Lullubi,Lulubi (Akkadian: 𒇻𒇻𒉈: Lu-lu-bi, Akkadian: 𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠: Lu-lu-biki "Country of the Lullubi"), more commonly known as Lullu,[1][2][3][4] were a group of tribes during the 3rd millennium BC, from a region known as Lulubum, now the Sharazor plain of the Zagros Mountains of modern Iran, Lullubi was neighbour and sometimes ally with the Simurrum kingdom.[5] Frayne (1990) identified their city Lulubuna or Luluban with the region's modern town of Halabja.
The language of the Lullubi is regarded as an unclassified language[6] because it is unattested. The term Lullubi though, appears to be of Hurrian origin.[7]
The early Sumerian legend "Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird", set in the reign of Enmerkar of Uruk, alludes to the "mountains of Lulubi" as being where the character of Lugalbanda encounters the gigantic Anzû bird while searching for the rest of Enmerkar's army en route to siege Aratta.
Relief of the Lulubian Tardunni, known as the Darband-i Belula, the Darband-i Hurin or Sheikhan relief, Kurdistan, Iraq
Lullubum appears in historical times as one of the lands Sargon the Great subjugated within his Akkadian Empire, along with the neighboring province of Gutium, which was probably of the same origin as the Lullubi. Sargon's grandson Naram Sin defeated the Lullubi and their king Satuni, and had his famous victory stele made in commemoration:
"Naram-Sin the powerful . . . . Sidur and Sutuni, princes of the Lulubi, gathered together and they made war against me."
After the Akkadian Empire fell to the Gutians, the Lullubians rebelled against the Gutian king Erridupizir, according to the latter's inscriptions:
Ka-Nisba, king of Simurrum, instigated the people of Simurrum and Lullubi to revolt. Amnili, general of [the enemy Lullubi]... made the land [rebel]... Erridu-pizir, the mighty, king of Gutium and of the four quarters hastened [to confront] him... In a single day he captured the pass of Urbillum at Mount Mummum. Further, he captured Nirishuha.
Tablet of Shulgi, glorifies the King and his victories on the Lullubi people, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq
Following the Gutian period, the Neo-Sumerian Empire (Ur-III) ruler Shulgi is said to have raided Lullubi at least 9 times; by the time of Amar-Sin, Lullubians formed a contingent in the military of Ur, suggesting that the region was then under Neo-Sumerian control.
Another famous rock relief depicting the Lullubian king Anubanini with the Assyrian-Babylonian goddess Ishtar, captives in tow, is now thought to date to the Ur-III period; however, a later Babylonian legendary retelling of the exploits of Sargon the Great mentions Anubanini as one of his opponents.
Babylonian and Assyrian interactions
In the following (second) millennium BC, the term "Lullubi" or "Lullu" seems to have become a generic Babylonian/Assyrian term for "highlander", while the original region of Lullubi was also known as Zamua. However, the "land of Lullubi" makes a reappearance in the late 12th century BC, when both Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon (in c. 1120 BC) and Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria (in 1113 BC) claim to have subdued it. Neo-Assyrian kings of the following centuries also recorded campaigns and conquests in the area of Lullubum / Zamua. Most notably, Ashur-nasir-pal II had to suppress a revolt among the Lullubian / Zamuan chiefs in 881 BC, during which they constructed a wall in the Bazian pass (between modern Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah) in a failed attempt to keep the Assyrians out.
They were said to have had 19 walled cities in their land, as well as a large supply of horses, cattle, metals, textiles and wine, which were carried off by Ashur-nasir-pal. Local chiefs or governors of the Zamua region continued to be mentioned down to the end of Esarhaddon's reign (669 BC).
Representations
Defeated Lullubis in Akkadian representations
Barbarian prisoner of the Akkadian Empire, nude, fettered, drawn by nose ring, with pointed beard, long hair and vertical braid. 2350-2000 BC, Louvre Museum.[10]
Lullubi victim with pointed beard and long braided hair. Rock relief at Darband-iGawr. The depiction of the vanquished Lullubis is also similar in the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.[11]
In depictions of them, the Lullubi are represented as warlike mountain people.[12] The Lullubi are often shown bare-chested and wearing animal skins. They have short beards, their hair is long and worn in a thick braid, as can be seen on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.[11]
Tar ... duni (precise dates unknown) son of Ikki. His inscription is found not far from the inscription of Anubanini.[16]
Nur-Adad (c. 881 – 880 BC)
Zabini (c. 881 BC)
Hubaia (c. 830 BC) vassal of Assyrians
Dada (c. 715 BC)
Larkutla (c. 675 BC)
Lullubi rock reliefs
Various Lullubian reliefs can be seen in the area of Sar-e Pol-e Zohab, the best preserved of which is the Anubanini rock relief. They all show a ruler trampling an enemy, and most also show a deity facing the ruler. Another relief can be found about 200 meters away, in a style similar to the Anubanini relief, but this time with a beardless ruler.[17] The attribution to a specific ruler remains uncertain.[17][18]
Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief I. Beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe. Sundisk above. A name "Zaba(zuna), son of ..." can be read.[20][19] This is possibly the son of Iddin-Sin, a ruler of the Kingdom of Simurrum.[21]
Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief III. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[19]
Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief IV. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[19]
Relief of Tardunni, a possible Lullubi ruler, also holding weapons and trampling foes, with an inscription in Akkadian.
Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior. Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE
Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior, Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE
^Eidem, Jesper; Læssøe, Jørgen (1992). The Shemshāra Archives 2: The Administrative Texts. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 22, 51–54. ISBN978-87-7304-227-4.
^Speiser, Ephraim Avigdor (2017-01-30). Mesopotamian Origins: The Basic Population of the Near East. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 90. ISBN978-1-5128-1881-9.
^Campbell, Lyle (2017-10-03). Language Isolates. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN978-1-317-61091-5.
^Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN978-0-19-933079-9.
^Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. pp. 115–116. ISBN9781134520626.
^"The Languages of the Ancient Near East (in A Companion to the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed., 2007)".
^Tischler 1977–2001: vol. 5/6: 70–71. On the Lullubeans in general, see Klengel 1987–1990; Eidem 1992: 50–4.
^Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. pp. 115–116. ISBN9781134520626.
^"Louvre Museum Official Website". cartelen.louvre.fr.
^ ab"The hair of the Lullubi is long and worn in a thick braid. They wear animal skins, while the Akkadian soldiers wear the proper attire for battle, helmets and military tunics." in Bahrani, Zainab (2008). Rituals of War: The Body and Violence in Mesopotamia. Zone Books. p. 109. ISBN9781890951849.
^Bury, John Bagnell; Cook, Stanley Arthur; Adcock, Frank Ezra (1975). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Egyptian and Hittite empires to c. 1000 B.C. University Press. p. 505. ISBN9780521086912.
^Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997.
^Cameron, George G. (1936). History of Early Iran(PDF). The University of Chicago Press. p. 35.
^ abcCameron, George G. (1936). History of Early Iran(PDF). The University of Chicago Press. p. 41.
^ abcdefghOsborne, James F. (2014). Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. SUNY Press. p. 123. ISBN9781438453255.
^Vanden Berghe, Louis. Relief Sculptures de Iran Ancien. pp. 19–21.
^ abcdOsborne, James F. (2014). Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. SUNY Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN9781438453255.
^Osborne, James F. (2014). Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. SUNY Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN9781438453255.
^Frayne, Douglas (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). University of Toronto Press. pp. 707 ff. ISBN9780802058737.
Sources
Sar-e Pol-e Zahab
Lullubi
Qashqai, Hamidreza, Chronicle of early Iran history, Tehran, Avegan press, 2011 (in Persian: گاهنمای سپیده دم تاریخ در ایران )
Cameron, George, "History of Early Iran", Chicago, 1936 (repr., Chicago, 1969; tr. E.-J. Levin, L’histoire de l’Iran antique, Paris, 1937; tr. H. Anusheh, ایران در سپیده دم تاریخ, Tehran, 1993)
D’yakonov, I. M., "Istoriya Midii ot drevenĭshikh vremen do kontsa IV beka de e.E" (The history of Media from ancient times to the end of the 4th century BCE), Moscow and Leningrad, 1956; tr. Karim Kešāvarz as Tāriḵ-e Mād, Tehran, 1966.
The Cambridge History of Iran
Hinz, W., "The Lost World of Elam", London, 1972 (tr. F. Firuznia, دنیای گمشده ایلام, Tehran, 1992)
The Cambridge Ancient History
Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Elam", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1991.
Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Mesopotamia", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1997, vol.1.
Vallat, Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York, 1998.
March 11, 2023
lullubi, lulubi, akkadian, 𒇻𒇻𒉈, akkadian, 𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠, biki, country, more, commonly, known, lullu, were, group, tribes, during, millennium, from, region, known, lulubum, sharazor, plain, zagros, mountains, modern, iran, neighbour, sometimes, ally, with, simurrum, ki. Lullubi Lulubi Akkadian 𒇻𒇻𒉈 Lu lu bi Akkadian 𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠 Lu lu biki Country of the Lullubi more commonly known as Lullu 1 2 3 4 were a group of tribes during the 3rd millennium BC from a region known as Lulubum now the Sharazor plain of the Zagros Mountains of modern Iran Lullubi was neighbour and sometimes ally with the Simurrum kingdom 5 Frayne 1990 identified their city Lulubuna or Luluban with the region s modern town of Halabja Lullubi Kingdom𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠3100 BC 675 BCTerritory of the Lullubi in the Mesopotamia area Common languagesUnclassifiedAkkadian inscriptions ReligionMesopotamian religionsGovernmentMonarchyHistorical eraAntiquity Established3100 BC Disestablished675 BCToday part ofIraqIranThe language of the Lullubi is regarded as an unclassified language 6 because it is unattested The term Lullubi though appears to be of Hurrian origin 7 Contents 1 Historical references 1 1 Legends 1 2 Akkadian empire and Gutian dynasty 1 3 Neo Sumerian Empire 1 4 Babylonian and Assyrian interactions 2 Representations 3 Rulers 4 Lullubi rock reliefs 4 1 Anubanini rock relief 4 2 Other Lullubi reliefs 5 See also 6 References 7 SourcesHistorical references EditLegends Edit The early Sumerian legend Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird set in the reign of Enmerkar of Uruk alludes to the mountains of Lulubi as being where the character of Lugalbanda encounters the gigantic Anzu bird while searching for the rest of Enmerkar s army en route to siege Aratta Akkadian empire and Gutian dynasty Edit The Victory Stele of Naram Sin circa 2250 BC commemorating the victory of Akkadian Empire king Naram Sin standing left over Lullubi mountain tribe and their king Satuni Musee du Louvre Relief of the Lulubian Tardunni known as the Darband i Belula the Darband i Hurin or Sheikhan relief Kurdistan Iraq Lullubum appears in historical times as one of the lands Sargon the Great subjugated within his Akkadian Empire along with the neighboring province of Gutium which was probably of the same origin as the Lullubi Sargon s grandson Naram Sin defeated the Lullubi and their king Satuni and had his famous victory stele made in commemoration Naram Sin the powerful Sidur and Sutuni princes of the Lulubi gathered together and they made war against me Akkadian inscription on the Victory Stele of Naram Sin 8 After the Akkadian Empire fell to the Gutians the Lullubians rebelled against the Gutian king Erridupizir according to the latter s inscriptions Ka Nisba king of Simurrum instigated the people of Simurrum and Lullubi to revolt Amnili general of the enemy Lullubi made the land rebel Erridu pizir the mighty king of Gutium and of the four quarters hastened to confront him In a single day he captured the pass of Urbillum at Mount Mummum Further he captured Nirishuha Inscription R2 226 7 of Erridupizir 9 Neo Sumerian Empire Edit Tablet of Shulgi glorifies the King and his victories on the Lullubi people Sulaymaniyah Museum Iraq Following the Gutian period the Neo Sumerian Empire Ur III ruler Shulgi is said to have raided Lullubi at least 9 times by the time of Amar Sin Lullubians formed a contingent in the military of Ur suggesting that the region was then under Neo Sumerian control Lullubi ki Country of the Lullubi on the Anubanini rock relief Another famous rock relief depicting the Lullubian king Anubanini with the Assyrian Babylonian goddess Ishtar captives in tow is now thought to date to the Ur III period however a later Babylonian legendary retelling of the exploits of Sargon the Great mentions Anubanini as one of his opponents Babylonian and Assyrian interactions Edit In the following second millennium BC the term Lullubi or Lullu seems to have become a generic Babylonian Assyrian term for highlander while the original region of Lullubi was also known as Zamua However the land of Lullubi makes a reappearance in the late 12th century BC when both Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon in c 1120 BC and Tiglath Pileser I of Assyria in 1113 BC claim to have subdued it Neo Assyrian kings of the following centuries also recorded campaigns and conquests in the area of Lullubum Zamua Most notably Ashur nasir pal II had to suppress a revolt among the Lullubian Zamuan chiefs in 881 BC during which they constructed a wall in the Bazian pass between modern Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah in a failed attempt to keep the Assyrians out They were said to have had 19 walled cities in their land as well as a large supply of horses cattle metals textiles and wine which were carried off by Ashur nasir pal Local chiefs or governors of the Zamua region continued to be mentioned down to the end of Esarhaddon s reign 669 BC Representations EditDefeated Lullubis in Akkadian representations Barbarian prisoner of the Akkadian Empire nude fettered drawn by nose ring with pointed beard long hair and vertical braid 2350 2000 BC Louvre Museum 10 Lullubi victim with pointed beard and long braided hair Rock relief at Darband iGawr The depiction of the vanquished Lullubis is also similar in the Victory Stele of Naram Sin 11 In depictions of them the Lullubi are represented as warlike mountain people 12 The Lullubi are often shown bare chested and wearing animal skins They have short beards their hair is long and worn in a thick braid as can be seen on the Victory Stele of Naram Sin 11 Rulers EditSee also List of rulers of the pre Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran Rulers of the Lullubi kingdom 13 14 Immashkush c 2400 BC 15 Anubanini c 2350 BC he ordered to make an inscription on the rock near Sar e Pol e Zahab 16 Satuni c 2270 BC contemporary with Naram Sin king of Akkad and Khita king of Awan Irib c 2037 BC Darianam c 2000 BC Ikki precise dates unknown 16 Tar duni precise dates unknown son of Ikki His inscription is found not far from the inscription of Anubanini 16 Nur Adad c 881 880 BC Zabini c 881 BC Hubaia c 830 BC vassal of Assyrians Dada c 715 BC Larkutla c 675 BC Lullubi rock reliefs EditVarious Lullubian reliefs can be seen in the area of Sar e Pol e Zohab the best preserved of which is the Anubanini rock relief They all show a ruler trampling an enemy and most also show a deity facing the ruler Another relief can be found about 200 meters away in a style similar to the Anubanini relief but this time with a beardless ruler 17 The attribution to a specific ruler remains uncertain 17 18 Anubanini rock relief Edit Main article Anubanini rock relief The relief is located on the top of a cliff towering over the village of Sarpol e Zahab A second relief Parthian Empire period appears below Anubanini rock relief at Sarpol e Zahab also called Sarpol e Zahab II 19 King Anubanini 17 Goddess Ishtar 17 Prisoners of the Lullubis detail 17 Prisoners of the Lullubis and their king detail 17 Prisoner king detail He appears to be wearing a crown 17 Anubanini rock relief Akkadian inscription 17 Other Lullubi reliefs Edit Sar e Pol e Zahab relief I Beardless warrior with axe trampling a foe Sundisk above A name Zaba zuna son of can be read 20 19 This is possibly the son of Iddin Sin a ruler of the Kingdom of Simurrum 21 Sar e Pol e Zahab relief III Beardless warrior trampling a foe facing a goddess 19 Sar e Pol e Zahab relief IV Beardless warrior trampling a foe facing a goddess 19 Relief of Tardunni a possible Lullubi ruler also holding weapons and trampling foes with an inscription in Akkadian Detail a dead or dying Lullubian warrior Darband i Gawr rock relief Mt Qaradagh Sulaymaniyah Iraq 2200 2000 BCE Detail a dead or dying Lullubian warrior Darband i Gawr rock relief Mt Qaradagh Sulaymaniyah Iraq 2200 2000 BCESee also Edit Asia portalAnobanini rock relief Zamua Tell KunaraReferences Edit Eidem Jesper Laessoe Jorgen 1992 The Shemshara Archives 2 The Administrative Texts Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab pp 22 51 54 ISBN 978 87 7304 227 4 Speiser Ephraim Avigdor 2017 01 30 Mesopotamian Origins The Basic Population of the Near East University of Pennsylvania Press p 90 ISBN 978 1 5128 1881 9 Campbell Lyle 2017 10 03 Language Isolates Routledge p 37 ISBN 978 1 317 61091 5 Potts Daniel T 2014 Nomadism in Iran From Antiquity to the Modern Era Oxford University Press p 36 ISBN 978 0 19 933079 9 Hamblin William J 2006 Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC Routledge pp 115 116 ISBN 9781134520626 The Languages of the Ancient Near East in A Companion to the Ancient Near East 2nd ed 2007 Tischler 1977 2001 vol 5 6 70 71 On the Lullubeans in general see Klengel 1987 1990 Eidem 1992 50 4 Babylonian amp Oriental Record 1895 p 27 Hamblin William J 2006 Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC Routledge pp 115 116 ISBN 9781134520626 Louvre Museum Official Website cartelen louvre fr a b The hair of the Lullubi is long and worn in a thick braid They wear animal skins while the Akkadian soldiers wear the proper attire for battle helmets and military tunics in Bahrani Zainab 2008 Rituals of War The Body and Violence in Mesopotamia Zone Books p 109 ISBN 9781890951849 Bury John Bagnell Cook Stanley Arthur Adcock Frank Ezra 1975 The Cambridge Ancient History The Egyptian and Hittite empires to c 1000 B C University Press p 505 ISBN 9780521086912 Qashqai 2011 Legrain 1922 Cameron 1936 D yakonov 1956 The Cambridge History of Iran Hinz 1972 The Cambridge Ancient History Majidzadeh 1991 Majidzadeh 1997 Cameron George G 1936 History of Early Iran PDF The University of Chicago Press p 35 a b c Cameron George G 1936 History of Early Iran PDF The University of Chicago Press p 41 a b c d e f g h Osborne James F 2014 Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology SUNY Press p 123 ISBN 9781438453255 Vanden Berghe Louis Relief Sculptures de Iran Ancien pp 19 21 a b c d Osborne James F 2014 Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology SUNY Press pp 123 124 ISBN 9781438453255 Osborne James F 2014 Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology SUNY Press pp 123 124 ISBN 9781438453255 Frayne Douglas 1990 Old Babylonian Period 2003 1595 BC University of Toronto Press pp 707 ff ISBN 9780802058737 Sources EditSar e Pol e Zahab Lullubi Qashqai Hamidreza Chronicle of early Iran history Tehran Avegan press 2011 in Persian گاهنمای سپیده دم تاریخ در ایران Cameron George History of Early Iran Chicago 1936 repr Chicago 1969 tr E J Levin L histoire de l Iran antique Paris 1937 tr H Anusheh ایران در سپیده دم تاریخ Tehran 1993 D yakonov I M Istoriya Midii ot drevenĭshikh vremen do kontsa IV beka de e E The history of Media from ancient times to the end of the 4th century BCE Moscow and Leningrad 1956 tr Karim Kesavarz as Tariḵ e Mad Tehran 1966 The Cambridge History of Iran Hinz W The Lost World of Elam London 1972 tr F Firuznia دنیای گمشده ایلام Tehran 1992 The Cambridge Ancient History Majidzadeh Yusef History and civilization of Elam Tehran Iran University Press 1991 Majidzadeh Yusef History and civilization of Mesopotamia Tehran Iran University Press 1997 vol 1 Legrain Leon Historical Fragments Philadelphia The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section vol XIII 1922 Vallat Francois Elam The History of Elam Encyclopaedia Iranica vol VIII pp 301 313 London New York 1998 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lullubi amp oldid 1136342464, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
