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Bacalhau

February 15, 2024

For other uses, see Bacalao (disambiguation).

Bacalhau (Portuguese: [bɐkɐˈʎaw]) is the Portuguese word for cod and—in a culinary context—dried and salted cod. Fresh (unsalted) cod is referred to as bacalhau fresco (fresh cod).

Salted and dried cod, produced in Norway

Portuguese and other cuisines edit

Bacalhau dishes are common in Portugal, and also in former Portuguese colonies such as Cape Verde, Angola, Macau, Brazil, and Goa. There are said to be over 1000 recipes for salt cod in Portugal alone and it can be considered the iconic ingredient of Portuguese cuisine (it is one of the few species of fish not consumed fresh in this fish-loving country, which boasts the highest per capita fish consumption within the European Union).[1] It is often cooked on social occasions and is the traditional Christmas Eve dinner in some parts of Portugal.

Cuisine edit

There are numerous bacalhau recipe variations, depending on region and tradition. In Portugal, it is said there are more than 365 ways to cook bacalhau, one for every day of the year; others say there are 1,001 ways. Whatever the exact number, bacalhau is a ubiquitous ingredient in Portuguese cuisine.

Bacalhau is often served with potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams and fresh bread. More traditional flavourings include but are not limited to garlic, onion, olive oil, black pepper, white pepper, piripiri, bay leaves, parsley, coriander and allspice. Green wine (vinho verde) or mature wines (Alentejo wine, Dão wine, or Douro wine) are served alongside.

 
Traditional bacalhau dish

Some bacalhau dishes:

Protection in the EU and UK edit

The traditional production method for Bacalhau is protected in the EU and UK as a traditional speciality guaranteed under the name Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa.[2]

History edit

Salt cod has been produced for at least 500 years, since the time of the European discoveries of the New World. Before refrigeration, there was a need to preserve the cod; drying and salting are ancient techniques to preserve nutrients and the process makes the cod tastier. More importantly, fish low in oils and fats are more suitable for the drying and preservation process, as oils and fats prevent the salt from preserving the fish. Cod have very low levels of oils and fats in their muscle tissue, and most is located in the liver.[3]

Portuguese, Norman, Breton, and English fisherman were the first to adopt the salt-based curing technique from Basque fishermen in Newfoundland near the cod-rich Grand Banks by the late 1500s.[4] By the 1700s, salted cod had become a staple food for ordinary Portuguese people and by upper levels of Portuguese society.[5] With the advancements in freezing and transportation in the 1900s, salted cod from North America declined and Iceland and Norway became the major supplier of the salted fish to Portuguese markets.[6] During this time bacalhau was a cheap source of protein and frequently consumed.[7] Thus, bacalhau became a staple of the Portuguese cuisine, nicknamed fiel amigo ('loyal friend').[8] In fact, in Portugal, cod always refers to salted, dried codfish and it is very rare to find fresh cod (bacalhau fresco) for sale.[9]

This dish is also popular in Portugal and other Roman Catholic countries because of historical fasting rules, which forbade the eating of meat on many days (Fridays, Lent, and other festivals), and so bacalhau dishes were eaten instead.[10] Bacalhau is also popular in Sfax where this dish is eaten with chermoula on the first day of Eid ul-Fitr .

In Portugal, bacalhau is often sold as a generic product with no brand information. Customers are free to touch, smell, and otherwise personally inspect the fish, which is very different from how fresh seafood is often sold.[11] Stores can carry a large variety of bacalhau differing in color, size, smell, taste, and dryness. Such variation has led Portugal to define requirements as to what products can carry the label Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa.[12] They are however, graded by weight which often defines what price category the bacalhau is sold under. The largest is Especial, which are large pieces of whole fish weighing more than 4kg. Following this are Graúdo (4-2kg), Crescido (2-1kg), Corrente (1-0.5kg) and Miúdo (below 500g).[13]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ http://www.eumofa.eu/documents/20178/84590/EU+consumer+habits_final+report+.pdf/5c61348d-a69c-449e-a606-f5615a3a7e4c page 9
  2. ^ "Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa". eAmbrosia — Traditional Specialities Guaranteed. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  3. ^ Oliveira, H; Pedro, S (2012). "Processing of Salted Cod (Gadus spp.): A Review". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 11 (6): 546–564. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00202.x.
  4. ^ Silva, p. 132
  5. ^ Silva, p. 133
  6. ^ Silva, p. 134
  7. ^ Mountinho, p 180
  8. ^ History of Portugal: Pamphlet Collection]. CUP Archive. 1937-01-01. p. 480.
  9. ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2011-03-04). Cod: A Biography Of The Fish That Changed The World. Knopf Canada. p. 37. ISBN 9780307369802.
  10. ^ [A Millennial Food : The beginning of the cod with the Spanish and the Vikings]. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  11. ^ Ostli, Jens; Heide, Morten; Carlehog, Mats; Eilertsen, Guro (2006). "The importance of bacalhau consumption in Portugal and a preliminary product consumer test in Lisboa". Seafood Research from Fish to Dish: Quality, Safety and Processing of Wild and Farmed Fish: 241–249. ISBN 978-90-8686-005-0.
  12. ^ "Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs". eur-lex.europa.eu. 10 August 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  13. ^ Bacalhau: Portuguese Cod. https://www.wetravelportugal.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.

References edit

  • Moutinho, Mário C (1985), História da pesca do bacalhau: por uma antropologia do "fiel amigo", Editorial Estampa

February 15, 2024
bacalhau, other, uses, bacalao, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, bo. For other uses see Bacalao disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Bacalhau news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message Bacalhau Portuguese bɐkɐˈʎaw is the Portuguese word for cod and in a culinary context dried and salted cod Fresh unsalted cod is referred to as bacalhau fresco fresh cod Salted and dried cod produced in Norway Contents 1 Portuguese and other cuisines 2 Cuisine 3 Protection in the EU and UK 4 History 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesPortuguese and other cuisines editBacalhau dishes are common in Portugal and also in former Portuguese colonies such as Cape Verde Angola Macau Brazil and Goa There are said to be over 1000 recipes for salt cod in Portugal alone and it can be considered the iconic ingredient of Portuguese cuisine it is one of the few species of fish not consumed fresh in this fish loving country which boasts the highest per capita fish consumption within the European Union 1 It is often cooked on social occasions and is the traditional Christmas Eve dinner in some parts of Portugal Cuisine editThere are numerous bacalhau recipe variations depending on region and tradition In Portugal it is said there are more than 365 ways to cook bacalhau one for every day of the year others say there are 1 001 ways Whatever the exact number bacalhau is a ubiquitous ingredient in Portuguese cuisine Bacalhau is often served with potatoes sweet potatoes yams and fresh bread More traditional flavourings include but are not limited to garlic onion olive oil black pepper white pepper piripiri bay leaves parsley coriander and allspice Green wine vinho verde or mature wines Alentejo wine Dao wine or Douro wine are served alongside nbsp Traditional bacalhau dishSome bacalhau dishes Arroz de Bacalhau Acorda de Bacalhau Bacalhau a Gomes de Sa some varieties original Porto Bacalhau a Bras Bacalhau Assado Bacalhau a Ze do Pipo Bacalhau a Lagareiro Bacalhau com Broa Bacalhau com Castanhas Bacalhau com natas bacalhau with cream Bacalhau com todos Bacalhau Confitado em azeite Bacalhau Espiritual Bacalhau no Forno com Cebolada Bacalhau Suado a Lisboa Pasteis de Bacalhau Bolinhos de Bacalhau Pataniscas de BacalhauProtection in the EU and UK editThe traditional production method for Bacalhau is protected in the EU and UK as a traditional speciality guaranteed under the name Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa 2 History editSalt cod has been produced for at least 500 years since the time of the European discoveries of the New World Before refrigeration there was a need to preserve the cod drying and salting are ancient techniques to preserve nutrients and the process makes the cod tastier More importantly fish low in oils and fats are more suitable for the drying and preservation process as oils and fats prevent the salt from preserving the fish Cod have very low levels of oils and fats in their muscle tissue and most is located in the liver 3 Portuguese Norman Breton and English fisherman were the first to adopt the salt based curing technique from Basque fishermen in Newfoundland near the cod rich Grand Banks by the late 1500s 4 By the 1700s salted cod had become a staple food for ordinary Portuguese people and by upper levels of Portuguese society 5 With the advancements in freezing and transportation in the 1900s salted cod from North America declined and Iceland and Norway became the major supplier of the salted fish to Portuguese markets 6 During this time bacalhau was a cheap source of protein and frequently consumed 7 Thus bacalhau became a staple of the Portuguese cuisine nicknamed fiel amigo loyal friend 8 In fact in Portugal cod always refers to salted dried codfish and it is very rare to find fresh cod bacalhau fresco for sale 9 This dish is also popular in Portugal and other Roman Catholic countries because of historical fasting rules which forbade the eating of meat on many days Fridays Lent and other festivals and so bacalhau dishes were eaten instead 10 Bacalhau is also popular in Sfax where this dish is eaten with chermoula on the first day of Eid ul Fitr In Portugal bacalhau is often sold as a generic product with no brand information Customers are free to touch smell and otherwise personally inspect the fish which is very different from how fresh seafood is often sold 11 Stores can carry a large variety of bacalhau differing in color size smell taste and dryness Such variation has led Portugal to define requirements as to what products can carry the label Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa 12 They are however graded by weight which often defines what price category the bacalhau is sold under The largest is Especial which are large pieces of whole fish weighing more than 4kg Following this are Graudo 4 2kg Crescido 2 1kg Corrente 1 0 5kg and Miudo below 500g 13 See also edit nbsp Portugal portal nbsp Food portalDried and salted cod Fishing in Portugal List of dried foods Portuguese cuisineNotes edit http www eumofa eu documents 20178 84590 EU consumer habits final report pdf 5c61348d a69c 449e a606 f5615a3a7e4c page 9 Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa eAmbrosia Traditional Specialities Guaranteed Retrieved 24 October 2021 Oliveira H Pedro S 2012 Processing of Salted Cod Gadus spp A Review Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 11 6 546 564 doi 10 1111 j 1541 4337 2012 00202 x Silva p 132 Silva p 133 Silva p 134 Mountinho p 180 History of Portugal Pamphlet Collection CUP Archive 1937 01 01 p 480 Kurlansky Mark 2011 03 04 Cod A Biography Of The Fish That Changed The World Knopf Canada p 37 ISBN 9780307369802 Um Alimento Milenar O inicio do Bacalhau com os Espanhois e os Vikings A Millennial Food The beginning of the cod with the Spanish and the Vikings Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 Retrieved 8 June 2015 Ostli Jens Heide Morten Carlehog Mats Eilertsen Guro 2006 The importance of bacalhau consumption in Portugal and a preliminary product consumer test in Lisboa Seafood Research from Fish to Dish Quality Safety and Processing of Wild and Farmed Fish 241 249 ISBN 978 90 8686 005 0 Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50 2 b of Regulation EU No 1151 2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs eur lex europa eu 10 August 2013 Retrieved 8 June 2016 Bacalhau Portuguese Cod https www wetravelportugal com Retrieved 10 January 2021 References editMoutinho Mario C 1985 Historia da pesca do bacalhau por uma antropologia do fiel amigo Editorial Estampa Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bacalhau amp oldid 1200852211, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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