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Bacterial cellular morphologies

January 01, 1970

Bacterial cellular morphologies are morphologies that are characteristic of various types bacteria and often a key factor in identifying bacteria species. Their direct examination under the light microscope enables the classification of these bacteria and archaea.

Bacteria display a large diversity of cell morphologies and arrangements

Generally, the basic morphologies are spheres (coccus) and round-ended cylinders or rod shaped (bacillus). But, there are also other morphologies such as helically twisted cylinders (example Spirochetes), cylinders curved in one plane (selenomonads) and unusual morphologies (the square, flat box-shaped cells of the Archaean genus Haloquadratum). Other arrangements include pairs, tetrads, clusters, chains and palisades.

Types edit

Coccus edit

 
Arrangement of cocci bacteria
 
:Staphylococcus bacteria

A coccus (plural cocci, from the Latin coccinus (scarlet) and derived from the Greek kokkos (berry)) is any microorganism (usually bacteria)[1] whose overall shape is spherical or nearly spherical.[2] Describing a bacterium as a coccus, or sphere, distinguishes it from bacillus, or rod. This is the first of many taxonomic traits for identifying and classifying a bacterium according to binomial nomenclature.

Important human diseases caused by coccoid bacteria include staphylococcal infections, some types of food poisoning, some urinary tract infections, toxic shock syndrome, gonorrhea, as well as some forms of meningitis, throat infections, pneumonias, and sinusitis.[3]

Arrangements edit

Coccoid bacteria often occur in characteristic arrangements and these forms have specific names as well;[4] listed here are the basic forms as well as representative bacterial genera:

Bacillus edit

A bacillus (plural bacilli) is a rod-shaped bacterium. Although Bacillus, capitalized and italicized, specifically refers to the genus, the word bacillus (plural bacilli) may also be used to describe any rod-shaped bacterium, and in this sense, bacilli are found in many different taxonomic groups of bacteria.

There is no connection between the shape of a bacterium and its colors in the Gram staining.

Arrangements edit

Bacilli usually divide in the same plane and are solitary, but can combine to form diplobacilli, streptobacilli, and palisades.[5]

  • Diplobacilli: Two bacilli arranged side by side with each other.
  • Streptobacilli: Bacilli arranged in chains.[2][1]

Coccobacillus edit

 
Coxiella burnetii (TEM)

A coccobacillus (plural coccobacilli) is a type of rod-shaped bacteria. The word coccobacillus reflects an intermediate shape between coccus (spherical) and bacillus (elongated).[2] Coccobacilli rods are so short and wide that they resemble cocci. Haemophilus influenzae and Chlamydia trachomatis are coccobacilli. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a gram negative coccobacillus which is prevalent in subgingival plaques. Acinetobacter strains may grow on solid media as coccobacilli.

Coxiella burnetti is also a coccobacillus.[6]

Spiral edit

Spiral bacteria are another major bacterial cell morphology.[2][7] Spiral bacteria can be sub-classified as spirilla, spirochetes, or vibrios based on the number of twists per cell, cell thickness, cell flexibility, and motility.

Bacteria are known to evolve specific traits to survive in their ideal environment.[8] Bacteria-caused illnesses hinge on the bacteria’s physiology and their ability to interact with their environment, including the ability to shapeshift. Researchers discovered a protein that allows the bacterium Vibrio cholerae to morph into a corkscrew shape that likely helps it twist into — and then escape — the protective mucus that lines the inside of the gut.[8]

Helical edit

Helicobacter species are helically-shaped the most common example is Helicobacter pylori.[9] A helical shape is seen to be better suited for movement of bacteria in a viscous medium.[10]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Cole JR (January 1990). "Diagnostic Procedure in Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology". In Carter GR, Cole JR (eds.). 17 - Streptococcus and Related Cocci (Fifth ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 211–220. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-161775-2.50021-9. ISBN 978-0-12-161775-2.
  2. ^ a b c d Zapun A, Vernet T, Pinho MG (March 2008). "The different shapes of cocci". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 32 (2): 345–360. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00098.x. PMID 18266741.
  3. ^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  4. ^ Salton MR, Kim KS (1996). Baron S, et al. (eds.). Structure. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
  5. ^ Harry E, Monahan L, Thompson L (2006). "Bacterial cell division: the mechanism and its precision". International Review of Cytology. 253: 27–94. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(06)53002-5. ISBN 978-0-12-373597-3. PMID 17098054.
  6. ^ McCaul TF, Williams JC (September 1981). "Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations". Journal of Bacteriology. 147 (3): 1063–1076. doi:10.1128/jb.147.3.1063-1076.1981. PMC 216147. PMID 7275931.
  7. ^ Young KD (September 2006). "The selective value of bacterial shape". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 70 (3): 660–703. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00001-06. PMC 1594593. PMID 16959965.
  8. ^ a b Tan YS, Zhang RK, Liu ZH, Li BZ, Yuan YJ (2022). "Microbial Adaptation to Enhance Stress Tolerance". Frontiers in Microbiology. 13: 888746. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.888746. PMC 9093737. PMID 35572687.
  9. ^ Constantino MA, Jabbarzadeh M, Fu HC, Bansil R (November 2016). "Helical and rod-shaped bacteria swim in helical trajectories with little additional propulsion from helical shape". Sci Adv. 2 (11): e1601661. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601661. PMC 5262464. PMID 28138539.
  10. ^ Young KD (September 2006). "The selective value of bacterial shape". Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 70 (3): 660–703. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00001-06. PMC 1594593. PMID 16959965.

External links edit

  • Bacteria Picture Gallery

January 01, 1970
bacterial, cellular, morphologies, been, suggested, that, spiral, bacteria, merged, into, this, article, discuss, proposed, since, december, 2023, been, suggested, that, coccus, merged, into, this, article, discuss, proposed, since, december, 2023, been, sugge. It has been suggested that Spiral bacteria be merged into this article Discuss Proposed since December 2023 It has been suggested that Coccus be merged into this article Discuss Proposed since December 2023 It has been suggested that Diplococcus be merged into this article Discuss Proposed since December 2023 It has been suggested that Bacillus shape be merged into this article Discuss Proposed since December 2023 It has been suggested that Coccobacillus be merged into this article Discuss Proposed since December 2023 Bacterial cellular morphologies are morphologies that are characteristic of various types bacteria and often a key factor in identifying bacteria species Their direct examination under the light microscope enables the classification of these bacteria and archaea Bacteria display a large diversity of cell morphologies and arrangements Generally the basic morphologies are spheres coccus and round ended cylinders or rod shaped bacillus But there are also other morphologies such as helically twisted cylinders example Spirochetes cylinders curved in one plane selenomonads and unusual morphologies the square flat box shaped cells of the Archaean genus Haloquadratum Other arrangements include pairs tetrads clusters chains and palisades Contents 1 Types 1 1 Coccus 1 1 1 Arrangements 1 2 Bacillus 1 2 1 Arrangements 1 3 Coccobacillus 1 4 Spiral 1 5 Helical 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksTypes editCoccus edit nbsp Arrangement of cocci bacteria nbsp Staphylococcus bacteria A coccus plural cocci from the Latin coccinus scarlet and derived from the Greek kokkos berry is any microorganism usually bacteria 1 whose overall shape is spherical or nearly spherical 2 Describing a bacterium as a coccus or sphere distinguishes it from bacillus or rod This is the first of many taxonomic traits for identifying and classifying a bacterium according to binomial nomenclature Important human diseases caused by coccoid bacteria include staphylococcal infections some types of food poisoning some urinary tract infections toxic shock syndrome gonorrhea as well as some forms of meningitis throat infections pneumonias and sinusitis 3 Arrangements edit Coccoid bacteria often occur in characteristic arrangements and these forms have specific names as well 4 listed here are the basic forms as well as representative bacterial genera pairs or diplococci e g Neisseria spp groups of four or eight known respectively as tetrads and sarcina e g Micrococcus spp bead like chains e g Streptococcus spp grapelike clusters e g Staphylococcus spp Bacillus edit A bacillus plural bacilli is a rod shaped bacterium Although Bacillus capitalized and italicized specifically refers to the genus the word bacillus plural bacilli may also be used to describe any rod shaped bacterium and in this sense bacilli are found in many different taxonomic groups of bacteria There is no connection between the shape of a bacterium and its colors in the Gram staining Arrangements edit Bacilli usually divide in the same plane and are solitary but can combine to form diplobacilli streptobacilli and palisades 5 Diplobacilli Two bacilli arranged side by side with each other Streptobacilli Bacilli arranged in chains 2 1 Coccobacillus edit nbsp Coxiella burnetii TEM A coccobacillus plural coccobacilli is a type of rod shaped bacteria The word coccobacillus reflects an intermediate shape between coccus spherical and bacillus elongated 2 Coccobacilli rods are so short and wide that they resemble cocci Haemophilus influenzae and Chlamydia trachomatis are coccobacilli Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a gram negative coccobacillus which is prevalent in subgingival plaques Acinetobacter strains may grow on solid media as coccobacilli Coxiella burnetti is also a coccobacillus 6 Spiral edit Spiral bacteria are another major bacterial cell morphology 2 7 Spiral bacteria can be sub classified as spirilla spirochetes or vibrios based on the number of twists per cell cell thickness cell flexibility and motility Bacteria are known to evolve specific traits to survive in their ideal environment 8 Bacteria caused illnesses hinge on the bacteria s physiology and their ability to interact with their environment including the ability to shapeshift Researchers discovered a protein that allows the bacterium Vibrio cholerae to morph into a corkscrew shape that likely helps it twist into and then escape the protective mucus that lines the inside of the gut 8 Helical edit Helicobacter species are helically shaped the most common example is Helicobacter pylori 9 A helical shape is seen to be better suited for movement of bacteria in a viscous medium 10 See also editBacterial morphological plasticity Ferdinand Cohn gave first named shapes of bacteriaReferences edit a b Cole JR January 1990 Diagnostic Procedure in Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology In Carter GR Cole JR eds 17 Streptococcus and Related Cocci Fifth ed San Diego Academic Press pp 211 220 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 161775 2 50021 9 ISBN 978 0 12 161775 2 a b c d Zapun A Vernet T Pinho MG March 2008 The different shapes of cocci FEMS Microbiology Reviews 32 2 345 360 doi 10 1111 j 1574 6976 2007 00098 x PMID 18266741 Ryan KJ Ray CG eds 2004 Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th ed McGraw Hill ISBN 0 8385 8529 9 Salton MR Kim KS 1996 Baron S et al eds Structure In Baron s Medical Microbiology 4th ed Univ of Texas Medical Branch ISBN 0 9631172 1 1 via NCBI Bookshelf Harry E Monahan L Thompson L 2006 Bacterial cell division the mechanism and its precision International Review of Cytology 253 27 94 doi 10 1016 S0074 7696 06 53002 5 ISBN 978 0 12 373597 3 PMID 17098054 McCaul TF Williams JC September 1981 Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations Journal of Bacteriology 147 3 1063 1076 doi 10 1128 jb 147 3 1063 1076 1981 PMC 216147 PMID 7275931 Young KD September 2006 The selective value of bacterial shape Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 70 3 660 703 doi 10 1128 MMBR 00001 06 PMC 1594593 PMID 16959965 a b Tan YS Zhang RK Liu ZH Li BZ Yuan YJ 2022 Microbial Adaptation to Enhance Stress Tolerance Frontiers in Microbiology 13 888746 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2022 888746 PMC 9093737 PMID 35572687 Constantino MA Jabbarzadeh M Fu HC Bansil R November 2016 Helical and rod shaped bacteria swim in helical trajectories with little additional propulsion from helical shape Sci Adv 2 11 e1601661 doi 10 1126 sciadv 1601661 PMC 5262464 PMID 28138539 Young KD September 2006 The selective value of bacterial shape Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70 3 660 703 doi 10 1128 MMBR 00001 06 PMC 1594593 PMID 16959965 External links editBacteria Picture Gallery Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bacterial cellular morphologies amp oldid 1189326180, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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