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Artemidorus Ephesius

March 11, 2023

For other uses, see Artemidoros (disambiguation).

Artemidorus of Ephesus (Greek: Ἀρτεμίδωρος ὁ Ἐφέσιος; Latin: Artemidorus Ephesius) was a Greek geographer, who flourished around 100 BC. His work in eleven books is often quoted by Strabo. What is thought to be a possible fragment of his work is considered by some scholars to be a forgery.

Artemidorus of Ephesus
Artemidorus papyrus
Bornfl. 100 BC
Ephesus
(modern-day Selçuk, İzmir, Turkey)
Scientific career
FieldsGeography
InfluencedStrabo

Biography

Artemidorus of Ephesus wrote around 100 BC a geographical treatise presumably composed of eleven books, as such the longest work on the topic to date. The work is now mostly known though citations from Strabo (early 1st c. AD) and Pliny (1st c. AD), supplemented by Stephanus of Byzantium (6th c. AD). Artemidorus seems to have seen in opposition to Eratosthenes, possibly attempting to update the work of the earlier scholar by providing much greater detail.[1]

The Artemidorus papyrus

In 1998, the discovery of a papyrus thought to contain book 2 of Artemidorus' Geography was announced; the editio princeps was published in 2008.[2] It is known as the Artemidorus papyrus; it also contains the first map of the Iberian peninsula, and many illustrations.[3]

This 10-foot (3.0 m) long papyrus roll was presumed to have been written in the first century BC, maybe in Alexandria. It was believed that the copyist left spaces for illustrations of maps, for it to be sent to a painter's workshop to have them inserted. However, the painter designed only a partial map, which appears to be what the author believed was the shape of the southwestern Iberian peninsula.

The map is incomplete and has no names, and is perhaps the wrong map for the space in the papyrus. This ruined the roll. Instead the blank spaces were used as scrap papyrus for rough drafts, and to keep a catalog of drawings for clients. The drawings include pictures of real animals, such as giraffes, tigers and pelicans, as well as mythical ones, such as the griffin, marine snake, or a dog with wings. In addition, pictures of heads, feet and hands were drawn until there were no blank spaces.

The papyrus was then presumably sold as scrap paper. It was found in the early 1900s in the form of cartonnage (Konvolut), as a filling for some kind of cavity. The cartonnage was sold to an Egyptian collector in whose hands it remained for fifty years. It then travelled around Europe, before being bought by a German collector who opened it and discovered the remains of the papyrus roll. It has holes in it, but because it got damp at some stage, even when there are holes, the drawings on those parts of the papyrus have been mirrored on the facing part of the roll.

The papyrus – which was bought by a foundation for $3,369,850 – is now owned by Turin's Banco di San Paolo.

A 2007 study by Canfora[4] asserts that the text of the papyrus cannot be by Artemidorus as it contains words not available except in Byzantine Greek, and that the papyrus may be a forgery, perhaps by Constantine Simonides. Richard Janko, in Classical Review 59.2 (2009) pp. 403–410 has offered additional arguments on linguistic, palaeographical, and artistic grounds favoring the case for a forgery by Simonides. Many other established philologists have presented a large amount of evidence and arguments against Canfora’s hypothesis and, in general, in favour of the antiquity of the text: for example Giambattista D'Alessio,[5] Jürgen Hammerstaedt,[6] Peter Parsons.[7] Since the text of the papyrus contains pieces of information that were unknown before the 20th century, "the identification of this papyrus as a forgery by Constantine Simonides involves a great deal of altogether fantastic ad hoc hypothetical constructions that, far from providing a more economical explanation of the evidence, force their advocates into more and more implausible fictions".[8] D'Alessio concludes that "hypothetical forger(s), moreover, should have been endowed with such a range of scholarly, scientific competences and practical skills as to make this hypothesis far less economical than the most obvious dating of the writing of the text to the same period of the papyrus itself, i.e., roughly, between the late 1st century BCE and the late 1st century CE".[9]

On 20 July 2016, following a report submitted by Luciano Canfora on 28 October 2013, the Turin Public Prosecutor's Office initiated preliminary investigations into the allegation of fraud. On 29 November 2018, the Turin Public Prosecutor's Office requested the dismissal of criminal charges against the antique dealer Serop Simonian who sold the papyrus in 2004.[10][11] Solely on the basis of circumstantial evidence —page 33 of the investigative report (in Italian): "quanto meno sulla base di elementi indiziari gravi, precisi e concordanti"— the Prosecutor concluded that the papyrus is a forgery of the 19th century and that Simonian's fraud of 2004 cannot be prosecuted due to the lapse of the prescriptive period, although the Prosecutor's report does not state the antique dealer was aware of the alleged forgery.[10] The investigation was carried out without new scientific tests on the papyrus and without seeking the advice of any other experts in ancient history, archaeology and philology apart from Canfora.[12]

On 16 June 2019, the results of yet unpublished spectroscopic analyses were announced by the Italian TV program Report, which stated the presence of hexagonal diamond in the ink of the Artemidorus papyrus.[13][14] Journalist Giulia Presutti and restorer Cecilia Hausmann claimed that "the hexagonal diamond is an element [sic] that is found in nature only in meteoric rock in Sri Lanka or Canada", "consequently, not in Egypt" and "it is an industrial product that appeared more or less in the 19th century". Although presented by classicist Federico Condello[15] as the ultimate evidence of falsity of the papyrus, these claims are unfounded. Hexagonal diamond, another name for lonsdaleite, was first identified in 1967 in samples from Meteor Crater (Arizona).[16][17] Since then, it has been found in other places where Meteorites struck the Earth, notably in Germany,[18] Russia,[19] Egypt.[20] The technology to artificially produce lonsdaleite —more difficult to produce than Synthetic diamonds— was tested in the second half of the 20th century and in the 21st century.[21][22][23]

Notes

  1. ^ Roller 2016, pp. 256–257.
  2. ^ D'Alessio, Giambattista. "On the 'Artemidorus' Papyrus". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 2009.
  3. ^ Cf. C. Gallazzi, B. Kramer, S. Settis, Il papiro di Artemidoro, con la collaborazione di G. Adornato, A.C. Cassio, A. Soldati. Milano, Led edizioni, 2008, ISBN 978-88-7916-380-4
  4. ^ Luciano Canfora, The True History of the So-called Artemidorus Papyrus. Bari, Pagina, 2007.
  5. ^ D'Alessio, Giambattista (2009). "On the "Artemidorus" Papyrus". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 171 (2009): 27–43. JSTOR 20756743.
  6. ^ Hammerstaedt, Jürgen. "Come fa a essere un papiro falsato?" (PDF). Atti Acc. Rov. Agiati. 259 (2009), ser. VIII, vol. IX, A, fasc. II, 2.
  7. ^ Parsons, Peter, "P. Artemid.: A Papyrologist's View", in: Kai Brodersen and Jaś Elsner (Edd.), Images and Texts on the "Artemidorus Papyrus". Working Papers on P. Artemid. (St. John's College Oxford, 2008), Historia. Einzelschriften 214, Stuttgart 2009, pp. 27–33
  8. ^ D'Alessio, Giambattista (2009). "On the "Artemidorus" Papyrus". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 171 (2009): 33. JSTOR 20756743.
  9. ^ .D'Alessio, Giambattista (2009). "On the "Artemidorus" Papyrus". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 171 (2009): 34. JSTOR 20756743.
  10. ^ a b "Il papiro di Artemidoro". Altalex (in Italian). 6 December 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Giusteti, Ottavia (10 December 2018). "Il Papiro di Artemidoro è un falso. Venne pagato quasi tre milioni di euro". La Repubblica (in Italian). Divisione Stampa Nazionale. GEDI Gruppo Editoriale S.p.A. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  12. ^ "Papiro di Artemidoro, dichiarato falso ignorando la comunità scientifica. Spataro ha sentito solo il parere di Canfora". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Report – S2018/19 – L'Intesa sul papiro – 16/06/2019 – Video". RaiPlay (in Italian). from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  14. ^ Official transcript from the RAI website: [1].
  15. ^ F. Condello. "Il test conferma: il papiro non è di Artemidoro". rep.repubblica.it. from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  16. ^ Hanneman, R. E.; Strong, H. M.; Bundy, F. P. (24 February 1967). "Hexagonal Diamonds in Meteorites: Implications". Science. 155 (3765): 995–997. doi:10.1126/science.155.3765.995. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17830485. S2CID 31626060.
  17. ^ Frondel, C.; U.B. Marvin (1967). "Lonsdaleite, a Hexagonal Polymorph of Diamond". Nature. 214 (5088): 587–589. Bibcode:1967Natur.214..587F. doi:10.1038/214587a0. S2CID 4184812.
  18. ^ "Handbook of Mineralogy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2012.
  19. ^ Baek, Woohyeon; Gromilov, Sergey A.; Kuklin, Artem V.; Kovaleva, Evgenia A.; Fedorov, Alexandr S.; Sukhikh, Alexander S.; Hanfland, Michael; Pomogaev, Vladimir A.; Melchakova, Iuliia A.; Avramov, Paul V.; Yusenko, Kirill V. (13 March 2019). "Unique Nanomechanical Properties of Diamond–Lonsdaleite Biphases: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Consideration of Popigai Impact Diamonds". Nano Letters. 19 (3): 1570–1576. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04421. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 30735045. S2CID 73443676.
  20. ^ Avice, Guillaume; Meier, Matthias M. M.; Marty, Bernard; Wieler, Rainer; Kramers, Jan D.; Langenhorst, Falko; Cartigny, Pierre; Maden, Colin; Zimmermann, Laurent; Andreoli, Marco A. G. (15 December 2015). "A comprehensive study of noble gases and nitrogen in "Hypatia", a diamond-rich pebble from SW Egypt". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 432: 243–253. arXiv:1510.06594. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.013. ISSN 0012-821X. S2CID 56076460.
  21. ^ Bundy, F. P.; Kasper, J. S. (1967). "Hexagonal Diamond—A New Form of Carbon". Journal of Chemical Physics. 46 (9): 3437–3446. Bibcode:1967JChPh..46.3437B. doi:10.1063/1.1841236. ISSN 0021-9606.
  22. ^ He, Hongliang; Sekine, T.; Kobayashi, T. (16 July 2002). "Direct transformation of cubic diamond to hexagonal diamond". Applied Physics Letters. 81 (4): 610–612. doi:10.1063/1.1495078. ISSN 0003-6951.
  23. ^ Bhargava, Sanjay; Bist, H. D.; Sahli, S.; Aslam, M.; Tripathi, H. B. (18 September 1995). "Diamond polytypes in the chemical vapor deposited diamond films". Applied Physics Letters. 67 (12): 1706–1708. doi:10.1063/1.115023. ISSN 0003-6951.
Bibliography
  • Roller, Duane W. (2016). "Geography". In Irby, Georgia L. (ed.). A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome. Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118373057. ISBN 978-1-118-37267-8.

Further reading

  • Il Papiro di Artemidoro (P. Artemid.) - Gallazzi C.-Kramer B.-Settis S. edd., LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2008, ISBN 978-88-7916-380-4
  • Artemidorus Ephesius. P. Artemid. sive Artemidorus personatus – Canfora L. ed., Ekdosis, Edizioni di Pagina, Bari, 2009, ISBN 978-88-7470-089-9

External links

  • Feature article on the critical edition of the papyrus (in German) (Part 1)] and (Part 2)]
  • Article on papyrus
  • Artemidorus papirus (in Spanish)
  • (in Spanish)
  • The oldest map of Spain(El mapa más antiguo de España) (in Spanish)
  • Kai Brodersen, Jas Elsner, Images and Texts on the "Artemidorus Papyrus": Working Papers on P.Artemid. (St. John's College Oxford, 2008). Historia. Einzelschriften 214. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009. 171.

March 11, 2023
artemidorus, ephesius, other, uses, artemidoros, disambiguation, artemidorus, ephesus, greek, Ἀρτεμίδωρος, Ἐφέσιος, latin, greek, geographer, flourished, around, work, eleven, books, often, quoted, strabo, what, thought, possible, fragment, work, considered, s. For other uses see Artemidoros disambiguation Artemidorus of Ephesus Greek Ἀrtemidwros ὁ Ἐfesios Latin Artemidorus Ephesius was a Greek geographer who flourished around 100 BC His work in eleven books is often quoted by Strabo What is thought to be a possible fragment of his work is considered by some scholars to be a forgery Artemidorus of EphesusArtemidorus papyrusBornfl 100 BC Ephesus modern day Selcuk Izmir Turkey Scientific careerFieldsGeographyInfluencedStrabo Contents 1 Biography 2 The Artemidorus papyrus 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External linksBiography EditArtemidorus of Ephesus wrote around 100 BC a geographical treatise presumably composed of eleven books as such the longest work on the topic to date The work is now mostly known though citations from Strabo early 1st c AD and Pliny 1st c AD supplemented by Stephanus of Byzantium 6th c AD Artemidorus seems to have seen in opposition to Eratosthenes possibly attempting to update the work of the earlier scholar by providing much greater detail 1 The Artemidorus papyrus EditIn 1998 the discovery of a papyrus thought to contain book 2 of Artemidorus Geography was announced the editio princeps was published in 2008 2 It is known as the Artemidorus papyrus it also contains the first map of the Iberian peninsula and many illustrations 3 This 10 foot 3 0 m long papyrus roll was presumed to have been written in the first century BC maybe in Alexandria It was believed that the copyist left spaces for illustrations of maps for it to be sent to a painter s workshop to have them inserted However the painter designed only a partial map which appears to be what the author believed was the shape of the southwestern Iberian peninsula The map is incomplete and has no names and is perhaps the wrong map for the space in the papyrus This ruined the roll Instead the blank spaces were used as scrap papyrus for rough drafts and to keep a catalog of drawings for clients The drawings include pictures of real animals such as giraffes tigers and pelicans as well as mythical ones such as the griffin marine snake or a dog with wings In addition pictures of heads feet and hands were drawn until there were no blank spaces The papyrus was then presumably sold as scrap paper It was found in the early 1900s in the form of cartonnage Konvolut as a filling for some kind of cavity The cartonnage was sold to an Egyptian collector in whose hands it remained for fifty years It then travelled around Europe before being bought by a German collector who opened it and discovered the remains of the papyrus roll It has holes in it but because it got damp at some stage even when there are holes the drawings on those parts of the papyrus have been mirrored on the facing part of the roll The papyrus which was bought by a foundation for 3 369 850 is now owned by Turin s Banco di San Paolo A 2007 study by Canfora 4 asserts that the text of the papyrus cannot be by Artemidorus as it contains words not available except in Byzantine Greek and that the papyrus may be a forgery perhaps by Constantine Simonides Richard Janko in Classical Review 59 2 2009 pp 403 410 has offered additional arguments on linguistic palaeographical and artistic grounds favoring the case for a forgery by Simonides Many other established philologists have presented a large amount of evidence and arguments against Canfora s hypothesis and in general in favour of the antiquity of the text for example Giambattista D Alessio 5 Jurgen Hammerstaedt 6 Peter Parsons 7 Since the text of the papyrus contains pieces of information that were unknown before the 20th century the identification of this papyrus as a forgery by Constantine Simonides involves a great deal of altogether fantastic ad hoc hypothetical constructions that far from providing a more economical explanation of the evidence force their advocates into more and more implausible fictions 8 D Alessio concludes that hypothetical forger s moreover should have been endowed with such a range of scholarly scientific competences and practical skills as to make this hypothesis far less economical than the most obvious dating of the writing of the text to the same period of the papyrus itself i e roughly between the late 1st century BCE and the late 1st century CE 9 On 20 July 2016 following a report submitted by Luciano Canfora on 28 October 2013 the Turin Public Prosecutor s Office initiated preliminary investigations into the allegation of fraud On 29 November 2018 the Turin Public Prosecutor s Office requested the dismissal of criminal charges against the antique dealer Serop Simonian who sold the papyrus in 2004 10 11 Solely on the basis of circumstantial evidence page 33 of the investigative report in Italian quanto meno sulla base di elementi indiziari gravi precisi e concordanti the Prosecutor concluded that the papyrus is a forgery of the 19th century and that Simonian s fraud of 2004 cannot be prosecuted due to the lapse of the prescriptive period although the Prosecutor s report does not state the antique dealer was aware of the alleged forgery 10 The investigation was carried out without new scientific tests on the papyrus and without seeking the advice of any other experts in ancient history archaeology and philology apart from Canfora 12 On 16 June 2019 the results of yet unpublished spectroscopic analyses were announced by the Italian TV program Report which stated the presence of hexagonal diamond in the ink of the Artemidorus papyrus 13 14 Journalist Giulia Presutti and restorer Cecilia Hausmann claimed that the hexagonal diamond is an element sic that is found in nature only in meteoric rock in Sri Lanka or Canada consequently not in Egypt and it is an industrial product that appeared more or less in the 19th century Although presented by classicist Federico Condello 15 as the ultimate evidence of falsity of the papyrus these claims are unfounded Hexagonal diamond another name for lonsdaleite was first identified in 1967 in samples from Meteor Crater Arizona 16 17 Since then it has been found in other places where Meteorites struck the Earth notably in Germany 18 Russia 19 Egypt 20 The technology to artificially produce lonsdaleite more difficult to produce than Synthetic diamonds was tested in the second half of the 20th century and in the 21st century 21 22 23 Notes Edit Roller 2016 pp 256 257 D Alessio Giambattista On the Artemidorus Papyrus Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 2009 Cf C Gallazzi B Kramer S Settis Il papiro di Artemidoro con la collaborazione di G Adornato A C Cassio A Soldati Milano Led edizioni 2008 ISBN 978 88 7916 380 4 Luciano Canfora The True History of the So called Artemidorus Papyrus Bari Pagina 2007 D Alessio Giambattista 2009 On the Artemidorus Papyrus Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 171 2009 27 43 JSTOR 20756743 Hammerstaedt Jurgen Come fa a essere un papiro falsato PDF Atti Acc Rov Agiati 259 2009 ser VIII vol IX A fasc II 2 Parsons Peter P Artemid A Papyrologist s View in Kai Brodersen and Jas Elsner Edd Images and Texts on the Artemidorus Papyrus Working Papers on P Artemid St John s College Oxford 2008 Historia Einzelschriften 214 Stuttgart 2009 pp 27 33 D Alessio Giambattista 2009 On the Artemidorus Papyrus Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 171 2009 33 JSTOR 20756743 D Alessio Giambattista 2009 On the Artemidorus Papyrus Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 171 2009 34 JSTOR 20756743 a b Il papiro di Artemidoro Altalex in Italian 6 December 2019 Retrieved 21 July 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Giusteti Ottavia 10 December 2018 Il Papiro di Artemidoro e un falso Venne pagato quasi tre milioni di euro La Repubblica in Italian Divisione Stampa Nazionale GEDI Gruppo Editoriale S p A Retrieved 10 December 2018 Papiro di Artemidoro dichiarato falso ignorando la comunita scientifica Spataro ha sentito solo il parere di Canfora Il Fatto Quotidiano in Italian Archived from the original on 3 April 2019 Retrieved 21 July 2020 Report S2018 19 L Intesa sul papiro 16 06 2019 Video RaiPlay in Italian Archived from the original on 5 July 2020 Retrieved 21 July 2020 Official transcript from the RAI website 1 F Condello Il test conferma il papiro non e di Artemidoro rep repubblica it Archived from the original on 10 July 2020 Retrieved 21 July 2020 Hanneman R E Strong H M Bundy F P 24 February 1967 Hexagonal Diamonds in Meteorites Implications Science 155 3765 995 997 doi 10 1126 science 155 3765 995 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 17830485 S2CID 31626060 Frondel C U B Marvin 1967 Lonsdaleite a Hexagonal Polymorph of Diamond Nature 214 5088 587 589 Bibcode 1967Natur 214 587F doi 10 1038 214587a0 S2CID 4184812 Handbook of Mineralogy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 1 August 2012 Baek Woohyeon Gromilov Sergey A Kuklin Artem V Kovaleva Evgenia A Fedorov Alexandr S Sukhikh Alexander S Hanfland Michael Pomogaev Vladimir A Melchakova Iuliia A Avramov Paul V Yusenko Kirill V 13 March 2019 Unique Nanomechanical Properties of Diamond Lonsdaleite Biphases Combined Experimental and Theoretical Consideration of Popigai Impact Diamonds Nano Letters 19 3 1570 1576 doi 10 1021 acs nanolett 8b04421 ISSN 1530 6984 PMID 30735045 S2CID 73443676 Avice Guillaume Meier Matthias M M Marty Bernard Wieler Rainer Kramers Jan D Langenhorst Falko Cartigny Pierre Maden Colin Zimmermann Laurent Andreoli Marco A G 15 December 2015 A comprehensive study of noble gases and nitrogen in Hypatia a diamond rich pebble from SW Egypt Earth and Planetary Science Letters 432 243 253 arXiv 1510 06594 doi 10 1016 j epsl 2015 10 013 ISSN 0012 821X S2CID 56076460 Bundy F P Kasper J S 1967 Hexagonal Diamond A New Form of Carbon Journal of Chemical Physics 46 9 3437 3446 Bibcode 1967JChPh 46 3437B doi 10 1063 1 1841236 ISSN 0021 9606 He Hongliang Sekine T Kobayashi T 16 July 2002 Direct transformation of cubic diamond to hexagonal diamond Applied Physics Letters 81 4 610 612 doi 10 1063 1 1495078 ISSN 0003 6951 Bhargava Sanjay Bist H D Sahli S Aslam M Tripathi H B 18 September 1995 Diamond polytypes in the chemical vapor deposited diamond films Applied Physics Letters 67 12 1706 1708 doi 10 1063 1 115023 ISSN 0003 6951 BibliographyRoller Duane W 2016 Geography In Irby Georgia L ed A Companion to Science Technology and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome Wiley Blackwell doi 10 1002 9781118373057 ISBN 978 1 118 37267 8 Further reading EditIl Papiro di Artemidoro P Artemid Gallazzi C Kramer B Settis S edd LED Edizioni Universitarie Milano 2008 ISBN 978 88 7916 380 4 Artemidorus Ephesius P Artemid sive Artemidorus personatus Canfora L ed Ekdosis Edizioni di Pagina Bari 2009 ISBN 978 88 7470 089 9External links EditFeature article on the critical edition of the papyrus in German 2 Part 1 and 3 Part 2 Article on papyrus Artemidorus papirus in Spanish The oldest occidental map shown in Turin in Spanish The oldest map of Spain El mapa mas antiguo de Espana in Spanish Kai Brodersen Jas Elsner Images and Texts on the Artemidorus Papyrus Working Papers on P Artemid St John s College Oxford 2008 Historia Einzelschriften 214 Stuttgart Franz Steiner Verlag 2009 171 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Artemidorus Ephesius amp oldid 1131223761, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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