 1 (12): 1058–1063. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.09.011. ISSN 1934-1482. PMID 20006314. S2CID 19281815.
  19. ^ Richards, C E; Magin, P J; Callister, R (1 March 2009). "Is your prescription of distance running shoes evidence-based?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (3): 159–162. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046680. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 18424485.
  20. ^ Mailler, E A; Adams, B B (1 August 2004). "The wear and tear of 26.2: dermatological injuries reported on marathon day". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 38 (4): 498–501. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.011874. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 1724877. PMID 15273194.
  21. ^ Ridge, Sarah T.; Standifird, Tyler; Rivera, Jessica; Johnson, A. Wayne; Mitchell, Ulrike; Hunter, Iain (11 August 2015). "The Effect of Training in Minimalist Running Shoes on Running Economy". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 14 (3): 643–647. ISSN 1303-2968. PMC 4541130. PMID 26336352.
  22. ^ Wilkinson, Michael; Ewen, Alistair; Caplan, Nicholas; O'leary, David; Smith, Neil; Stoneham, Richard; Saxby, Lee (1 May 2018). "Textured insoles reduce vertical loading rate and increase subjective plantar sensation in overground running". European Journal of Sport Science. 18 (4): 497–503. doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1444094. ISSN 1746-1391. PMID 29529927.

January 01, 1970
barefoot, running, also, called, natural, running, running, without, footwear, with, advent, modern, footwear, running, barefoot, become, less, common, most, parts, world, still, practiced, parts, africa, latin, america, some, western, countries, barefoot, run. Barefoot running also called natural running is the act of running without footwear With the advent of modern footwear running barefoot has become less common in most parts of the world but is still practiced in parts of Africa and Latin America In some Western countries barefoot running has grown in popularity due to perceived health benefits 1 Woman running barefoot on Torrey Pines State Beach Scientific research into the practice of running barefoot or with minimalist shoes is increasingly suggesting that it increases intrinsic foot muscle size and strength but it has been limited to healthy individuals and further research is required to reach definite conclusions 2 While footwear might provide protection from cuts bruises impact and weather proponents argue that running barefoot reduces the risk of chronic injuries notably repetitive stress injuries caused by heel striking in padded running shoes The barefoot movement has prompted some manufacturers to introduce minimalist shoes thin soled and flexible shoes such as traditional moccasins and huaraches for minimalist running Contents 1 History 2 Health and medical implications 3 Minimal footwear 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistory edit nbsp Statue of Pheidippides along the Marathon Road Throughout most of human history running was performed while barefoot or in thin soled shoes such as moccasins This practice continues today in Kenya and among the Tarahumara people of northern Mexico 3 Historians believe that the runners of Ancient Greece ran barefoot According to legend Pheidippides the first marathoner ran from Athens to Sparta in less than 36 hours After the Battle of Marathon it is said he ran straight from the battlefield to Athens to inform the Athenians of the Greek victory over Persia 4 nbsp Children running barefoot the animation is from the year 1893 In 1960 Abebe Bikila of Ethiopia won the Olympic marathon in Rome barefoot setting a new world record after discovering that Adidas the Olympic shoe supplier had run out of shoes in his size He was in pain because he had received shoes that were too small so he decided to simply run barefoot Bikila had trained running barefoot prior to the Olympics He would go on to defend his Olympic title four years later in Tokyo while wearing shoes and setting a new world record 5 British runner Bruce Tulloh competed in many races during the 1960s while barefoot and won the gold medal in the 1962 European Games 5 000 metre race 6 In the 1970s Shivnath Singh one of India s greatest long distance runners was known for always running barefoot with only tape on his feet 7 During the 1980s a South African runner Zola Budd became known for her barefoot running style as well as training and racing barefoot She won the 1985 and 1986 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and competed in the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles 7 Kenyan runner Tegla Loroupe began running barefoot 10 km 6 2 mi to and from school every day at the age of seven She performed well in contests at school and in 1988 won a prestigious cross country barefoot race She went on to compete both barefoot and shod in several international competitions marathons and half marathons She won the Goodwill Games over 10 000 metres barefoot and was the first African woman to win the New York City Marathon in 1994 winning again in 1998 8 nbsp A barefoot man in robes running while holding a stick 1878 In the 2000s barefoot running gained a small yet significant following on the fringe of the larger running community The practice saw a surge in popularity after the 2009 publication of Christopher McDougall s book Born to Run promoting the practice 9 10 In the United States the Barefoot Runners Society was founded in November 2009 as a national club for unshod runners and grew quickly 11 Health and medical implications edit nbsp Example foot pressure Since the latter half of the 20th century there has been scientific and medical interest in the benefits and harm involved in barefoot running The 1970s in particular saw a resurgent interest in jogging in western countries and modern running shoes were developed and marketed 12 Since then running shoes have been blamed for the increased incidence of running injuries and this has prompted some runners to go barefoot 1 nbsp A barefoot runner on asphalt The structure of the human foot and lower leg is very efficient at absorbing the shock of landing and turning the energy of the fall into forward motion through the springing action of the foot s natural arch Scientists studying runners foot motions have observed striking differences between habitually shod runners wearing shoes and barefoot runners The foot of habitually shod runners typically lands with an initial heel strike while the foot of a barefoot runner lands with a more springy step on the middle or on the ball of the foot 1 In addition the strike is shorter in duration and the step rate is higher When looking at the muscle activity electromyography studies have shown a higher pre activation of the plantar flexor muscles when running barefoot 13 Indeed since muscles role is to prepare the locomotor system for the contact with the ground muscle activity before the strike depends on the expected impact Forefoot strike shorter step duration higher rate and higher muscle pre activation are techniques to reduce stress of repetitive high shocks 13 This avoids a very painful and heavy impact equivalent to two to three times the body weight 12 A prospective study from 2019 found that when habituated to barefoot running for two months with 15 minutes per week of barefoot running participants exhibited higher vertical loading rates than shod runners contradicting Lieberman and the asserted injury prevention potential of barefoot running 14 Another study from 2018 showed that the highest load rates are found in injured heel striking runners 15 When comparing different populations of habitually barefoot runners not all of them favour the forefoot strike A 2012 study focusing on 38 runners of the Daasanach tribe in Kenya found that a majority of runners favoured a heel strike instead of a forefoot strike 16 The longitudinal medial arch of the foot also may undergo physiological changes upon habitually training barefoot The longitudinal arch has been observed to decrease in length by an average of 4 7 mm suggesting activation of foot musculature when barefoot that is usually inactive when shod These muscles allow the foot to dampen impact and may remove stress from the plantar fascia 1 In addition to muscle changes barefoot running also reduces energy use oxygen consumption was found to be approximately 4 higher in shod versus barefoot runners Better running economy observed when running barefoot compared to running with shoes can be explained by a better use of the muscle elasticity Reduction of contact time and higher pre stretch level can enhance the stretch shortening cycle behaviour of the plantar flexor muscles and thus possibly allow a better storage and restitution of elastic energy compared to shod running 17 The running shoe itself has also been examined as a possible cause of many injuries associated with shod running It has been found that running in conventional running shoes increases stress on the knee joints up to 38 although it is still unclear if this leads to a higher rate of heel injuries or not 18 One study suggests that there is no evidence that cushioning or pronation control in shoes reduces injury rates or reduces performance 19 Improperly fitting shoes may also result in injuries such as a subungual hematoma a collection of blood underneath the toenail This may also be known as runner s toe or tennis toe 20 Minimal footwear editMain article Minimalist shoe nbsp A pair of Xero Shoes Huaraches laced up on grass The alternative to going barefoot is to wear thin shoes with minimal padding This is what runners wore for thousands of years before the 1980s when the modern running shoe was invented Shoes such as moccasins or thin sandals permit a similar gait as barefoot but protect the feet from cuts abrasion and soft sticky matter 1 The Tarahumara wear thin soled sandals known as huaraches 3 These sandals have a single long lace with a thin sole made from either recycled tires commercially available replacement outsole rubber or leather The practice of wearing light or no shoes while running may be termed minimalist running 21 Historically Plimsolls were worn by children in the United Kingdom for physical education classes as well as by soldiers for PT Inexpensive dime store plimsolls have very thin footbeds 3mm elastomer rubber outsole 1mm card 2mm eva foam and no heel lift or stiffening 22 See also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to People running barefoot nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to People running barefoot nbsp Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Sport Innovation Barefoot Running nbsp Wikiversity has learning resources about Barefoot running Comparative foot morphology Locomotor effects of shoesReferences edit a b c d e Francis Peter Schofield Grant 1 April 2020 From barefoot hunter gathering to shod pavement pounding Where to from here A narrative review BMJ Open Sport amp Exercise Medicine 6 1 e000577 doi 10 1136 bmjsem 2019 000577 ISSN 2055 7647 PMC 7202747 PMID 32405429 Xu Jennifer Saliba Susan A Jaffri Abbis H 1 May 2023 The effects of minimalist shoes on plantar intrinsic foot muscle size and strength A systematic review International Journal of Sports Medicine 44 5 320 328 doi 10 1055 a 1908 8867 ISSN 0172 4622 PMID 35878616 a b Tawa Nassib Louw Quinette 2018 Biomechanical factors associated with running economy and performance of elite Kenyan distance runners A systematic review Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 22 1 1 10 doi 10 1016 j jbmt 2017 11 004 ISSN 1360 8592 PMID 29332730 Christensen Dirk Lund Nielsen Thomas Heine Schwartz Adam 2009 Herodotos and Hemerodromoi Pheidippides Run from Athens to Sparta in 490 BC from Historical and Physiological Perspectives Hermes 137 2 148 169 doi 10 25162 hermes 2009 0010 ISSN 0018 0777 JSTOR 40379088 Jahn Vitoria da Silveira Correia Clara Knierim Dell Antonio Elisa Mochizuki Luis Ruschel Caroline 11 December 2020 Biomechanics of shod and barefoot running A literature review Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 26 6 551 557 doi 10 1590 1517 869220202606219320 ISSN 1517 8692 Lorenz Daniel S Pontillo Marisa 1 November 2012 Is there evidence to support a forefoot strike pattern in barefoot runners A review Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach 4 6 480 484 doi 10 1177 1941738112448055 ISSN 1941 7381 PMC 3497946 PMID 24179586 a b Warnock Carly 2013 Barefoot running Feeling the world through your feet Thesis University of Ottawa doi 10 20381 ruor 3151 hdl 10393 24398 Bridel William Denison Jim Markula Pirkko eds 5 October 2015 Endurance running A socio cultural examination 1 ed London Routledge doi 10 4324 9781315749518 ISBN 978 1 315 74951 8 McDougall Christopher 2009 Born to run a hidden tribe superathletes and the greatest race the world has never seen New York Alfred A Knopf ISBN 978 0 307 26630 9 OCLC 318360335 Markula Pirkko 5 October 2015 Foot trouble The minimalist running movement In Bridel William Denison Jim Markula Pirkko eds Endurance Running A socio cultural examination 1 ed Routledge doi 10 4324 9781315749518 8 ISBN 978 1 315 74951 8 Altman Allison R Davis Irene S 1 April 2016 Prospective comparison of running injuries between shod and barefoot runners British Journal of Sports Medicine 50 8 476 480 doi 10 1136 bjsports 2014 094482 ISSN 0306 3674 PMID 26130697 a b Lieberman Daniel E Venkadesan Madhusudhan Werbel William A Daoud Adam I D Andrea Susan Davis Irene S Mang Eni Robert Ojiambo Pitsiladis Yannis 1 January 2010 Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Nature 463 7280 531 535 Bibcode 2010Natur 463 531L doi 10 1038 nature08723 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 20111000 a b Divert C Mornieux G Baur H Mayer F Belli A 1 September 2005 Mechanical comparison of barefoot and shod running International Journal of Sports Medicine 26 7 593 598 doi 10 1055 s 2004 821327 ISSN 0172 4622 PMID 16195994 S2CID 42071767 Hollander Karsten Liebl Dominik Meining Stephanie Mattes Klaus Willwacher Steffen Zech Astrid 1 July 2019 Adaptation of Running Biomechanics to Repeated Barefoot Running A Randomized Controlled Study The American Journal of Sports Medicine 47 8 1975 1983 doi 10 1177 0363546519849920 ISSN 0363 5465 PMC 6604239 PMID 31166116 Futrell Erin E Jamison Steve T Tenforde Adam S Davis Irene S 1 September 2018 Relationships between habitual cadence footstrike and vertical load rates in runners Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 50 9 1837 1841 doi 10 1249 MSS 0000000000001629 ISSN 1530 0315 PMID 29614001 Hatala Kevin G Dingwall Heather L Wunderlich Roshna E Richmond Brian G 9 January 2013 Lucia Alejandro ed Variation in Foot Strike Patterns during Running among Habitually Barefoot Populations PLOS ONE 8 1 e52548 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 852548H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0052548 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3541372 PMID 23326341 Hanson N J Berg K Deka P Meendering J R Ryan C 1 June 2011 Oxygen cost of running barefoot vs running shod International Journal of Sports Medicine 32 6 401 406 doi 10 1055 s 0030 1265203 ISSN 0172 4622 PMID 21472628 Kerrigan D Casey Franz Jason R Keenan Geoffrey S Dicharry Jay Della Croce Ugo Wilder Robert P 1 December 2009 The effect of running shoes on lower extremity joint torques PM amp R 1 12 1058 1063 doi 10 1016 j pmrj 2009 09 011 ISSN 1934 1482 PMID 20006314 S2CID 19281815 Richards C E Magin P J Callister R 1 March 2009 Is your prescription of distance running shoes evidence based British Journal of Sports Medicine 43 3 159 162 doi 10 1136 bjsm 2008 046680 ISSN 0306 3674 PMID 18424485 Mailler E A Adams B B 1 August 2004 The wear and tear of 26 2 dermatological injuries reported on marathon day British Journal of Sports Medicine 38 4 498 501 doi 10 1136 bjsm 2004 011874 ISSN 0306 3674 PMC 1724877 PMID 15273194 Ridge Sarah T Standifird Tyler Rivera Jessica Johnson A Wayne Mitchell Ulrike Hunter Iain 11 August 2015 The Effect of Training in Minimalist Running Shoes on Running Economy Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine 14 3 643 647 ISSN 1303 2968 PMC 4541130 PMID 26336352 Wilkinson Michael Ewen Alistair Caplan Nicholas O leary David Smith Neil Stoneham Richard Saxby Lee 1 May 2018 Textured insoles reduce vertical loading rate and increase subjective plantar sensation in overground running European Journal of Sport Science 18 4 497 503 doi 10 1080 17461391 2018 1444094 ISSN 1746 1391 PMID 29529927 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barefoot running amp oldid 1214168897, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.