Aveline de Grandpré

Aveline de Grandpré is a fictional character in Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed video game franchise. She first appears as the protagonist of Assassin's Creed III: Liberation, a spin-off installment originally released for the PlayStation Vita in October 2012. She has also featured in a titular expansion pack for the 2013 title Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag,^[1] as well as other spin-off media of the franchise. In both of her video game appearances, she is portrayed by actress Amber Goldfarb through performance capture.

Aveline de Grandpré
Assassin's Creed character
First appearance	Assassin's Creed III: Liberation (2012)
Created by	Ubisoft Sofia
Portrayed by	Amber Goldfarb
In-universe information
Gender	Female
Origin	New Orleans, French Louisiana, New France
Nationality	French

Within the series' alternate historical setting, Aveline is a Louisiana Creole member of the Assassin Brotherhood (a fictional organization inspired by the real-life Order of Assassins) who was active in New Orleans during the French Louisiana era as well as the subsequent Spanish occupation in Louisiana, which took place during the same time period as the French and Indian War (1754–1763) and the subsequent American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).^[2] Her primary objectives are to defend abused slaves and fight for their freedom, as well as eliminating members of the Templar Order (inspired by the Knights Templar military order), the Assassins' mortal enemies, whom she encounters during her adventures.

Critical reception towards Aveline has been mostly positive, particularly for her status as a prominent female character of color and her role in the fictionalized depiction of the Atlantic slave trade in the Assassin's Creed series. She is the first female protagonist of the series and is well received as a positive example of ethnic minority representation in video games.

Concept and design

"We are aware that colonial history was recorded by colonizers, and that it is inadequate to the task of representing the genuine experience of slaves, native people, and a host of others denied a voice in recorded history. The more complicated reality is that there is no one living today who knows what it felt like, in their own body, to live in the eighteenth century. If you want to really delve into authenticity, we also don't have ready access to young women political Assassins. At some point, a character must be invented—a responsibility we approached with enthusiasm, curiosity and, I hope, compassion. "

Jill Murray, "This Assassin's Creed Heroine Is a Great Black Game Character. Here's How It Happened."^[3]

In an interview with Evan Narcisse from Kotaku, Liberation writer Jill Murray explained that Aveline was concepted by developmental staff at Ubisoft Sofia at the beginning of the project, which predated her involvement.^[3] She noted that the studio "did their research and decided from the beginning that a woman Assassin of French and Haitian descent would be a compelling character".^[3] Along with co-writer Richard Fareze (sic), the formal research they relied on were official documents from the era that directly impacted life for the characters of Liberation, in particular the Code Noir, a French legal document which defined the conditions and rules of slavery in territories under French sovereignty.^[3] Murray also read slave narratives from various eras to immerse herself into their experiences and reactions people, along with their use of written language.^[3] Murray said she also took inspiration from informal conversations with people, particularly if their own experiences are relevant to the subject matter she explores as part of her work.^[3]

In response to a line of questioning from Narcisse as to whether it was a conscious decision or a coincidence that Aveline's character arc incorporated tropes such as the "tragic mulatto", "slave revenge" and the "Back-to-Africa movement", Murray indicated that her approach to text, as informed by her work background in theatre production, is with an eye for how to bring worlds and characters to life, rather than critical analysis for its own sake from an English or cultural studies perspective.^[3] Murray explained that Aveline's arc should not be interpreted as an attempt to reflect the entirety of the 18th century black experience as she is "an individual, not a people or an issue".^[3] Thus, Murray and her co-writer would look for other opportunities to represent different points of view through the characters Aveline meets, who are depicted as an array of individuals attempting to survive and carve out their own destinies in diverse ways.^[3] For example, the backstory of Aveline's mother Jeanne, from her abduction into a life of slavery and becoming the placée of Aveline's French father Philippe Olivier de Grandpré, is recounted in a series of diary entries which Aveline could collect in the game world. Aveline also meets a man who has no territory he feels he can call home, and comes into conflict with a former slave who has opted to fight for the English as a soldier in exchange for his freedom.^[3]

With regards to Aveline's presentation as a female protagonist in the Assassin's Creed franchise, Murray noted that it has not changed how the game itself is presented, though the actual game mechanics introduced "some fresh energy and some new opportunities" into the game's design.^[4] Murray was of the view that it is necessary to rebut incorrect assumptions and misconceptions about the perceived risks involving the creation and inclusion characters from minority groups, noting that writers should have to rise to the occasion if they believe in their characters, and show themselves and people they work with how to portray them successfully. She emphasized that "this does not require magic, scary effort—it's effort anyone can put in. It's fun, it adds variety, and it makes a lot of players feel good."^[3]

Aveline has access to three personas in Liberation: besides her well-armed Assassin persona, she also has the "lady" persona, a respectable businesswoman who is following in her father's footsteps, and a "slave" persona where she is able to blend in among black slaves who have similar backgrounds as her mother.^[4] Each persona is more than a change in physical attire as she exhibits different abilities, and alters the way she interacts with her environment as well as how characters respond to her; guards will attempt to protect her from danger when Aveline assumes her "lady" persona, whereas they will react with hostility if she is encountered as an Assassin.^[4] Murray suggested that with each persona, Aveline attempts to see where within the society of New Orleans she fits, and that she truly becomes herself whenever she assumes the Assassin persona, as it is a combination of every aspect of her identity which she grows into and comes to inhabit.^[4]

Weapons employed by Aveline include dueling pistols, a cane knife, a whip she appropriates from a slave master at a predetermined point in the narrative of Liberation, poison darts fired from a blowgun or a modified parasol, and the Assassins' signature Hidden Blade. Many of Aveline's in-game movements for Liberation were taken directly from those designed for Connor and Haytham Kenway, the two playable characters of Assassin's Creed III; only a handful of her animations, such as walking and running, were replaced.^[5]

Appearances

Assassin's Creed III: Liberation

Aveline is an ancestor of "Subject 1", the first participant of the experimental phase of the Animus Project conducted by Abstergo Industries, a corporate front of the Templar Order in the modern era. The story of Liberation is presented as a story within a story in the form of a video game created by Abstergo using the genetic memories of Subject 1. Aveline was born in 1747 in New Orleans to Philippe Olivier de Grandpré, a wealthy French merchant, and his African placée, Jeanne, whom Philippe had freed from slavery. In 1752, Phillippe married Madeleine de L'Isle, the daughter of one of his investors, to alleviate his financial troubles, straining his relationship with Jeanne, who later disappeared from both his and Aveline's lives without explanation.

Aveline took notice of the injustice slaves faced in New Orleans from a young age, and dedicated herself to protecting and freeing them, catching the attention of Agaté, the Mentor of the Louisiana Brotherhood of Assassins. Impressed by her devotion to freedom and justice, he inducted Aveline into the Brotherhood in 1759 along with her childhood friend and the accountant of her family business, Gérald Blanc. Both were trained by Agaté to be his agents in New Orleans and counter the Templars' activities, with Aveline handling field work and Gérald running an information network within the city. However, Aveline and Agaté would grow apart over time due to the former's natural impulsiveness and disinclination to follow orders, as well as her resentment of the secretive nature of Agaté's dealings with her and Gérald.^[3]

The main story of Liberation covers twelve years of Aveline's life, from 1765 to 1777, and focuses on her mission to dismantle the Templar Order in New Orleans, who are attempting to take over Louisiana amidst its transition of control from France to Spain following the French and Indian War. To this end, she assassinates several of their allies and puppets, including French governor Jean-Jacques Blaise d'Abbadie and Baptiste, an Assassin turncoat and former friend of Agaté. In 1768, Aveline helps to orchestrate the Louisiana Rebellion to depose Spanish governor Antonio de Ulloa, a Templar. Although ordered by Agaté to kill him, Aveline spares de Ulloa's life after he informs her of a secret Templar worksite in Chichen Itza, which houses many liberated slaves from New Orleans.

Infiltrating the worksite disguised as a slave, Aveline learns that the Templars' leader, known only as the "Company Man," seeks a Precursor artifact called the Prophecy Disk, and ordered their right-hand man, Rafael Joaquín de Ferrer, to use the slaves to excavate the Chichen Itza ruins and find the Disk. Aveline is able to kill de Ferrer and retrieve one half of the Disk, while also being unexpectedly reunited with her mother Jeanne, who she learns is an old acquaintance of Agaté and was also trained as an Assassin, but refused to join the Brotherhood due to their violent ways. Fearing the Assassins would come after her to recover a stolen artifact known as the Heart of the Brotherhood, Jeanne abandoned her family and fled New Orleans, though she quickly came to regret her actions. Aveline later returns to Chichen Itza in 1772 and reconciles with her mother, who helps her acquire the other half of the Disk but chooses to remain in Chichen Itza to protect it from further Templar incursions.

Following her return to New Orleans, Aveline focuses on uncovering the identity of the Company Man, during which time her father Philippe mysteriously falls ill and dies. Aveline is eventually successful in 1777, when she assassinates a Loyalist officer and Templar named Geroge Davidson with the help of fellow Assassin Connor (the protagonist of Assassin's Creed III). From George, Aveline is able to discern that Madeleine is the Company Man and was responsible for both Jeanne's abandonment and Philippe's death. Upon confronting her stepmother, Madeleine admits that she has been secretly grooming Aveline to become a Templar, and asks her to kill Agaté to prove her loyalty to the Order. Aveline instead tries to warn her mentor, but Agaté, believing his student has betrayed him, attacks her, then commits suicide upon being defeated and humiliated. Pretending that she genuinely intends to pledge herself and the Prophecy Disk to the Order, Aveline meets with Madeleine at the St. Louis Cathedral, where she kills her stepmother, thus finally ridding New Orleans of Templar influence. She then connects the Heart of the Brotherhood—which was gifted to her by her mother as a locket—to the Disk to unlock a secret message from the Precursor era.

Other appearances

The Aveline expansion pack for Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag follows Aveline seven years after the events of Liberation. By 1784, Aveline has begun assisting Connor in his mission to rebuild the Colonial Assassin Brotherhood, and per his request, she travels to Rhode Island to find and recruit an escaped slave named Patience Gibbs. Upon arrival, she learns that Patience possesses a charm—a Piece of Eden—which is sought by a Templar doctor, Edmund Judge. Although Aveline rescues Patience from the Templars, she refuses to join her and attempts to escape on her own, only to be quickly re-captured by Judge, who forces her to hand over the charm. Patience teams up with Aveline to recover it, and the two women ultimately confront and kill Judge, who was unable to unlock the charm's power. Patience then reveals that she managed to keep an essential component of the charm, without which it is useless, and accepts Aveline's invite to join the Assassins.

In the modern-day section of Black Flag, a market analysis for Abstergo Entertainment, the video games subsidiary of Abstergo Industries, can be found via hacking computers. The market analysis reveals the process through which Aveline was selected by Abstergo to headline her own game. Despite initially taking issue with Aveline's Assassin training and her affiliations with "smugglers of the lowest kind," Abstergo's researchers later concluded that her story could be edited to become more appealing by prioritizing Aveline's lady qualities and, especially, her relationship with her stepmother, Madeleine de L'Isle.^[6] In Assassin's Creed Unity, Abstergo has produced another fictional video game starring Aveline, titled The Liberation of Lady Aveline, which can been at the start.^[7]

Aveline was also featured as part of Assassin's Creed: Initiates, a discontinued community-oriented social application website operated by Ubisoft which was active from August 2012 to December 2015. The character's outfit is an unlockable cosmetic option for Evie Frye, one of the two protagonists of the 2015 game Assassin's Creed Syndicate.

Promotion and merchandise

Like other protagonists in the series, Aveline has been subject to merchandise. A promotional video featuring a limited edition figurine of Aveline was uploaded to Ubisoft's official YouTube account in November 15, 2018.^[8] Aveline's likeness, along with five other series protagonists, was used for a line of character-themed wine labels as part of a joint collaboration between Ubisoft and winemaker Lot18; the full name of her label is "2017 Aveline de Grandpré Appellation Côtes du Rhône Contrôlée".^[9]

Reception

As a character, Aveline has been mostly well received. She is considered to be one of the most notable black characters in video game history.^[10] Evan Narcisse from Kotaku wrote positively of the character on more than one occasion, and believed that she is a "great black game character".^[11][3] He was intrigued by the idea of Aveline because of her ethnic background and that it is uncommon for a character like her to be in the leading role of a major video game.^[11] In an article published for Kotaku in February 2013, Narcisse considered Liberation to be the "best example of how to craft a character descended from African heritage in a video game", as it takes a historical moment where the action happens and finds ways to integrate the experience of being a mixed-race woman in 18th Century New Orleans into an interesting playable adventure.^[3] Conversely, Narcisse expressed disappointment that Aveline was voiced by a white actress, and contrasted the decision to the casting of an actor who has Blackfoot heritage for Connor, a character of Native American descent.^[12]

Chris Suellentrop from The New York Times suggested that Aveline may have been "the greatest black heroine in the history of video games" in an article dated January 2014, and that she is deserving of a wider audience which he believed the early 2014 release of the high-definition makeover of Liberation for platforms far more popular than the PlayStation Vita should provide.^[13] Suellentrop commented that while neither the original version of Liberation nor the remastered version were very good, with aspects such as gameplay, storytelling and voice acting being of questionable quality at best, he has yet to encounter a game which deals with the history and imagery of slavery in the New World in intimate detail through Aveline's story arc, and that the game demonstrates a level of sensitivity and intelligence in its approach.^[13] Mike Williams from US Gamer agreed that Liberation is a flawed game, though he enjoyed the exploration of Aveline's role in New Orleans as an assassin and as the free daughter of a former slave, and expressed hope that the remastered version of the game would enjoy a new, wider audience.^[1] Jef Rouner from Houston Press noted that Aveline was discussed extensively during the controversy surrounding gender options for the cooperative mode of Assassin's Creed Unity in 2014, with some quarters labeling her an inferior series protagonist as the original version of Liberation was perceived to be a portable spin-off which lacked the distinctive gameplay of the mainline console entries, though Rouner emphasized that she is still "pretty badass".^[14] On the other hand, Tobias Kraft criticized Aveline's characterization in his chapter of the book New Orleans and the Global South: Caribbean, Creolization, Carnival as "shallow" and that her motivations never goes beyond the "obvious trail" of heroic solidarity and individual sacrifice, and said that she falls short of the standards set by Jean Genet's Les Negres".^[15]

The Guardian staff included her in their list of "30 truly interesting female game characters", commenting that her ability to change her appearance in order to alter how other characters treat her is apt for the nature of her position as the series' first female protagonist, and noted that while Ubisoft may have received criticism for its attitude towards female characters, she was never reduced into being a mere love interest to Connor at the very least.^[16] Aveline placed favorably on PC Gamer's ranking list of Assassin's Creed series protagonists, with Andy Kelly calling her "infinitely more interesting than boring old Connor".^[17]

Analysis

In a 2015 discussion panel titled "The Visual Politics of Play: On the Signifying Practices of Digital Games", Professor Anna Everett took the view that Ubisoft's decision to feature Aveline as a lead character of a major video game franchise, while commendable, is undermined by the fact that Liberation is set in the colonial period of slavery which is "overdetermined in both its willingness to address this ignoble past and, arguably, its unwillingness to craft a powerful contemporary black shero tackling racial justice issues in the 21st century".^[18] The panel's chair, Professor Soraya Murray, devoted the first chapter of her 2017 book On Video Games: The Visual Politics of Race, Gender and Space to analyze Aveline's role within the narrative of Liberation and the franchise as a whole.^[19] Jagger Gravning from The Atlantic analyzed Aveline's choice of clothing, dialogue and mannerisms in Liberation as well the eponymous Black Flag DLC, and concluded that her gender identity or sexual orientation is ambiguous and may be open to interpretation. ^[20]

See also

• History of New Orleans

References

1. Mike Williams (October 9, 2013). "AC4's Extra Content Explores the African Side of the Brotherhood". US Gamer. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
2. Barba, Rick (25 October 2016). "Assassin's Creed: Liberation". Assassin's Creed: A Walk Through History (1189-1868). Scholastic Inc. p. 80. ISBN 9781338099157.
3. Evan Narcisse (February 27, 2013). "This Assassin's Creed Heroine Is a Great Black Game Character. Here's How It Happened". Kotaku. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
4. Kaszor, Daniel (October 21, 2012). "Assassin's Creed III: Liberation writer Jill Murray on how story and gameplay can go hand-in-hand". Financial Post. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
5. Megan Farokhmanesh (June 11, 2014). "Animating women should take 'days,' says Assassin's Creed 3 animation director". Polygon. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
6. Ubisoft Montreal (October 29, 2013). Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft.
7. Ubisoft Montreal (November 11, 2014). Assassin's Creed Unity (Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Stadia). Ubisoft. Scene: Prologue.
8. "Assassin's Creed Liberation - Aveline figurine (The Assassin of New Orleans) Launch trailer". Ubisoft. YouTube. November 18, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
9. Brittany Vincent (November 16, 2018). "Ubisoft announces Assassin's Creed wine collection". Shacknews. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
10. Chella Ramanan (November 3, 2017). "30 YEARS OF BLACK VIDEO GAME CHARACTERS". Game Industry. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
11. Evan Narcisse (July 23, 2012). "Assassin's Creed's New Black Heroine Represents a New Kind of Liberation". Kotaku. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
12. Evan Narcisse (August 29, 2012). "White Actress Will Voice Assassin's Creed's Black Heroine [Correction]". Kotaku. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
13. Suellentrop, Chris (January 27, 2014). "Slavery as New Focus for a Game". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
14. Jef Rouner (June 5, 2015). "Would You Believe There Have Been Only 14 Playable Black Women in Gaming?". Houston Press. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
15. Ottmar Ette; Gesine Müller, eds. (December 1, 2016). New Orleans and the Global South: Caribbean, Creolization, Carnival. Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN 97834-8715-504-3. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
16. "Beyond Lara Croft: 30 truly interesting female game characters – part one". The Guardian. January 25, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
17. Andy Kelly (October 23, 2018). "The assassins of Assassin's Creed, ranked from worst to best". PC Gamer. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
18. Various (2015). The Visual Politics of Play : On the Signifying Practices of Digital Games (PDF). Semantic Scholar. ISBN 9781338099157.
19. Murray, Soraya (December 30, 2017). "Poetics of Form and Politics of Identity; Or, Games as Cultural Palimpsests". On Video Games: The Visual Politics of Race, Gender and Space. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781-78453-741-8.
20. Gravning, Jagger (February 25, 2014). "How Video Games Are Slowly, Quietly Introducing LGBT Heroes". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

Further reading

• A. Martin Wainwright (2019). "Gender". Virtual History: How Videogames Portray the Past. Routledge. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-1138069091.