The Calayan rail (Aptenorallus calayanensis) is a flightless bird of the rail, moorhen, and coot family (Rallidae) that inhabits Calayan Island in the Philippines. It is the only member of the genus Aptenorallus. Though well known to natives of the island as the "piding", it was first observed by ornithologist Carmela Española in May 2004 and the discovery was officially announced on August 16, 2004. The formal description as a species new to science appeared in the journal Forktail (Allen et al. 2004).
Prior to 2022, it was classified in the genus Gallirallus. Following studies in 2012 and 2013, all recent species in the genus Gallirallus aside from the Calayan rail and the weka of New Zealand were moved to the genus Hypotaenidia. Following this, the Calayan rail and the weka were considered the two extant species of the genus Gallirallus. However, a 2021 phylogenetic study found the Calayan rail to be basal to the species classified in Habroptila, Eulabeornis, Gallirallus, and Hypotaenidia, and thus classified it into its own genus, Aptenorallus.[2] This was accepted by the International Ornithological Congress in 2022.[3]
Descriptionedit
The Calayan rail is a relatively large flightless rail. Its plumage is dark grayish overall, with a blacker face and slightly browner upperparts. The bill and legs are bright orange-red, unique among similar-sized dark-colored ground-dwelling birds on Calayan. Its vocalizations are loud, harsh, and nasal-sounding.[4]
IUCN has assessed this bird as vulnerable with an estimated population of just 2,500 to 4,300 mature individuals. It was initially estimated by biologists in 2004 that there were just 200 pairs on the island. It has since been found to be locally common, with an estimated area of occupancy of 36 km2. However recent species distribution modelling estimated its area of occupancy at 90.2 km2 .
The species' main threat is habitat loss with the clearance of forest habitats as a result of logging and agricultural conversion within its range. It is also occasionally caught in snares meant for red junglefowl. It is also threatened by introduced species such as cats, dogs and rats which could prey on these birds and their nests.
The Calayan municipal council has passed Municipal Ordinance No. 84, which prohibits the capture, sale, possession and collection of the species. There are currently many awareness campaigns using this rail as a flagship species. The municipality of Calayan has passed an ordinance establishing the Calayan Wildlife Sanctuary which covers 29km2 of the island interior.
Conservation actions proposed include more research is needed to clarify the habitat requirements, range size and population size of the species. Promote the establishment of an environmental monitoring system. Conduct further community consultations and education campaigns. Set up a volunteer network for conservation activities. Develop capacity of local officials and community leaders in managing the recently established wildlife sanctuary and in enforcing its rules and regulations.[6]
Referencesedit
^BirdLife International (2016). "Gallirallus calayanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22732059A95041689. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732059A95041689.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^Kirchman, Jeremy J.; McInerney, Nancy Rotzel; Giarla, Thomas C.; Olson, Storrs L.; Slikas, Elizabeth; Fleischer, Robert C. (16 July 2021). "Phylogeny based on ultra-conserved elements clarifies the evolution of rails and allies (Ralloidea) and is the basis for a revised classification". Ornithology. 138 (4): 1–21. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab042. ISSN 0004-8038.
^"Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2022-08-24.
^"Calayan Rail". eBird. from the original on 2019-05-02.
^Allen, Desmond (2020). Birds of the Philippines. Barcelona: Lynx and Birdlife International Fiedlguides. pp. 94–95.
^International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2016-10-01). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Gallirallus calayanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
Allen, Desmond, Carl Oliveros, Carmela Espaňola, Genevieve Broad and Juan Carlos T. Gonzalez (2004) A new species of Gallirallus from Calayan island, Philippines Forktail Vol. 20 pp. 1–7
External linksedit
BirdLife Species Factsheet.
Birdlife International press release 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
The Calayan Rail Project - an effort to conserve the species and its habitat
This Gruiformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
calayan, rail, aptenorallus, calayanensis, flightless, bird, rail, moorhen, coot, family, rallidae, that, inhabits, calayan, island, philippines, only, member, genus, aptenorallus, though, well, known, natives, island, piding, first, observed, ornithologist, c. The Calayan rail Aptenorallus calayanensis is a flightless bird of the rail moorhen and coot family Rallidae that inhabits Calayan Island in the Philippines It is the only member of the genus Aptenorallus Though well known to natives of the island as the piding it was first observed by ornithologist Carmela Espanola in May 2004 and the discovery was officially announced on August 16 2004 The formal description as a species new to science appeared in the journal Forktail Allen et al 2004 Calayan railConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder GruiformesFamily RallidaeGenus AptenorallusKirchman McInerney Giarla Olson Slikas amp Fleischer 2021Species A calayanensisBinomial nameAptenorallus calayanensis Allen D Oliveros Espanola Broad amp Gonzalez 2004 SynonymsGallirallus calayanensis Allen D Oliveros Espanola Broad amp Gonzalez 2004 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Habitat and conservation status 4 References 5 External linksTaxonomy editPrior to 2022 it was classified in the genus Gallirallus Following studies in 2012 and 2013 all recent species in the genus Gallirallus aside from the Calayan rail and the weka of New Zealand were moved to the genus Hypotaenidia Following this the Calayan rail and the weka were considered the two extant species of the genus Gallirallus However a 2021 phylogenetic study found the Calayan rail to be basal to the species classified in Habroptila Eulabeornis Gallirallus and Hypotaenidia and thus classified it into its own genus Aptenorallus 2 This was accepted by the International Ornithological Congress in 2022 3 Description editThe Calayan rail is a relatively large flightless rail Its plumage is dark grayish overall with a blacker face and slightly browner upperparts The bill and legs are bright orange red unique among similar sized dark colored ground dwelling birds on Calayan Its vocalizations are loud harsh and nasal sounding 4 Habitat and conservation status editIt is found on the primary and secondary forest on coralline limestone areas on Calayan 5 IUCN has assessed this bird as vulnerable with an estimated population of just 2 500 to 4 300 mature individuals It was initially estimated by biologists in 2004 that there were just 200 pairs on the island It has since been found to be locally common with an estimated area of occupancy of 36 km2 However recent species distribution modelling estimated its area of occupancy at 90 2 km2 The species main threat is habitat loss with the clearance of forest habitats as a result of logging and agricultural conversion within its range It is also occasionally caught in snares meant for red junglefowl It is also threatened by introduced species such as cats dogs and rats which could prey on these birds and their nests The Calayan municipal council has passed Municipal Ordinance No 84 which prohibits the capture sale possession and collection of the species There are currently many awareness campaigns using this rail as a flagship species The municipality of Calayan has passed an ordinance establishing the Calayan Wildlife Sanctuary which covers 29km2 of the island interior Conservation actions proposed include more research is needed to clarify the habitat requirements range size and population size of the species Promote the establishment of an environmental monitoring system Conduct further community consultations and education campaigns Set up a volunteer network for conservation activities Develop capacity of local officials and community leaders in managing the recently established wildlife sanctuary and in enforcing its rules and regulations 6 References edit BirdLife International 2016 Gallirallus calayanensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22732059A95041689 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22732059A95041689 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Kirchman Jeremy J McInerney Nancy Rotzel Giarla Thomas C Olson Storrs L Slikas Elizabeth Fleischer Robert C 16 July 2021 Phylogeny based on ultra conserved elements clarifies the evolution of rails and allies Ralloidea and is the basis for a revised classification Ornithology 138 4 1 21 doi 10 1093 ornithology ukab042 ISSN 0004 8038 Finfoots flufftails rails trumpeters cranes Limpkin IOC World Bird List Retrieved 2022 08 24 Calayan Rail eBird Archived from the original on 2019 05 02 Allen Desmond 2020 Birds of the Philippines Barcelona Lynx and Birdlife International Fiedlguides pp 94 95 International BirdLife International BirdLife 2016 10 01 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Gallirallus calayanensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Retrieved 2021 09 16 Allen Desmond Carl Oliveros Carmela Espanola Genevieve Broad and Juan Carlos T Gonzalez 2004 A new species of Gallirallus from Calayan island Philippines Forktail Vol 20 pp 1 7External links editBirdLife Species Factsheet Birdlife International press release Archived 2014 02 21 at the Wayback Machine The Calayan Rail Project an effort to conserve the species and its habitat WWF s role in the discovery nbsp This Gruiformes related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Calayan rail amp oldid 1194341512, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
