Arrapha or Arrapkha (Akkadian: Arrapḫa; Arabic: أررابخا ,عرفة) was an ancient city in what today is northeastern Iraq, thought to be on the site of the modern city of Kirkuk.[1]
Arrapha and other cities of Mesopotamia in the second millennium BC
In 1948, Arrapha became the name of the residential area in Kirkuk which was built by the North Oil Company as a settlement for its workers.
The city was occupied around 2150 BC by the Gutians. Arrapha was the capital of the short-lived Guti kingdom (Gutium) before it was destroyed and the Gutians driven from Mesopotamia by the Neo-Sumerian Empire c. 2090 BC.[4][5]
Arrapha was an important trading center in the 18th century BC under Assyrian and Babylonian rule.[1] However, during the 15th and early 14th centuries BC, it was again a largely Hurrian city, the capital of the small Hurrian kingdom of Arrapha, situated along the southeastern edge of the area under Mitanni domination, until it was fully incorporated into Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC) after the Assyrians overthrew the Hurri-Mitanni empire.[1][6][7]
The city reached great prominence in the 11th and 10th centuries BC as a part of Assyria. In 615 BC, seeing the Assyrians occupied with the Babylonians and violent rebellions among themselves, the Median king Cyaxares successfully invaded Arrapha, which was one of the last strongholds of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.[8][9] The region later became part of the Persian ruled province of Athura (Achaemenid Assyria).
Between the mid 2nd century BC and mid 3rd century AD, during the Parthian Empire and early Sassanid Empire the site was mentioned in Syriac scripts of Christian priest as Beth Garmai, apart from a brief interregnum in the early 2nd century AD when it became a part of the Roman Province of Corduene.[11] The Sassanids conquered the patchwork of independent Assyrian states in the mid to late 3rd century AD, and Arrapha was incorporated into Sassanid-ruled Garmekan until the ArabIslamic conquest of the mid 7th century AD, when Assuristan was dissolved and Arrapha-Karka eventually became Kirkuk.
Arrapha has not been excavated yet, due to its location beneath modern Kirkuk.[1]
^ abcdefBryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of The People and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 67–68. ISBN978-1-134-15908-6. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^Martin Sicker. The Pre-Islamic Middle East, Page 68.
^I. E. S. Edwards, John Boardman, John B. Bury, S. A. Cook. The Cambridge Ancient History. p. 178–179.
^Joseph, John (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. Studies in Christian Mission. Vol. 26. Leiden: Brill. pp. 20–21. ISBN9789004116412. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
^Mohsen, Zakeri (1995). Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 135. ISBN978-3-447-03652-8.
SourcesEdit
Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen; Charlesworth, Martin Percival; Boardman, John (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol. 1, part 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521077910. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
arrapha, arrapkha, akkadian, arrapḫa, arabic, أررابخا, عرفة, ancient, city, what, today, northeastern, iraq, thought, site, modern, city, kirkuk, other, cities, mesopotamia, second, millennium, bcin, 1948, became, name, residential, area, kirkuk, which, built,. Arrapha or Arrapkha Akkadian Arrapḫa Arabic أررابخا عرفة was an ancient city in what today is northeastern Iraq thought to be on the site of the modern city of Kirkuk 1 Arrapha and other cities of Mesopotamia in the second millennium BCIn 1948 Arrapha became the name of the residential area in Kirkuk which was built by the North Oil Company as a settlement for its workers Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 SourcesHistory EditThe first written record of Arrapha is attested from the Neo Sumerian Empire c 22nd to 21st century BC 1 Ancient Arrapha was a part of Sargon of Akkad s Akkadian Empire 2335 2154 BC 2 and the city was exposed to the raids of the Lullubi during Naram Sin s reign 3 The city was occupied around 2150 BC by the Gutians Arrapha was the capital of the short lived Guti kingdom Gutium before it was destroyed and the Gutians driven from Mesopotamia by the Neo Sumerian Empire c 2090 BC 4 5 Arrapha was an important trading center in the 18th century BC under Assyrian and Babylonian rule 1 However during the 15th and early 14th centuries BC it was again a largely Hurrian city the capital of the small Hurrian kingdom of Arrapha situated along the southeastern edge of the area under Mitanni domination until it was fully incorporated into Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire 1365 1050 BC after the Assyrians overthrew the Hurri Mitanni empire 1 6 7 The city reached great prominence in the 11th and 10th centuries BC as a part of Assyria In 615 BC seeing the Assyrians occupied with the Babylonians and violent rebellions among themselves the Median king Cyaxares successfully invaded Arrapha which was one of the last strongholds of the Neo Assyrian Empire 8 9 The region later became part of the Persian ruled province of Athura Achaemenid Assyria Arrapha then fell to the Macedonian Empire where it became a part of Seleucid Syria in its succeeding Seleucid Empire Syria being an aphetic form of Assyria 10 Arrapha is mentioned as such until Hellenistic times at which point the settlement was refounded under the Syriac name Karka ܟܪܟܐ 1 Between the mid 2nd century BC and mid 3rd century AD during the Parthian Empire and early Sassanid Empire the site was mentioned in Syriac scripts of Christian priest as Beth Garmai apart from a brief interregnum in the early 2nd century AD when it became a part of the Roman Province of Corduene 11 The Sassanids conquered the patchwork of independent Assyrian states in the mid to late 3rd century AD and Arrapha was incorporated into Sassanid ruled Garmekan until the Arab Islamic conquest of the mid 7th century AD when Assuristan was dissolved and Arrapha Karka eventually became Kirkuk Arrapha has not been excavated yet due to its location beneath modern Kirkuk 1 See also Edit nbsp Asia portalCities of the ancient Near EastReferences Edit a b c d e f Bryce Trevor 2009 The Routledge Handbook of The People and Places of Ancient Western Asia The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire London and New York Routledge pp 67 68 ISBN 978 1 134 15908 6 Retrieved 27 October 2012 Edwards Charlesworth amp Boardman 1970 p 433 Edwards Charlesworth amp Boardman 1970 p 443 East William Gordon Spate Oskar Hermann Khristian 1961 The Changing Map of Asia A Political Geography p 105 Roux Georges 1992 Ancient Iraq ISBN 9780141938257 Kimmons Sergeant Sean Soldiers Help Preserve Archeological Sites M Chahin Before the Greeks p 77 Martin Sicker The Pre Islamic Middle East Page 68 I E S Edwards John Boardman John B Bury S A Cook The Cambridge Ancient History p 178 179 Joseph John 2000 The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions Archaeologists and Colonial Powers Studies in Christian Mission Vol 26 Leiden Brill pp 20 21 ISBN 9789004116412 Retrieved 7 May 2020 Mohsen Zakeri 1995 Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society The Origins of Ayyaran and Futuwwa Otto Harrassowitz Verlag p 135 ISBN 978 3 447 03652 8 Sources EditEdwards Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Charlesworth Martin Percival Boardman John 1970 The Cambridge Ancient History Vol 1 part 2 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521077910 Retrieved 3 January 2013 35 27 00 N 44 23 00 E 35 4500 N 44 3833 E 35 4500 44 3833 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arrapha amp oldid 1169145300, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
