fbpx
Wikipedia

Irreligion in Turkey

May 02, 2024

Irreligion in Turkey refers to the extent of the lack, rejection of, or indifference towards religion in the Republic of Turkey. Based on surveys, Islam is the predominant religion[3] and irreligious people form a minority in Turkey. Precise estimates of the share of Deists, atheists, agnostics, and other unaffiliated people in the population vary, though in the survey averages they make up more percentages than Christians and Jews in the country.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

The religious beliefs of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, have been a source of controversy; some sources assert that he was irreligious.[1][2]

One study in Turkey reported that 95% believe in God while 74% identify as "religious".[10][11] Another study conducted by the French company Ipsos which interviewed 17,180 adults across 22 countries, stated that atheists accounted for 7% of those who were interviewed from Turkey, while agnostics accounted for 3%.[12]

Overview edit

It is difficult to quantify the number of Deists, atheists, and agnostics in Turkey, as they are not officially counted in the national census unlike Christians, Jews, and other religious groups. But religious information on both online and physical identity cards can either be blanked out or changed on the wish of the ID holder by requesting, with either a visit to the local municipal office or by an e-signature in the official government website or app.[13][14][15] Since irreligiousness is not counted as “religion”, atheism, agnosticism, and such are left as blanked out. Data also suggests that 85% of all irreligious people in Turkey are younger than 35.[16]

There is a stigma attached to being an atheist in Turkey, and thus a lot of the Turkish atheist community, rather than forming individual groups, teams, organizations and communities in real life, actively communicate with each other actively via internet forms and channels across many sites. But specially today, such beliefs being expressed freely or discussed in the public is not uncommon at all, and rather quite common.[17][18][19][20]

According to a poll made by MAK (Mehmet Ali Kulat of Ankara) in 2017, 86% of the Turkish population declared they believe in God. 76% declared they believe Quran and other holy books came through revelation by God, while 14% said that they don't believe that it did, and 10% did not answer.[21] According to a survey by the pollster KONDA, the percentage of atheists in Turkey has tripled in 10 years and rose from 1% in 2008 to 3% in 2018, while the percentage of non-believers passed from 1% to 2%. Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old, these figures rise to respectively 4% and 4%.[citation needed] According to another poll made in 2019 by OPTİMAR, which interviewed 3,500 people 89.5% of those interviewed declared they believe in Islam, while 4.5% identified as Deists, 2.7% identified as agnostics, and 1.6% as atheists.[22]

A survey conducted by MAK in 2020 found that among the Turkish people interviewed, more than 8,000 young adults between the ages of 18 and 29 (82.8%) of the Turkish young adults identified "as a person who has religious beliefs", while 7.7% reported they have no belief, 9.5% gave no reply, and 72.7% believed in the afterlife, while 11.7% did not believe in it and 15.6% gave no reply.[23][24] Another poll conducted by Gezici Araştırma in 2020 interviewed 1,062 people in 12 provinces and found that 28.5% of the Generation Z in Turkey identify as irreligious.[25][26]

An early April 2018 report of the Turkish Ministry of Education, titled The Youth is Sliding towards Deism, observed that an increasing number of pupils in İmam Hatip schools was repudiating Islam in favour of Deism (irreligious belief in a creator God).[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The report's publication generated large-scale controversy in the Turkish press and society at large, as well as amongst conservative Islamic sects, Muslim clerics, and Islamist parties in Turkey.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The progressive Muslim theologian Mustafa Öztürk noted the Deistic trend among Turkish people a year earlier, arguing that the "very archaic, dogmatic notion of religion" held by the majority of those claiming to represent Islam was causing "the new generations [to get] indifferent, even distant, to the Islamic worldview". Despite lacking reliable statistical data, numerous anecdotes and independent surveys appear to point in this direction.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Although some commentators claim that the secularization of Turkey is merely a result of Western influence or even an alleged "conspiracy", other commentators, even some pro-government ones, have instead claimed that "the real reason for the loss of faith in Islam is not the West but Turkey itself".[27]

Statistics edit

Religion in Turkey (Optimar survey, 2019)[28][29][30][31]

  Islam (89.5%)
  Irreligion (Deism) (4.5%)
  Irreligion (Agnosticism) (2.7%)
  Irreligion (Atheism) (1.7%)
  Other Religions (Christianity, Baháʼí Faith, Judaism, Tengrism, Yazidism) (0.5%)
  Unanswered (1.1%)

Religiosity among Turks (KONDA survey, 2018)

  Fully devout (10%)
  Religious (51%)
  Not religious (34%)
  Non-believer (2%)
  Atheist (3%)

Belief in God and religious organizations among Turks, OPTİMAR Survey 2019:[28]

  • 89.5 % responded "I believe in God's existence and oneness." (Believer)
  • 4.5 % responded "I think there is a creator, but I don't believe in religions." (Deist)
  • 2.7 % responded "I'm not sure if there is a creator." (Agnostic)
  • 1.7 % responded "I don't think there is a creator." (Atheist)
  • 1.7 % responded no answer.

Religiosity of Turkish people, KONDA 2018:[32][33]

  • 51% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 10% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 3% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old:[34]

  • 43% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 45% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 5% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 20 old:[35]

  • 55.8% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 28.5% defined themselves as "Irreligious" (Non-believer).
  • 15.7% defined themselves as "a religious person who fulfills religious obligations such as fasting and praying" (Religious).
Data from various surveys
Source Islam No religion Christianity Other religions and no reply
KONDA (2021)[36](rounded figures) 94% 5% 0.2% 0.8%
Gezici (2020, Generation Z only) 71.5% 28.5% N/A N/A
Optimar (2019) 89% 8.9% 0.3% 1.1%
World Values Survey (2017) 98.0% 1.2% N/A 0.8
MAK (2017) 86% 12.5% 0.5% 1%
Ipsos (2016) 82% 13% 2% 3%
Pew Research Center (2016) 98% 1.2% 0.4% 0.4%
KONDA (2008) 97% 2% 0.2% 0.8%
Sabancı University (2006) 98.3% 1.5% 0.2% N/A
Government official numbers 99.8% N/A 0.2% N/A

Irreligious organizations in Turkey edit

Association of Atheism (Ateizm Derneği), the first official atheist organization based in the Middle East and Caucasus, was founded in 2014.[37] In 2018, it was reported in some media outlets that the Ateizm Derneği would close down because of the pressure on its members and attacks by pro-government media, but the association itself issued a clarification that this was not the case and that it was still active.[38]

List of famous irreligious Turks edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ ...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said: "I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..." The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011, ISBN 0739167936, p. 146.
  2. ^ Phil Zuckerman, John R. Shook, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 0199988455, p. 167.
  3. ^ a b c d e Girit, Selin (10 May 2018). "Losing their religion: The young Turks rejecting Islam". BBC News. London. from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d McKernan, Bethan (29 April 2020). "Turkish students increasingly resisting religion, study suggests". The Guardian. London. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d Sarfati, Yusuf (15 April 2019). "State Monopolization of Religion and Declining Piety in Turkey". Berkley Forum. Washington, D.C.: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs (Georgetown University). from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d Bekdil, Burak (20 May 2021). "Turks May Be Rediscovering the Merits of the Secular Paradigm". BESA Center Perspectives. Tel Aviv: Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies (Bar-Ilan University). from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d Akyol, Mustafa (12 June 2020). "How Islamists are Ruining Islam". Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. Washington, D.C.: Hudson Institute. from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d Bilici, Mucahit (Fall 2018). "The Crisis of Religiosity in Turkish Islamism". Middle East Report. No. 288. Tacoma, Washington: MERIP. pp. 43–45. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 45198325. OCLC 615545050. from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d Külsoy, Ahmet (6 May 2018). "What is pushing half of Turkey towards Deism?". Ahval News. Cyprus. from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 5 September 2017.
  11. ^ "Research:65 percent of Turkey believes in god, 54 percent is 'religious'(In Turkish)". Diken.com.tr. 6 May 2017.
  12. ^ . The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  13. ^ "Nüfus Kaydındaki Din Bilgisi Değişikliği Başvurusu". www.turkiye.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  14. ^ "Nüfus Kaydındaki Din Hanesinin Değiştirilmesi/Silinmesi | Ateizm Derneği Resmi Sitesi". www.ateizmdernegi.org.tr (in Turkish). 10 May 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  15. ^ "nüfus cüzdanındaki din hanesini sildirmek". ekşi sözlük (in Turkish). Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Atheists raising their voice in Turkey amid polarized reactions". Daily News. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  17. ^ "Uneasy neighbors in Turkey: atheism and Islam". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  18. ^ "Turkey's Atheists Face Hostilities, Death Threats". VOA. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  19. ^ "Atheists, the "Ultimate Other" in Turkey | Inter Press Service". Ipsnews.net. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  20. ^ Semih Idiz (22 April 2014). "Turkey's atheists get organized - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  21. ^ "TÜRKİYE'DE TOPLUMUN DİNE VE DİNİ DEĞERLERE BAKIŞI" (PDF). www.makdanismanlik.org. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  22. ^ "Optimar'dan din-inanç anketi: Yüzde 89 Allah'ın varlığına ve birliğine inanıyor". T24.com.tr. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  23. ^ "Mak Danişmanlik Gençli̇k Araştirmasi". 2 September 2020.
  24. ^ "Araştırma: Gençlerin yüzde 77'si torpilin yetenekten daha etkili olduğuna inanıyor". 2 September 2020.
  25. ^ "Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici SÖZCÜ'ye açıkladı: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde". www.sozcu.com.tr.
  26. ^ "Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde". www.gercekgundem.com.
  27. ^ Akyol, Mustafa (16 April 2018). "Why so many Turks are losing faith in Islam". Al-Monitor. Washington, D.C. from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  28. ^ a b ÖZKÖK, Ertuğrul. "Türkiye artık yüzde 99'u müslüman olan ülke değil". www.hurriyet.com.tr.
  29. ^ "Faith survey from Optimar: 89% of population believes monotheism" (in Turkish). T24.com.tr. 15 May 2019.
  30. ^ . odatv.com (in Turkish). OdaTV. 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  31. ^ "Rapor. Bir eşitlik arayışı: Türkiye'de azınlıklar" (PDF). Minority Rights Group (in Turkish). September 2007.
  32. ^ "KONDA Toplumsal Değişim Raporu: Türkiye'de inançsızlık yükselişte". euronews (in Turkish). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  33. ^ "Hayat Tarzı - 10 Yılda Ne Değişti?". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  34. ^ "Hayat Tarzı - 10 Yılda Gençlerde Ne Değişti?". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  35. ^ "Gezici Araştırma: Türkiye'nin geleceği Z kuşağının elinde". sozcu.com.tr.
  36. ^ "TR100". interaktif.konda.com.tr. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  37. ^ "The first Atheist Association in Turkey is founded". turkishatheist.net. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  38. ^ . Ahval. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  39. ^ ...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said: "I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..." The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011, ISBN 0739167936, p. 146.
  40. ^ Phil Zuckerman, John R. Shook, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 0199988455, p. 167.
  41. ^ Tariq Ramadan, Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 0199933731, p. 76.
  42. ^ . 22 July 2017. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017.

May 02, 2024
irreligion, turkey, article, lead, section, need, rewritten, please, help, improve, lead, read, lead, layout, guide, april, 2021, learn, when, remove, this, message, refers, extent, lack, rejection, indifference, towards, religion, republic, turkey, based, sur. The article s lead section may need to be rewritten Please help improve the lead and read the lead layout guide April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message Irreligion in Turkey refers to the extent of the lack rejection of or indifference towards religion in the Republic of Turkey Based on surveys Islam is the predominant religion 3 and irreligious people form a minority in Turkey Precise estimates of the share of Deists atheists agnostics and other unaffiliated people in the population vary though in the survey averages they make up more percentages than Christians and Jews in the country 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The religious beliefs of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk the founding father of the Republic of Turkey have been a source of controversy some sources assert that he was irreligious 1 2 One study in Turkey reported that 95 believe in God while 74 identify as religious 10 11 Another study conducted by the French company Ipsos which interviewed 17 180 adults across 22 countries stated that atheists accounted for 7 of those who were interviewed from Turkey while agnostics accounted for 3 12 Contents 1 Overview 2 Statistics 3 Irreligious organizations in Turkey 4 List of famous irreligious Turks 5 See also 6 ReferencesOverview editIt is difficult to quantify the number of Deists atheists and agnostics in Turkey as they are not officially counted in the national census unlike Christians Jews and other religious groups But religious information on both online and physical identity cards can either be blanked out or changed on the wish of the ID holder by requesting with either a visit to the local municipal office or by an e signature in the official government website or app 13 14 15 Since irreligiousness is not counted as religion atheism agnosticism and such are left as blanked out Data also suggests that 85 of all irreligious people in Turkey are younger than 35 16 There is a stigma attached to being an atheist in Turkey and thus a lot of the Turkish atheist community rather than forming individual groups teams organizations and communities in real life actively communicate with each other actively via internet forms and channels across many sites But specially today such beliefs being expressed freely or discussed in the public is not uncommon at all and rather quite common 17 18 19 20 According to a poll made by MAK Mehmet Ali Kulat of Ankara in 2017 86 of the Turkish population declared they believe in God 76 declared they believe Quran and other holy books came through revelation by God while 14 said that they don t believe that it did and 10 did not answer 21 According to a survey by the pollster KONDA the percentage of atheists in Turkey has tripled in 10 years and rose from 1 in 2008 to 3 in 2018 while the percentage of non believers passed from 1 to 2 Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old these figures rise to respectively 4 and 4 citation needed According to another poll made in 2019 by OPTIMAR which interviewed 3 500 people 89 5 of those interviewed declared they believe in Islam while 4 5 identified as Deists 2 7 identified as agnostics and 1 6 as atheists 22 A survey conducted by MAK in 2020 found that among the Turkish people interviewed more than 8 000 young adults between the ages of 18 and 29 82 8 of the Turkish young adults identified as a person who has religious beliefs while 7 7 reported they have no belief 9 5 gave no reply and 72 7 believed in the afterlife while 11 7 did not believe in it and 15 6 gave no reply 23 24 Another poll conducted by Gezici Arastirma in 2020 interviewed 1 062 people in 12 provinces and found that 28 5 of the Generation Z in Turkey identify as irreligious 25 26 An early April 2018 report of the Turkish Ministry of Education titled The Youth is Sliding towards Deism observed that an increasing number of pupils in Imam Hatip schools was repudiating Islam in favour of Deism irreligious belief in a creator God 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The report s publication generated large scale controversy in the Turkish press and society at large as well as amongst conservative Islamic sects Muslim clerics and Islamist parties in Turkey 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The progressive Muslim theologian Mustafa Ozturk noted the Deistic trend among Turkish people a year earlier arguing that the very archaic dogmatic notion of religion held by the majority of those claiming to represent Islam was causing the new generations to get indifferent even distant to the Islamic worldview Despite lacking reliable statistical data numerous anecdotes and independent surveys appear to point in this direction 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Although some commentators claim that the secularization of Turkey is merely a result of Western influence or even an alleged conspiracy other commentators even some pro government ones have instead claimed that the real reason for the loss of faith in Islam is not the West but Turkey itself 27 Statistics editReligion in Turkey Optimar survey 2019 28 29 30 31 Islam 89 5 Irreligion Deism 4 5 Irreligion Agnosticism 2 7 Irreligion Atheism 1 7 Other Religions Christianity Bahaʼi Faith Judaism Tengrism Yazidism 0 5 Unanswered 1 1 Religiosity among Turks KONDA survey 2018 Fully devout 10 Religious 51 Not religious 34 Non believer 2 Atheist 3 Belief in God and religious organizations among Turks OPTIMAR Survey 2019 28 89 5 responded I believe in God s existence and oneness Believer 4 5 responded I think there is a creator but I don t believe in religions Deist 2 7 responded I m not sure if there is a creator Agnostic 1 7 responded I don t think there is a creator Atheist 1 7 responded no answer Religiosity of Turkish people KONDA 2018 32 33 51 defined themselves as a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations Religious 34 defined themselves as a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations Not religious 10 defined themselves as a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations Fully devout 2 defined themselves as someone who does not believe in religious obligations Non believer 3 defined themselves as someone with no religious conviction Atheist Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old 34 43 defined themselves as a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations Religious 45 defined themselves as a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations Not religious 5 defined themselves as a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations Fully devout 4 defined themselves as someone who does not believe in religious obligations Non believer 4 defined themselves as someone with no religious conviction Atheist Among those aged between 15 and 20 old 35 55 8 defined themselves as a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations Not religious 28 5 defined themselves as Irreligious Non believer 15 7 defined themselves as a religious person who fulfills religious obligations such as fasting and praying Religious Data from various surveys Source Islam No religion Christianity Other religions and no reply KONDA 2021 36 rounded figures 94 5 0 2 0 8 Gezici 2020 Generation Z only 71 5 28 5 N A N A Optimar 2019 89 8 9 0 3 1 1 World Values Survey 2017 98 0 1 2 N A 0 8 MAK 2017 86 12 5 0 5 1 Ipsos 2016 82 13 2 3 Pew Research Center 2016 98 1 2 0 4 0 4 KONDA 2008 97 2 0 2 0 8 Sabanci University 2006 98 3 1 5 0 2 N A Government official numbers 99 8 N A 0 2 N AIrreligious organizations in Turkey editAssociation of Atheism Ateizm Dernegi the first official atheist organization based in the Middle East and Caucasus was founded in 2014 37 In 2018 it was reported in some media outlets that the Ateizm Dernegi would close down because of the pressure on its members and attacks by pro government media but the association itself issued a clarification that this was not the case and that it was still active 38 List of famous irreligious Turks editAdalet Agaoglu Ahmet Altan Cetin Altan Mustafa Kemal Ataturk disputed 39 40 41 42 Ridvan Aydemir Ulus Baker Bahadir Baruter Pelin Batu Bedri Baykam Murat Belge Halil Berktay Behice Boran Abdullah Cevdet Sinan Cetin Muazzez Ilmiye Cig Dilsa Demirbag Sten Turan Dursun Sureyyya Evren Tevfik Fikret Deniz Gezmis Osman Necmi Gurmen Nazim Hikmet Ilhan Irem Jahrein Sagopa Kajmer Dursun Karatas Ibrahim Kaypakkaya Fikret Kizilok Lale Mansur Aziz Nesin Sevan Nisanyan Ayse Onal Ahmet Riza Ilyas Salman Fazil Say Ruhi Su Barbaros Sansal Celal Sengor Ahmet Sik Arzu Toker Ugur Uluocak Mina Urgan Cenk Uygur Serra Yilmaz Can YucelSee also editAbolition of the Caliphate Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate Ataturk s nationalism Christianity in Turkey Demographics of Turkey Freedom of religion in Turkey Islam in Turkey Kemalism Religion in Turkey Secularism in Turkey TurkificationReferences edit Mustafa Kemal Ataturk founder of the secular Turkish Republic He said I have no religion and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea The Antipodean Philosopher Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand Graham Oppy Lexington Books 2011 ISBN 0739167936 p 146 Phil Zuckerman John R Shook The Oxford Handbook of Secularism Oxford University Press 2017 ISBN 0199988455 p 167 a b c d e Girit Selin 10 May 2018 Losing their religion The young Turks rejecting Islam BBC News London Archived from the original on 6 December 2021 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b c d McKernan Bethan 29 April 2020 Turkish students increasingly resisting religion study suggests The Guardian London ISSN 1756 3224 OCLC 60623878 Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b c d Sarfati Yusuf 15 April 2019 State Monopolization of Religion and Declining Piety in Turkey Berkley Forum Washington D C Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs Georgetown University Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b c d Bekdil Burak 20 May 2021 Turks May Be Rediscovering the Merits of the Secular Paradigm BESA Center Perspectives Tel Aviv Begin Sadat Center for Strategic Studies Bar Ilan University Archived from the original on 18 July 2021 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b c d Akyol Mustafa 12 June 2020 How Islamists are Ruining Islam Current Trends in Islamist Ideology Washington D C Hudson Institute Archived from the original on 25 December 2021 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b c d Bilici Mucahit Fall 2018 The Crisis of Religiosity in Turkish Islamism Middle East Report No 288 Tacoma Washington MERIP pp 43 45 ISSN 0899 2851 JSTOR 45198325 OCLC 615545050 Archived from the original on 13 October 2021 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b c d Kulsoy Ahmet 6 May 2018 What is pushing half of Turkey towards Deism Ahval News Cyprus Archived from the original on 9 November 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2022 Religious Trends Archived from the original on 5 September 2017 Research 65 percent of Turkey believes in god 54 percent is religious In Turkish Diken com tr 6 May 2017 Fazil Say and Turkey s war on atheism The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 Retrieved 12 November 2015 Nufus Kaydindaki Din Bilgisi Degisikligi Basvurusu www turkiye gov tr in Turkish Retrieved 5 July 2022 Nufus Kaydindaki Din Hanesinin Degistirilmesi Silinmesi Ateizm Dernegi Resmi Sitesi www ateizmdernegi org tr in Turkish 10 May 2020 Retrieved 5 July 2022 nufus cuzdanindaki din hanesini sildirmek eksi sozluk in Turkish Retrieved 5 July 2022 Atheists raising their voice in Turkey amid polarized reactions Daily News Retrieved 12 November 2015 Uneasy neighbors in Turkey atheism and Islam Deutsche Welle Retrieved 12 November 2015 Turkey s Atheists Face Hostilities Death Threats VOA Retrieved 12 November 2015 Atheists the Ultimate Other in Turkey Inter Press Service Ipsnews net 24 June 2014 Retrieved 12 November 2015 Semih Idiz 22 April 2014 Turkey s atheists get organized Al Monitor the Pulse of the Middle East Al Monitor Retrieved 12 November 2015 TURKIYE DE TOPLUMUN DINE VE DINI DEGERLERE BAKISI PDF www makdanismanlik org Retrieved 4 April 2020 Optimar dan din inanc anketi Yuzde 89 Allah in varligina ve birligine inaniyor T24 com tr Retrieved 4 April 2020 Mak Danismanlik Gencli k Arastirmasi 2 September 2020 Arastirma Genclerin yuzde 77 si torpilin yetenekten daha etkili olduguna inaniyor 2 September 2020 Gezici Arastirma Merkezi Baskani Murat Gezici SOZCU ye acikladi Turkiye nin kaderi Z kusaginin elinde www sozcu com tr Gezici Arastirma Merkezi Baskani Murat Gezici Turkiye nin kaderi Z kusaginin elinde www gercekgundem com Akyol Mustafa 16 April 2018 Why so many Turks are losing faith in Islam Al Monitor Washington D C Archived from the original on 15 August 2021 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b OZKOK Ertugrul Turkiye artik yuzde 99 u musluman olan ulke degil www hurriyet com tr Faith survey from Optimar 89 of population believes monotheism in Turkish T24 com tr 15 May 2019 Tengrism is also rising odatv com in Turkish OdaTV 9 April 2018 Archived from the original on 15 August 2019 Retrieved 15 August 2019 Rapor Bir esitlik arayisi Turkiye de azinliklar PDF Minority Rights Group in Turkish September 2007 KONDA Toplumsal Degisim Raporu Turkiye de inancsizlik yukseliste euronews in Turkish 3 January 2019 Retrieved 4 August 2020 Hayat Tarzi 10 Yilda Ne Degisti interaktif konda com tr Retrieved 4 August 2020 Hayat Tarzi 10 Yilda Genclerde Ne Degisti interaktif konda com tr Retrieved 4 August 2020 Gezici Arastirma Turkiye nin gelecegi Z kusaginin elinde sozcu com tr TR100 interaktif konda com tr Retrieved 14 August 2022 The first Atheist Association in Turkey is founded turkishatheist net Retrieved 2 April 2017 Turkey s Atheism Association threatened by hostility and lack of interest Ahval Ahval Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 Retrieved 21 October 2018 Mustafa Kemal Ataturk founder of the secular Turkish Republic He said I have no religion and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea The Antipodean Philosopher Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand Graham Oppy Lexington Books 2011 ISBN 0739167936 p 146 Phil Zuckerman John R Shook The Oxford Handbook of Secularism Oxford University Press 2017 ISBN 0199988455 p 167 Tariq Ramadan Islam and the Arab Awakening Oxford University Press 2012 ISBN 0199933731 p 76 Ataturk Islam icin ne dusunuyordu Turkiye Haberleri Radikal 22 July 2017 Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Irreligion in Turkey amp oldid 1216369723, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.