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Archaeocyatha

January 09, 2024

Archaeocyatha (/ˈɑːrkioʊsaɪəθə/, 'ancient cups') is a taxon of extinct, sessile, reef-building[1] marine sponges that lived in warm tropical and subtropical waters during the Cambrian Period. It is believed that the centre of the Archaeocyatha origin is now located in East Siberia, where they are first known from the beginning of the Tommotian Age of the Cambrian, 525 million years ago (mya).[2] In other regions of the world, they appeared much later, during the Atdabanian, and quickly diversified into over a hundred families.

Archaeocyatha
Temporal range: Tommotian - Mid Cambrian
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Clade: †Archaeocyatha
Vologdin, 1937
Synonyms
  • Cyathospongia Okulitch, 1935
  • Pleospongia Okulitch, 1935

They became the planet's very first reef-building animals and are an index fossil[3] for the Lower Cambrian worldwide.

Preservation edit

The remains of Archaeocyatha are mostly preserved as carbonate structures in a limestone matrix. This means that the fossils cannot be chemically or mechanically isolated, save for some specimens that have already eroded out of their matrices, and their morphology has to be determined from thin cuts of the stone in which they were preserved.

Geological history edit

Today, the archaeocyathan families are recognizable by small but consistent differences in their fossilized structures: Some archaeocyathans were built like nested bowls, while others were as long as 300mm. Some archaeocyaths were solitary organisms, while others formed colonies. In the beginning of the Toyonian Age around 516 mya, the archaeocyaths went into a sharp decline. Almost all species became extinct by the Middle Cambrian, with the final-known species, Antarcticocyathus webberi, disappearing just prior to the end of the Cambrian period.[4] Their rapid decline and disappearance coincided with a rapid diversification of the Demosponges.

The archaeocyathids were important reef-builders in the early to middle Cambrian, with reefs (and indeed any accumulation of carbonates) becoming very rare after the group's extinction until the diversification of new taxa of coral reef-builders in the Ordovician.[5]

Antarcticocyathus was considered the only late Cambrian archaeocyath, but its reinterpretation as a lithisid sponge[6] means that there are now no archaeocyaths post the mid-Cambrian.

Morphology edit

 
1 – Gap (intervallum) 2 – Central cavity 3 – Internal wall 4 – Pore (all the walls and septa have pores, not all are represented) 5 – Septum 6 – External wall 7 – Rhizoid

The typical archaeocyathid resembled a hollow horn coral. Each had a conical or vase-shaped porous skeleton of calcite similar to that of a sponge. The structure appeared like a pair of perforated, nested ice cream cones. Their skeletons consisted of either a single porous wall (Monocyathida), or more commonly as two concentric porous walls, an inner and outer wall separated by a space. Inside the inner wall was a cavity (like the inside of an ice cream cup). At the base, these pleosponges were held to the substrate by a holdfast. The body presumably occupied the space between the inner and outer shells (the intervallum).

Ecology edit

 
Branching form archaeocyath from Rowland's Reef in Nevada

Flow tank experiments suggest that archaeocyathan morphology allowed them to exploit flow gradients, either by passively pumping water through the skeleton, or, as in present-day, extant sponges, by drawing water through the pores, removing nutrients, and expelling spent water and wastes through the pores into the central space.[citation needed]

The size of the pores places a limit on the size of plankton that archaeocyaths could have consumed; different species had different sized pores, the largest large enough to conceivably consume mesozooplankton, possibly giving rise to different ecological niches within a single reef.[7]

Distribution edit

 
Archeocyathids from the Poleta formation, eastern California

The archaeocyathans inhabited coastal areas of shallow seas. Their widespread distribution over almost the entire Cambrian world, as well as the taxonomic diversity of the species, might be explained by surmising that, like true sponges, they had a planktonic larval stage that enabled their wide spread.

Taxonomy edit

 
Restoration of Antarcticocyathus webberi

Their phylogenetic affiliation has been subject to changing interpretations, yet the consensus is growing that the archaeocyath was indeed a kind of sponge,[8] thus sometimes called a pleosponge. But some invertebrate paleontologists have placed them in an extinct, separate phylum, known appropriately as the Archaeocyatha.[9] However, one cladistic analysis[10] suggests that Archaeocyatha is a clade nested within the phylum Porifera (better known as the true sponges).

True archaeocyathans coexisted with other enigmatic sponge-like animals. Radiocyatha and Cribricyatha were two diverse Cambrian classes comparable to Archaeocyatha, alongside genera such as Boyarinovicyathus, Proarchaeocyathus, Acanthinocyathus, and Osadchiites.[11]

The clade Archaeocyatha have traditionally been divided into Regulares and Irregulares (Rowland, 2001):

  • Hetairacyathida (incertae sedis)
  • Regulares
    • Monocyathida
    • Capsulocyathida
    • Ajacicyathida
  • Irregulares
    • Thalassocyathida
    • Archaeocyathida
    • Kazakhstanicyathida

However, Okulitch (1955), who at the time regarded the archaeocyathans as outside of Porifera, divided the phylum in three classes:

  • Phylum Archaeocyatha Vologdin, 1937
    • Class Monocyathea Okulitch, 1943
    • Class Archaeocyathea Okulitch, 1943
    • Class Anthocyathea Okulitch, 1943

Notes edit

  1. ^ Archaeocyathid reef structures ("bioherms"), although not as massive as later coral reefs, might have been as deep as ten meters (Emiliani 1992:451).
  2. ^ Maloof, A.C. (2010). "Constraints on early Cambrian carbon cycling from the duration of the Nemakit-Daldynian–Tommotian boundary $$\delta$$13C shift, Morocco". Geology. 38 (7): 623–626. Bibcode:2010Geo....38..623M. doi:10.1130/G30726.1. S2CID 128842533.
  3. ^ Anderson, Dr. John R. . Georgia Perimeter College. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  4. ^ The last-recorded archaeocyathan is a single species from the late (upper) Cambrian of Antarctica.
  5. ^ Munnecke, A.; Calner, M.; Harper, D. A. T.; Servais, T. (2010). "Ordovician and Silurian sea-water chemistry, sea level, and climate: A synopsis". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 296 (3–4): 389–413. Bibcode:2010PPP...296..389M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001.
  6. ^ Lee, Jeong-Hyun (2022). "Limiting the known range of archaeocyath to the middle Cambrian: Antarcticocyathus webersi Debrenne et al. 1984 is a lithistid sponge". Historical Biology: 1–5. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2155818. S2CID 254628199.
  7. ^ Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Jessop, William; Daley, Allison C. (2019). "Prey fractionation in the Archaeocyatha and its implication for the ecology of the first animal reef systems". Paleobiology. 45 (4): 652–675. doi:10.1017/pab.2019.32. S2CID 208555519.
  8. ^ Scuba divers have discovered living calcareous sponges, including one species that -- like the archaeocyathans -- is without spicules, thus morphologically similar to the archaeocyaths. Rowland, S.M. (2001). "Archaeocyatha: A history of phylogenetic interpretation". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (6): 1065–1078. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1065:AAHOPI>2.0.CO;2.
  9. ^ Debrenne, F. and J. Vacelet. 1984. "Archaeocyatha: Is the sponge model consistent with their structural organization?" in Palaeontographica Americana, 54:pp358-369.
  10. ^ J. Reitner. 1990. "Polyphyletic origin of the 'Sphinctozoans'", in Rutzler, K. (ed.), New Perspectives in Sponge Biology: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Biology of Sponges (Woods Hole) pp. 33-42. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  11. ^ Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volumes 4 & 5: Hypercalcified Porifera, Paleozoic Stromatoporoidea & Archaeocyatha, liii + 1223 p., 665 figs., 2015, available here. ISBN 978-0-9903621-2-8.

References edit

  • Emiliani, Cesare. (1992). Planet Earth : Cosmology, Geology, & the Evolution of Life & the Environment. Cambridge University Press. (Paperback Edition ISBN 0-521-40949-7), p 451
  • Okulitch, V. J., 1955: Part E – Archaeocyatha and Porifera. Archaeocyatha, E1-E20 in Moore, R. C., (ed.) 1955: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955, xviii-E122.

External links edit

January 09, 2024
archaeocyatha, ɑːr, ancient, cups, taxon, extinct, sessile, reef, building, marine, sponges, that, lived, warm, tropical, subtropical, waters, during, cambrian, period, believed, that, centre, origin, located, east, siberia, where, they, first, known, from, be. Archaeocyatha ˈ ɑːr k i oʊ s aɪ e 8 e ancient cups is a taxon of extinct sessile reef building 1 marine sponges that lived in warm tropical and subtropical waters during the Cambrian Period It is believed that the centre of the Archaeocyatha origin is now located in East Siberia where they are first known from the beginning of the Tommotian Age of the Cambrian 525 million years ago mya 2 In other regions of the world they appeared much later during the Atdabanian and quickly diversified into over a hundred families ArchaeocyathaTemporal range Tommotian Mid Cambrian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum PoriferaClade ArchaeocyathaVologdin 1937SynonymsCyathospongia Okulitch 1935 Pleospongia Okulitch 1935They became the planet s very first reef building animals and are an index fossil 3 for the Lower Cambrian worldwide Contents 1 Preservation 2 Geological history 3 Morphology 4 Ecology 5 Distribution 6 Taxonomy 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksPreservation editThe remains of Archaeocyatha are mostly preserved as carbonate structures in a limestone matrix This means that the fossils cannot be chemically or mechanically isolated save for some specimens that have already eroded out of their matrices and their morphology has to be determined from thin cuts of the stone in which they were preserved Geological history editToday the archaeocyathan families are recognizable by small but consistent differences in their fossilized structures Some archaeocyathans were built like nested bowls while others were as long as 300mm Some archaeocyaths were solitary organisms while others formed colonies In the beginning of the Toyonian Age around 516 mya the archaeocyaths went into a sharp decline Almost all species became extinct by the Middle Cambrian with the final known species Antarcticocyathus webberi disappearing just prior to the end of the Cambrian period 4 Their rapid decline and disappearance coincided with a rapid diversification of the Demosponges The archaeocyathids were important reef builders in the early to middle Cambrian with reefs and indeed any accumulation of carbonates becoming very rare after the group s extinction until the diversification of new taxa of coral reef builders in the Ordovician 5 Antarcticocyathus was considered the only late Cambrian archaeocyath but its reinterpretation as a lithisid sponge 6 means that there are now no archaeocyaths post the mid Cambrian Morphology edit nbsp 1 Gap intervallum 2 Central cavity 3 Internal wall 4 Pore all the walls and septa have pores not all are represented 5 Septum 6 External wall 7 RhizoidThe typical archaeocyathid resembled a hollow horn coral Each had a conical or vase shaped porous skeleton of calcite similar to that of a sponge The structure appeared like a pair of perforated nested ice cream cones Their skeletons consisted of either a single porous wall Monocyathida or more commonly as two concentric porous walls an inner and outer wall separated by a space Inside the inner wall was a cavity like the inside of an ice cream cup At the base these pleosponges were held to the substrate by a holdfast The body presumably occupied the space between the inner and outer shells the intervallum Ecology edit nbsp Branching form archaeocyath from Rowland s Reef in NevadaFlow tank experiments suggest that archaeocyathan morphology allowed them to exploit flow gradients either by passively pumping water through the skeleton or as in present day extant sponges by drawing water through the pores removing nutrients and expelling spent water and wastes through the pores into the central space citation needed The size of the pores places a limit on the size of plankton that archaeocyaths could have consumed different species had different sized pores the largest large enough to conceivably consume mesozooplankton possibly giving rise to different ecological niches within a single reef 7 Distribution edit nbsp Archeocyathids from the Poleta formation eastern CaliforniaThe archaeocyathans inhabited coastal areas of shallow seas Their widespread distribution over almost the entire Cambrian world as well as the taxonomic diversity of the species might be explained by surmising that like true sponges they had a planktonic larval stage that enabled their wide spread Taxonomy edit nbsp Restoration of Antarcticocyathus webberiTheir phylogenetic affiliation has been subject to changing interpretations yet the consensus is growing that the archaeocyath was indeed a kind of sponge 8 thus sometimes called a pleosponge But some invertebrate paleontologists have placed them in an extinct separate phylum known appropriately as the Archaeocyatha 9 However one cladistic analysis 10 suggests that Archaeocyatha is a clade nested within the phylum Porifera better known as the true sponges True archaeocyathans coexisted with other enigmatic sponge like animals Radiocyatha and Cribricyatha were two diverse Cambrian classes comparable to Archaeocyatha alongside genera such as Boyarinovicyathus Proarchaeocyathus Acanthinocyathus and Osadchiites 11 The clade Archaeocyatha have traditionally been divided into Regulares and Irregulares Rowland 2001 Hetairacyathida incertae sedis Regulares Monocyathida Capsulocyathida Ajacicyathida Irregulares Thalassocyathida Archaeocyathida KazakhstanicyathidaHowever Okulitch 1955 who at the time regarded the archaeocyathans as outside of Porifera divided the phylum in three classes Phylum Archaeocyatha Vologdin 1937 Class Monocyathea Okulitch 1943 Class Archaeocyathea Okulitch 1943 Class Anthocyathea Okulitch 1943Notes edit Archaeocyathid reef structures bioherms although not as massive as later coral reefs might have been as deep as ten meters Emiliani 1992 451 Maloof A C 2010 Constraints on early Cambrian carbon cycling from the duration of the Nemakit Daldynian Tommotian boundary delta 13C shift Morocco Geology 38 7 623 626 Bibcode 2010Geo 38 623M doi 10 1130 G30726 1 S2CID 128842533 Anderson Dr John R Paleozoic Life Georgia Perimeter College Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 Retrieved 6 July 2010 The last recorded archaeocyathan is a single species from the late upper Cambrian of Antarctica Munnecke A Calner M Harper D A T Servais T 2010 Ordovician and Silurian sea water chemistry sea level and climate A synopsis Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 296 3 4 389 413 Bibcode 2010PPP 296 389M doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2010 08 001 Lee Jeong Hyun 2022 Limiting the known range of archaeocyath to the middle Cambrian Antarcticocyathus webersi Debrenne et al 1984 is a lithistid sponge Historical Biology 1 5 doi 10 1080 08912963 2022 2155818 S2CID 254628199 Antcliffe Jonathan B Jessop William Daley Allison C 2019 Prey fractionation in the Archaeocyatha and its implication for the ecology of the first animal reef systems Paleobiology 45 4 652 675 doi 10 1017 pab 2019 32 S2CID 208555519 Scuba divers have discovered living calcareous sponges including one species that like the archaeocyathans is without spicules thus morphologically similar to the archaeocyaths Rowland S M 2001 Archaeocyatha A history of phylogenetic interpretation Journal of Paleontology 75 6 1065 1078 doi 10 1666 0022 3360 2001 075 lt 1065 AAHOPI gt 2 0 CO 2 Debrenne F and J Vacelet 1984 Archaeocyatha Is the sponge model consistent with their structural organization in Palaeontographica Americana 54 pp358 369 J Reitner 1990 Polyphyletic origin of the Sphinctozoans in Rutzler K ed New Perspectives in Sponge Biology Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Biology of Sponges Woods Hole pp 33 42 Smithsonian Institution Press Washington DC Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E Revised Porifera Volumes 4 amp 5 Hypercalcified Porifera Paleozoic Stromatoporoidea amp Archaeocyatha liii 1223 p 665 figs 2015 available here ISBN 978 0 9903621 2 8 References editEmiliani Cesare 1992 Planet Earth Cosmology Geology amp the Evolution of Life amp the Environment Cambridge University Press Paperback Edition ISBN 0 521 40949 7 p 451 Okulitch V J 1955 Part E Archaeocyatha and Porifera Archaeocyatha E1 E20 in Moore R C ed 1955 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Geological Society of America amp University of Kansas Press Lawrence Kansas 1955 xviii E122 External links editknowledge base and interactive key for identification of archaeocyathan genera http www infosyslab fr archaeocyatha UCMP Berkeley Archaeocyathans Palaeos Invertebrates Archaeocyatha Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Archaeocyatha amp oldid 1192583850, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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