The Barbacoan languages may be related to the Páez language. Barbacoan is often connected with the Paezan languages (including Páez); however, Curnow (1998) shows how much of this proposal is based on misinterpretation of an old document of Douay (1888). (See: Paezan languages.)
Coconuco (also known as Kokonuko, Cauca, Wanaka) (†)
Southern ? (Cayapa–Tsafiki)
Caranqui (also known as Cara, Kara, Karanki, Imbaya) (†)
Cha’palaa (also known as Cayapa, Chachi, Kayapa, Nigua, Cha’palaachi)
Tsafiki (also known as Colorado, Tsafiqui, Tsáfiki, Colorado, Tsáchela, Tsachila, Campaz, Colima)
Pasto, Muellama, Coconuco, and Caranqui are now extinct.
Pasto and Muellama are usually classified as Barbacoan, but the current evidence is weak and deserves further attention. Muellama may have been one of the last surviving dialects of Pasto (both extinct, replaced by Spanish) — Muellama is known only by a short wordlist recorded in the 19th century. The Muellama vocabulary is similar to modern Awa Pit. The Cañari–Puruhá languages are even more poorly attested, and while often placed in a Chimuan family, Adelaar (2004:397) thinks they may have been Barbacoan.
The Coconucan languages were first connected to Barbacoan by Daniel Brinton in 1891. However, a subsequent publication by Henri Beuchat and Paul Rivet placed Coconucan together with a Paezan family (which included Páez and Paniquita) due a misleading "Moguex" vocabulary list. The "Moguex" vocabulary turned out to be a mix of both Páez and Guambiano languages (Curnow 1998). This vocabulary has led to misclassifications by Greenberg (1956, 1987), Loukotka (1968), Kaufman (1990, 1994), and Campbell (1997), among others. Although Páez may be related to the Barbacoan family, a conservative view considers Páez a language isolate pending further investigation. Guambiano is more similar to other Barbacoan languages than to Páez, and thus Key (1979), Curnow et al. (1998), Gordon (2005), and Campbell (2012)[2] place Coconucan under Barbacoan. The moribund Totoró is sometimes considered a dialect of Guambiano instead of a separate language, and, indeed, Adelaar & Muysken (2004) state that Guambiano-Totoró-Coconuco is best treated as a single language.
The Barbácoa (Barbacoas) language itself is unattested, and is only assumed to be part of the Barbacoan family. Nonetheless, it has been assigned an ISO code, though the better-attested and classifiable Pasto language has not.
Loukotka (1968)Edit
Below is a full list of Barbacoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[3]
Barbacoa group
Barbácoa of Colima - extinct language once spoken on the Iscuandé River and Patia River, Nariño department, Colombia. (Unattested.)
Pius - extinct language once spoken around the Laguna Piusbi, in the Nariño region. (Unattested.)
Iscuandé - extinct language once spoken on the Iscuandé River in the Nariño region. (Unattested.)
Tumaco - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Tumaco, department of Nariño. (Unattested.)
Guapi - extinct language once spoken on the Guapi River, department of Cauca. (Unattested.)
Cuaiquer / Koaiker - spoken on the Cuaiquer River in Colombia.
Telembi - extinct language once spoken in the Cauca region on the Telembi River. (Andre 1884, pp. 791–799.)
Panga - extinct language once spoken near the modern city of Sotomayor, Nariño department. (Unattested.)
Nulpe - extinct language once spoken in the Nariño region on the Nulpe River. (Unattested.)
Cayápa / Nigua - language spoken now by a few families on the Cayapas River, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador.
Malaba - extinct language once spoken in Esmeraldas province on the Mataje River. (Unattested.)
Yumbo - extinct language once spoken in the Cordillera de Intag and the Cordillera de Nanegal, Pichincha province, Ecuador. The population now speaks only Quechua. (Unattested.)
Colorado / Tsachela / Chono / Campaz / Satxíla / Colime - language still spoken on the Daule River, Vinces River, and Esmeraldas River, provinces of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and Los Ríos, Ecuador.
Colima - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Daule River, Guayas province. (Unattested.)
Cara / Caranqui / Imbaya - extinct language once spoken in the province of Imbabura and on the Guayllabamba River, Ecuador. The population now speaks Spanish or Quechua.
Sindagua / Malla - extinct language once spoken on the Tapaje River, Iscuandé River, Mamaonde River, and Patia River, department of Nariño, Colombia. (H. Lehmann 1949; Ortiz 1938, pp. 543–545, each only a few patronyms and toponyms.)
Muellama - extinct language of the Nariño region, once spoken in the village of Muellama.
Pasta - extinct language once spoken in Carchi province, Ecuador, and in the department of Nariño in Colombia around the modern city of Pasto, Colombia.
Mastele - extinct language once spoken on the left bank of the Guaitara River near the mouth, department of Nariño. (Unattested.)
Quijo - once spoken on the Napo River and Coca River, Oriente province, Ecuador. The tribe now speaks only Quechua. (Ordónez de Ceballos 1614, f. 141-142, only three words.)
Mayasquer - extinct language once spoken in the villages of Mayasquer and Pindical, Carchi province, Ecuador. The present population speaks only Quechua. (Unattested.)
Coconuco group
Coconuco - language spoken by a few families at the sources of the Cauca River, department of Cauca, Colombia.
Guamíca / Guanuco - extinct language once spoken in the village of Plata Vieja in Colombia.
Guambiana / Silviano - spoken in the villages of Ambató, Cucha and partly in Silvia.
Totaró - spoken in the villages of Totoró and Polindara.
Tunía - once spoken on the Tunía River and Ovejas River. (Unattested.)
Chesquio - extinct language once spoken on the Sucio River. (Unattested.)
Patia - once spoken between the Timbío River and Guachicono River. (Unattested.)
Quilla - original and extinct language of the villages of Almaguer, Santiago, and Milagros. The present population speaks only a dialect of Quechua. (Unattested.)
Timbío - once spoken on the Timbío River. (Unattested.)
Puracé - once spoken around the Laguna de las Papas and Puracé Volcano. (Unattested.)
Puben / Pubenano / Popayan - extinct language of the plains of Popayán, department of Cauca. (Unattested.)
Moguex - spoken in the village of Quisgó and in a part of the village of Silvia.
VocabularyEdit
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[3]
gloss
Cuaiquer
Telembi
Cayápa
Colorado
Cara
Muellama
one
marabashpá
tumuni
main
manga
two
pas
pas
pályo
paluga
pala
three
kotiá
kokia
péma
paiman
ear
kail
puːngi
punki
tongue
maulcha
nigka
ohula
hand
chitoé
chʔto
fiapapa
tädaʔé
foot
mitá
mito
rapapa
medaʔé
mit
water
pil
pil
pi
pi
bi
pi
stone
uʔúk
shúpuga
chu
su
pegrané
maize
piaʔá
pishu
piox
pisa
fish
shkarbrodrúk
changúko
guatsá
guasa
kuas
house
yaʔál
yal
ya
yá
ya
Proto-languageEdit
Proto-Barbacoan
Reconstruction of
Barbacoan languages
Proto-Barbacoan reconstructions and reflexes (Curnow & Liddicoat 1998):[4]
^Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
^Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN9783110255133.
^ abLoukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
^Curnow, Timothy J.; Liddicoat, Anthony J. (1998). The Barbacoan languages of Colombia and Ecuador. Anthropological Linguistics, 40 (3).
BibliographyEdit
Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
Brend, Ruth M. (Ed.). (1985). From phonology to discourse: Studies in six Colombian languages (p. vi, 133). Language Data, Amerindian Series (No. 9). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Beuchat, Henri; & Rivet, Paul. (1910). Affinités des langues du sud de la Colombie et du nord de l'Équateur. Le Mouséon, 11, 33-68, 141-198.
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-509427-1.
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1981). Comparative Chibchan phonology. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1991). Las lenguas del área intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1993). La familia chibcha. In (M. L. Rodríguez de Montes (Ed.), Estado actual de la clasificación de las lenguas indígenas de Colombia (pp. 75–125). Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
Curnow, Timothy J. (1998). Why Paez is not a Barbacoan language: The nonexistence of "Moguex" and the use of early sources. International Journal of American Linguistics, 64 (4), 338-351.
Curnow, Timothy J.; & Liddicoat, Anthony J. (1998). The Barbacoan languages of Colombia and Ecuador. Anthropological Linguistics, 40 (3).
Douay, Léon. (1888). Contribution à l'américanisme du Cauca (Colombie). Compte-Rendu du Congrès International des Américanistes, 7, 763-786.
Gerdel, Florence L. (1979). Paez. In Aspectos de la cultura material de grupos étnicos de Colombia 2, (pp. 181–202). Bogota: Ministerio de Gobierno and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN0-292-70414-3.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
Key, Mary R. (1979). The grouping of South American languages. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Landaburu, Jon. (1993). Conclusiones del seminario sobre clasificación de lenguas indígenas de Colombia. In (M. L. Rodríguez de Montes (Ed.), Estado actual de la clasificación de las lenguas indígenas de Colombia (pp. 313–330). Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California.
Stark, Louisa R. (1985). Indigenous languages of lowland Ecuador: History and current status. In H. E. Manelis Khan & L. R. Stark (Eds.), South American Indian languages: Retrospect and prospect (pp. 157–193). Austin: University of Texas Press.
External linksEdit
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Barbacoan reconstructions
Proel: Familia Barbacoana
Proel: Sub-tronco Paezano
October 17, 2023
barbacoan, languages, barbacoan, also, barbakóan, barbacoano, barbacoana, language, family, spoken, colombia, ecuador, barbacoangeographicdistributioncolombia, ecuadorlinguistic, classificationone, world, primary, language, familiesproto, languageproto, barbac. Barbacoan also Barbakoan Barbacoano Barbacoana is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador BarbacoanGeographicdistributionColombia and EcuadorLinguistic classificationOne of the world s primary language familiesProto languageProto BarbacoanSubdivisionsAwan Coconucan Cayapa Tsafiki Canari PuruhaGlottologbarb1265Barbacoan language at present and probable areas in the 16th century 1 Guambiano 2 Totoro 3 Barbacoa 4 Sindagua 5 Awa Pit 6 Pasto Muellama 7 Cha palaachi 8 Tsafiki 9 Caranqui Contents 1 Genealogical relations 2 Language contact 3 Languages 3 1 Loukotka 1968 4 Vocabulary 5 Proto language 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksGenealogical relations EditThe Barbacoan languages may be related to the Paez language Barbacoan is often connected with the Paezan languages including Paez however Curnow 1998 shows how much of this proposal is based on misinterpretation of an old document of Douay 1888 See Paezan languages Other more speculative larger groupings involving Barbacoan include the Macro Paesan cluster the Macro Chibchan stock and the Chibchan Paezan stock Language contact EditJolkesky 2016 notes that there are lexical similarities with the Atakame Cholon Hibito Kechua Mochika Paez Tukano Umbra and Chibchan especially between Guaymi and Southern Barbacoan branches language families due to contact 1 Languages EditBarbacoan consists of 6 languages NorthernAwan also known as Awa or Pasto Awa Pit also known as Cuaiquer Coaiquer Kwaiker Awa Awa Telembi Sindagua Awa Cuaiquer Koaiker Telembi Pasto MuellamaPasto also known as Past Awa Muellama also known as Muellamues Muelyama dd Coconucan also known as Guambiano Totoro Guambiano also known as Mogues Moguez Moges Wam Misak Guambiano Moguez Wambiano Moges Moguex Totoro also known as Polindara Coconuco also known as Kokonuko Cauca Wanaka dd Southern Cayapa Tsafiki Caranqui also known as Cara Kara Karanki Imbaya Cha palaa also known as Cayapa Chachi Kayapa Nigua Cha palaachi Tsafiki also known as Colorado Tsafiqui Tsafiki Colorado Tsachela Tsachila Campaz Colima Pasto Muellama Coconuco and Caranqui are now extinct Pasto and Muellama are usually classified as Barbacoan but the current evidence is weak and deserves further attention Muellama may have been one of the last surviving dialects of Pasto both extinct replaced by Spanish Muellama is known only by a short wordlist recorded in the 19th century The Muellama vocabulary is similar to modern Awa Pit The Canari Puruha languages are even more poorly attested and while often placed in a Chimuan family Adelaar 2004 397 thinks they may have been Barbacoan The Coconucan languages were first connected to Barbacoan by Daniel Brinton in 1891 However a subsequent publication by Henri Beuchat and Paul Rivet placed Coconucan together with a Paezan family which included Paez and Paniquita due a misleading Moguex vocabulary list The Moguex vocabulary turned out to be a mix of both Paez and Guambiano languages Curnow 1998 This vocabulary has led to misclassifications by Greenberg 1956 1987 Loukotka 1968 Kaufman 1990 1994 and Campbell 1997 among others Although Paez may be related to the Barbacoan family a conservative view considers Paez a language isolate pending further investigation Guambiano is more similar to other Barbacoan languages than to Paez and thus Key 1979 Curnow et al 1998 Gordon 2005 and Campbell 2012 2 place Coconucan under Barbacoan The moribund Totoro is sometimes considered a dialect of Guambiano instead of a separate language and indeed Adelaar amp Muysken 2004 state that Guambiano Totoro Coconuco is best treated as a single language The Barbacoa Barbacoas language itself is unattested and is only assumed to be part of the Barbacoan family Nonetheless it has been assigned an ISO code though the better attested and classifiable Pasto language has not Loukotka 1968 Edit Below is a full list of Barbacoan language varieties listed by Loukotka 1968 including names of unattested varieties 3 Barbacoa groupBarbacoa of Colima extinct language once spoken on the Iscuande River and Patia River Narino department Colombia Unattested Pius extinct language once spoken around the Laguna Piusbi in the Narino region Unattested Iscuande extinct language once spoken on the Iscuande River in the Narino region Unattested Tumaco extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Tumaco department of Narino Unattested Guapi extinct language once spoken on the Guapi River department of Cauca Unattested Cuaiquer Koaiker spoken on the Cuaiquer River in Colombia Telembi extinct language once spoken in the Cauca region on the Telembi River Andre 1884 pp 791 799 Panga extinct language once spoken near the modern city of Sotomayor Narino department Unattested Nulpe extinct language once spoken in the Narino region on the Nulpe River Unattested Cayapa Nigua language spoken now by a few families on the Cayapas River Esmeraldas province Ecuador Malaba extinct language once spoken in Esmeraldas province on the Mataje River Unattested Yumbo extinct language once spoken in the Cordillera de Intag and the Cordillera de Nanegal Pichincha province Ecuador The population now speaks only Quechua Unattested Colorado Tsachela Chono Campaz Satxila Colime language still spoken on the Daule River Vinces River and Esmeraldas River provinces of Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas and Los Rios Ecuador Colima extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Daule River Guayas province Unattested Cara Caranqui Imbaya extinct language once spoken in the province of Imbabura and on the Guayllabamba River Ecuador The population now speaks Spanish or Quechua Sindagua Malla extinct language once spoken on the Tapaje River Iscuande River Mamaonde River and Patia River department of Narino Colombia H Lehmann 1949 Ortiz 1938 pp 543 545 each only a few patronyms and toponyms Muellama extinct language of the Narino region once spoken in the village of Muellama Pasta extinct language once spoken in Carchi province Ecuador and in the department of Narino in Colombia around the modern city of Pasto Colombia Mastele extinct language once spoken on the left bank of the Guaitara River near the mouth department of Narino Unattested Quijo once spoken on the Napo River and Coca River Oriente province Ecuador The tribe now speaks only Quechua Ordonez de Ceballos 1614 f 141 142 only three words Mayasquer extinct language once spoken in the villages of Mayasquer and Pindical Carchi province Ecuador The present population speaks only Quechua Unattested Coconuco groupCoconuco language spoken by a few families at the sources of the Cauca River department of Cauca Colombia Guamica Guanuco extinct language once spoken in the village of Plata Vieja in Colombia Guambiana Silviano spoken in the villages of Ambato Cucha and partly in Silvia Totaro spoken in the villages of Totoro and Polindara Tunia once spoken on the Tunia River and Ovejas River Unattested Chesquio extinct language once spoken on the Sucio River Unattested Patia once spoken between the Timbio River and Guachicono River Unattested Quilla original and extinct language of the villages of Almaguer Santiago and Milagros The present population speaks only a dialect of Quechua Unattested Timbio once spoken on the Timbio River Unattested Purace once spoken around the Laguna de las Papas and Purace Volcano Unattested Puben Pubenano Popayan extinct language of the plains of Popayan department of Cauca Unattested Moguex spoken in the village of Quisgo and in a part of the village of Silvia Vocabulary EditLoukotka 1968 lists the following basic vocabulary items 3 gloss Cuaiquer Telembi Cayapa Colorado Cara Muellamaone marabashpa tumuni main mangatwo pas pas palyo paluga palathree kotia kokia pema paimanear kail puːngi punkitongue maulcha nigka ohulahand chitoe chʔto fiapapa tadaʔefoot mita mito rapapa medaʔe mitwater pil pil pi pi bi pistone uʔuk shupuga chu su pegranemaize piaʔa pishu piox pisafish shkarbrodruk changuko guatsa guasa kuashouse yaʔal yal ya ya yaProto language EditProto BarbacoanReconstruction ofBarbacoan languagesProto Barbacoan reconstructions and reflexes Curnow amp Liddicoat 1998 4 no gloss Proto Barbacoan Guambiano Totoro Awapit Cha palaachi Tsafiqui1 be i i i 2 blow ut utʂ otʂ us 3 come ha a ha ha 4 cook aj aj a aj 5 corn pijo pija pijo6 do ki ki ki ki 7 dry pur pur pul8 eye kap kap kap tʂul kasu ka puka ka ka 9 feces pi pɨ pe pe10 firewood tɨ tʂɨ sɨ te te11 flower uʃ u o uʃ12 fog waniʃ waɲi wapi waniʃ13 get up kus ku s kuh ku pa 14 go hi i hi hi 15 go up lo nu lu lo 16 hair aʃ aʃ a17 house ja ja ja jal ja ja18 I la na na na la19 land to su tu to20 lie down tso tsu tsu tu tsu tso21 listen miina mina meena 22 louse mũũ mũi muuŋ mu mu23 mouth ɸit pit fiʔ paki ɸi ki 24 no negative ti ʃi ti25 nose kim ɸu kim kim kimpu kinɸu26 path mii mii mi ɲu mi nu 27 river water pii pi pi pii pi pi28 rock ʃuk ʂuk ʂuk uk ʃu puka su29 smoke iʃ iʃ iʃ30 sow wah waa wah wa ke 31 split paa paa paa 32 tear eye water kap pi kappi kappi kapi ka pĩ33 that sun sun hun hun34 thorn po pu pu pu po35 tree stick tsik tsik tʃi tsi de 36 two paa pa pa paas paa palu 37 what ti tʃi tʃini ʃi ti n ti38 who mo mu mu n mo39 wipe clean kis ki s kih 40 yellow lah na tam lah katata la ke 41 you sg nu ɲi ɲi nu ɲu nu42 armadillo ʃul ʂule ʂolɨ ulam43 dirt pil pire pirɨ pil44 moon pɨ pel pɨl pe45 suck tsu tuk tsu 46 tail mɨ meʃ metʂ mɨʂ mɨta me47 three pɨ pen pɨn pema pema48 tooth tu tʂukul tʂokol sulaSee also EditPaezan languages Paez languageReferences Edit Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2016 Estudo arqueo ecolinguistico das terras tropicais sul americanas Ph D dissertation 2 ed Brasilia University of Brasilia Campbell Lyle 2012 Classification of the indigenous languages of South America In Grondona Veronica Campbell Lyle eds The Indigenous Languages of South America The World of Linguistics Vol 2 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 59 166 ISBN 9783110255133 a b Loukotka Cestmir 1968 Classification of South American Indian languages Los Angeles UCLA Latin American Center Curnow Timothy J Liddicoat Anthony J 1998 The Barbacoan languages of Colombia and Ecuador Anthropological Linguistics 40 3 Bibliography EditAdelaar Willem F H amp Muysken Pieter C 2004 The languages of the Andes Cambridge language surveys Cambridge University Press Brend Ruth M Ed 1985 From phonology to discourse Studies in six Colombian languages p vi 133 Language Data Amerindian Series No 9 Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics Beuchat Henri amp Rivet Paul 1910 Affinites des langues du sud de la Colombie et du nord de l Equateur Le Mouseon 11 33 68 141 198 Campbell Lyle 1997 American Indian languages The historical linguistics of Native America New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 509427 1 Constenla Umana Adolfo 1981 Comparative Chibchan phonology Doctoral dissertation University of Pennsylvania Constenla Umana Adolfo 1991 Las lenguas del area intermedia Introduccion a su estudio areal San Jose Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica Constenla Umana Adolfo 1993 La familia chibcha In M L Rodriguez de Montes Ed Estado actual de la clasificacion de las lenguas indigenas de Colombia pp 75 125 Bogota Instituto Caro y Cuervo Curnow Timothy J 1998 Why Paez is not a Barbacoan language The nonexistence of Moguex and the use of early sources International Journal of American Linguistics 64 4 338 351 Curnow Timothy J amp Liddicoat Anthony J 1998 The Barbacoan languages of Colombia and Ecuador Anthropological Linguistics 40 3 Douay Leon 1888 Contribution a l americanisme du Cauca Colombie Compte Rendu du Congres International des Americanistes 7 763 786 Gerdel Florence L 1979 Paez In Aspectos de la cultura material de grupos etnicos de Colombia 2 pp 181 202 Bogota Ministerio de Gobierno and Instituto Linguistico de Verano Kaufman Terrence 1990 Language history in South America What we know and how to know more In D L Payne Ed Amazonian linguistics Studies in lowland South American languages pp 13 67 Austin University of Texas Press ISBN 0 292 70414 3 Kaufman Terrence 1994 The native languages of South America In C Mosley amp R E Asher Eds Atlas of the world s languages pp 46 76 London Routledge Key Mary R 1979 The grouping of South American languages Tubingen Gunter Narr Verlag Landaburu Jon 1993 Conclusiones del seminario sobre clasificacion de lenguas indigenas de Colombia In M L Rodriguez de Montes Ed Estado actual de la clasificacion de las lenguas indigenas de Colombia pp 313 330 Bogota Instituto Caro y Cuervo Loukotka Cestmir 1968 Classification of South American Indian languages Los Angeles Latin American Studies Center University of California Slocum Marianna C 1986 Gramatica paez p vii 171 Lomalinda Editorial Townsend Stark Louisa R 1985 Indigenous languages of lowland Ecuador History and current status In H E Manelis Khan amp L R Stark Eds South American Indian languages Retrospect and prospect pp 157 193 Austin University of Texas Press External links Edit nbsp Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Barbacoan reconstructions Proel Familia Barbacoana Proel Sub tronco Paezano Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barbacoan languages amp oldid 1107729314, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
