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The Treaty of Addis Ababa, signed 23 October 1896, formally ended the First Italo-Ethiopian War on terms mostly favorable to Ethiopia. This treaty superseded a secret agreement between Ethiopia and Italy negotiated days after the decisive Battle of Adwa in March of the same year, in which Ethiopian forces commanded by Menelik II defeated the Italians.[1] The most important concession the Italians made was the abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale and recognizing Ethiopia as an independent country.
Following the conclusion of this treaty and before the end of the next calendar year, the United Kingdom and France, which had colonial possessions bordering Ethiopia, also concluded treaties with Ethiopia which treated her as an equal. The treaty with France was signed in late January 1897, while the treaty with the United Kingdom was signed 14 May 1897.
Negotiating the treatyedit
In the Italian text of the Treaty of Wuchale, Ethiopia was obliged to conduct all foreign affairs through Italy, which effectively made Ethiopia an Italian protectorate, while the Amharic version merely gave Ethiopia the option of communicating with third powers through the Italian government. Learning of this divergence from the Amharic text, Emperor Menelik believed he had been deceived by the Italians; this had led to the war between the two countries. Moreover, the Italians had been carefully encroaching on Ethiopian territory over the months between the signing of that treaty in 1889 and when hostilities began in 1895.
On the other hand, his victory at Adwa resulted with Menelik being in possession of 3,000 Italian soldiers, as well as a large victorious army facing the demoralized remnants of the Italian military in Eritrea, the latter fearing they would be driven into the sea at any moment. Further, when news of the defeat reached Italy, Prime Minister Francesco Crispi was forced to resign. Ethiopian Emperor Menelik was negotiating from a position of strength.
The initial Italian offer, presented by Major Tomasso Salsa 11 March, offered Menelik Italy's abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale and a new treaty of peace and friendship, but in return he remain "firm in his aim of not accepting the protectorate of any other power." Menelik had gone to war to maintain his Empire's independence, not to exchange one master for another; according to historian Harold G. Marcus, Menelik was so enraged at this offer that he demanded the return of their secret truce, saying he would hold Major Salsa hostage until then.[2]
It was not until 23 August that the Italians finally agreed to the unconditional abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale, and recognition of the sovereign independence of Ethiopia. Once the Italians had conceded on this point, negotiations proceeded quickly. The Italian prisoners-of-war, who had enjoyed "reasonably benign captivity" (Marcus' words), would be repatriated, and Italy pay an indemnity of 10,000,000 Italian liras for their upkeep. Most surprisingly, the Italians would retain most, if not all, of the territories beyond the Mareb-Belessa and May/Muni rivers they had taken; according Abyssinian Monarchists' Menelik gave away a sizable portion of Tigray which had been treated as part of the Ethiopian empire since time immemorial.[3]
The border between Ethiopia proper and Eritrea was further defined in a series of agreements in 1900, 1902, and 1908.
Referencesedit
^Harold Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 174-177
^Marcus, Harold G. (January 1995). The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844-1913. Red Sea Press. p. 175. ISBN9781569020098.
^Margery Perham, The Government of Ethiopia, second edition (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), pp. 58f; Marcus, Menelik II, p. 175
January 01, 1970
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 3 069 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at it Trattato di Addis Abeba see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated it Trattato di Addis Abeba to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Treaty of Addis Ababa signed 23 October 1896 formally ended the First Italo Ethiopian War on terms mostly favorable to Ethiopia This treaty superseded a secret agreement between Ethiopia and Italy negotiated days after the decisive Battle of Adwa in March of the same year in which Ethiopian forces commanded by Menelik II defeated the Italians 1 The most important concession the Italians made was the abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale and recognizing Ethiopia as an independent country Following the conclusion of this treaty and before the end of the next calendar year the United Kingdom and France which had colonial possessions bordering Ethiopia also concluded treaties with Ethiopia which treated her as an equal The treaty with France was signed in late January 1897 while the treaty with the United Kingdom was signed 14 May 1897 Negotiating the treaty editIn the Italian text of the Treaty of Wuchale Ethiopia was obliged to conduct all foreign affairs through Italy which effectively made Ethiopia an Italian protectorate while the Amharic version merely gave Ethiopia the option of communicating with third powers through the Italian government Learning of this divergence from the Amharic text Emperor Menelik believed he had been deceived by the Italians this had led to the war between the two countries Moreover the Italians had been carefully encroaching on Ethiopian territory over the months between the signing of that treaty in 1889 and when hostilities began in 1895 On the other hand his victory at Adwa resulted with Menelik being in possession of 3 000 Italian soldiers as well as a large victorious army facing the demoralized remnants of the Italian military in Eritrea the latter fearing they would be driven into the sea at any moment Further when news of the defeat reached Italy Prime Minister Francesco Crispi was forced to resign Ethiopian Emperor Menelik was negotiating from a position of strength The initial Italian offer presented by Major Tomasso Salsa 11 March offered Menelik Italy s abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale and a new treaty of peace and friendship but in return he remain firm in his aim of not accepting the protectorate of any other power Menelik had gone to war to maintain his Empire s independence not to exchange one master for another according to historian Harold G Marcus Menelik was so enraged at this offer that he demanded the return of their secret truce saying he would hold Major Salsa hostage until then 2 It was not until 23 August that the Italians finally agreed to the unconditional abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale and recognition of the sovereign independence of Ethiopia Once the Italians had conceded on this point negotiations proceeded quickly The Italian prisoners of war who had enjoyed reasonably benign captivity Marcus words would be repatriated and Italy pay an indemnity of 10 000 000 Italian liras for their upkeep Most surprisingly the Italians would retain most if not all of the territories beyond the Mareb Belessa and May Muni rivers they had taken according Abyssinian Monarchists Menelik gave away a sizable portion of Tigray which had been treated as part of the Ethiopian empire since time immemorial 3 The border between Ethiopia proper and Eritrea was further defined in a series of agreements in 1900 1902 and 1908 References edit Harold Marcus The Life and Times of Menelik II Ethiopia 1844 1913 Lawrenceville Red Sea Press 1995 pp 174 177 Marcus Harold G January 1995 The life and times of Menelik II Ethiopia 1844 1913 Red Sea Press p 175 ISBN 9781569020098 Margery Perham The Government of Ethiopia second edition London Faber and Faber 1969 pp 58f Marcus Menelik II p 175 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of Addis Ababa amp oldid 1199444569, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
