António de Andrade (1580 – March 19, 1634) was a Jesuit priest and explorer from Portugal.[1] He entered the Society of Jesus in 1596.[1] From 1600 until his death in 1634 he was engaged in missionary activity in India.[1] Andrade was the first known European to have crossed the Himalayas and reached Tibet, establishing the first Catholic mission on Tibetan soil.
António de Andrade was born in Oleiros, Portugal.[1] In 1600 he went to Goa, the capital of Portuguese India, where he pursued his higher studies and was ordained a priest. He was one of the Jesuits attached to the court of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, and was head of the Jesuit mission in Agra. In 1624 he left Agra, headed to Delhi where he and the Jesuit brother Manuel Marques joined a group of Hindu pilgrims bound for the temple of Badrinath located in the Northern part of the present-day Indian state of Uttarakhand. Overcoming incredible hardships in the journey, they crossed the Mana Pass to Tibet, the first Europeans known to have done so.[2]
Kindly received in Tibet by the sovereign[1] of the Western Tibetan kingdom of Guge, in the capital city of Tsaparang, Andrade left after less than a month to obtain formal permission for the mission from the Father-Provincial in Goa, and to get funds and other missionaries to accompany him back to Tsaparang. Andrade returned to Tibet in 1625 and was joined by other Jesuit missionaries. They succeeded in building a church and made many converts, aided by support from the king and other members of the royal family. Andrade returned to Goa in 1629; the mission foundered soon afterward, with the invasion of Guge by Ladakh, the death of the pro-missionary king and the installation of a hostile Ladakhi-controlled government in Tsaparang. The missionaries were persecuted or expelled, the Tibetan Christians were sent to Ladakh, and by 1640 the mission, which had begun with so much promise, was over.[citation needed]
Andrade became the Father-Superior of the Jesuit province of Goa in 1630, leaving this post in 1633 and resuming the rectorship of the College of St. Paul. He was also active during this period as a deputy of the Goa Inquisition. He was poisoned on March 4, 1634, and lingered on in agony until dying on March 19. The Inquisition inquiry into his death revealed that he had been murdered by disgruntled Jesuits at the college, possibly supported by powerful enemies among the Goa authorities and merchants. The matter was hushed up and nobody was ever prosecuted for the crime. Later Jesuit accounts portrayed Andrade as a martyr to the Faith who was killed because of his zeal as an official of the Inquisition.[citation needed]
Andrade's two extensive accounts of Tibet, written in 1624 and 1626, were published in the Portuguese original in Lisbon in 1626 followed by a Spanish translation in Segovia (Spain) in 1628 and a publication in Cracow (Poland) in the same year, and quickly translated into all the major European languages; they had a significant influence on European knowledge of and attitudes toward Tibet. Modern translations of Andrade's accounts into Italian and French are found in Toscano (1977) and Didier (2002). An English translation of Andrade's writings relating to Tibet was published in 2017 by Sweet and Zwilling.
^ abcdeWoods, Joseph Michael (1907). "Antonio de Andrada" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^A. J. R. Russell-Wood (8 July 1998). The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move. JHU Press. p. 90. ISBN978-0-8018-5955-7.
Bibliographyedit
Desideri, Ippolito. 2010. Mission to Tibet: The Extraordinary Eighteenth-Century Account of Fr. Ippolito Desideri, S.J. trans. Michael Sweet, ed. Leonard Zwilling.
Esteves Pereira, Francisco (editor). 1924. O Descobrimento do Tibet pelo P.Antonio de Andrade. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade.
Wessels, C. (1924). Early Jesuit travellers in Central Asia 1603-1721. Asian Educational Services. ISBN81-206-0741-4. 1997 reprint.
Didier, Hugues. 1999. Os Portugueses no Tibete. Os primeiros relatos dos jesuitas (1624-1635).
Didier, Hughes. 2002. Les Portugais au Tibet.
Sweet, Michael J. Murder in the Refectory: The Death of António de Andrade, S.J. Catholic Historical Review, 102, no.1, 2016, pp. 26–45.
Sweet, Michael J. (trans. and intro) and Leonard Zwilling (ed.). 2017 More than the Promised Land: Letters and Relations from Tibet by the Jesuit Missionary António de Andrade (1580-1634). Boston: Institute of Jesuit Sources/Boston College.
Tavares, Célia Cristina da Silva. 2006. Jesuítas e Inquisidores em Goa. A Cristianidade Insular (1540-1682).
Toscano, Giuseppe. 1977. Alla Scoperta del Tibet.
A missão tibetana na correspondência jesuíta (1624-1631): https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-21102009-164743/pt-br.php links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to António de Andrade.
Detailed biography of de Andrade 2018-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
- The Jesuits in Goa
TYBET - Wielkie Panstwo w Azyey (Tibet - A great country in Asia) - 1628
External linksedit
Novo Descobrimento do Gram Catayo, ou Reinos de Tibet, Lisboa, 1626, at the National Library of Portugal
November 15, 2023
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For the Portuguese opera singer see Antonio D Andrade This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Antonio de Andrade 1580 March 19 1634 was a Jesuit priest and explorer from Portugal 1 He entered the Society of Jesus in 1596 1 From 1600 until his death in 1634 he was engaged in missionary activity in India 1 Andrade was the first known European to have crossed the Himalayas and reached Tibet establishing the first Catholic mission on Tibetan soil Antonio de AndradeBorn1580Oleiros Kingdom of PortugalDiedMarch 19 1634 aged 53 54 Goa Portuguese IndiaNationalityPortugueseOccupation s Jesuit priest explorerKnown forFirst European to cross the Himalayas and reach Tibet Contents 1 Life 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksLife editAntonio de Andrade was born in Oleiros Portugal 1 In 1600 he went to Goa the capital of Portuguese India where he pursued his higher studies and was ordained a priest He was one of the Jesuits attached to the court of the Mughal emperor Jahangir and was head of the Jesuit mission in Agra In 1624 he left Agra headed to Delhi where he and the Jesuit brother Manuel Marques joined a group of Hindu pilgrims bound for the temple of Badrinath located in the Northern part of the present day Indian state of Uttarakhand Overcoming incredible hardships in the journey they crossed the Mana Pass to Tibet the first Europeans known to have done so 2 Kindly received in Tibet by the sovereign 1 of the Western Tibetan kingdom of Guge in the capital city of Tsaparang Andrade left after less than a month to obtain formal permission for the mission from the Father Provincial in Goa and to get funds and other missionaries to accompany him back to Tsaparang Andrade returned to Tibet in 1625 and was joined by other Jesuit missionaries They succeeded in building a church and made many converts aided by support from the king and other members of the royal family Andrade returned to Goa in 1629 the mission foundered soon afterward with the invasion of Guge by Ladakh the death of the pro missionary king and the installation of a hostile Ladakhi controlled government in Tsaparang The missionaries were persecuted or expelled the Tibetan Christians were sent to Ladakh and by 1640 the mission which had begun with so much promise was over citation needed Andrade became the Father Superior of the Jesuit province of Goa in 1630 leaving this post in 1633 and resuming the rectorship of the College of St Paul He was also active during this period as a deputy of the Goa Inquisition He was poisoned on March 4 1634 and lingered on in agony until dying on March 19 The Inquisition inquiry into his death revealed that he had been murdered by disgruntled Jesuits at the college possibly supported by powerful enemies among the Goa authorities and merchants The matter was hushed up and nobody was ever prosecuted for the crime Later Jesuit accounts portrayed Andrade as a martyr to the Faith who was killed because of his zeal as an official of the Inquisition citation needed Andrade s two extensive accounts of Tibet written in 1624 and 1626 were published in the Portuguese original in Lisbon in 1626 followed by a Spanish translation in Segovia Spain in 1628 and a publication in Cracow Poland in the same year and quickly translated into all the major European languages they had a significant influence on European knowledge of and attitudes toward Tibet Modern translations of Andrade s accounts into Italian and French are found in Toscano 1977 and Didier 2002 An English translation of Andrade s writings relating to Tibet was published in 2017 by Sweet and Zwilling See also editCatholic Church in Tibet List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in Goa Bombay Bassein and the East Indies Portuguese Civil Code of Goa and DamaonReferences edit a b c d e Woods Joseph Michael 1907 Antonio de Andrada In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 1 New York Robert Appleton Company A J R Russell Wood 8 July 1998 The Portuguese Empire 1415 1808 A World on the Move JHU Press p 90 ISBN 978 0 8018 5955 7 Bibliography editDesideri Ippolito 2010 Mission to Tibet The Extraordinary Eighteenth Century Account of Fr Ippolito Desideri S J trans Michael Sweet ed Leonard Zwilling Esteves Pereira Francisco editor 1924 O Descobrimento do Tibet pelo P Antonio de Andrade Coimbra Imprensa da Universidade Wessels C 1924 Early Jesuit travellers in Central Asia 1603 1721 Asian Educational Services ISBN 81 206 0741 4 1997 reprint Didier Hugues 1999 Os Portugueses no Tibete Os primeiros relatos dos jesuitas 1624 1635 Didier Hughes 2002 Les Portugais au Tibet Sweet Michael J Murder in the Refectory The Death of Antonio de Andrade S J Catholic Historical Review 102 no 1 2016 pp 26 45 Sweet Michael J trans and intro and Leonard Zwilling ed 2017 More than the Promised Land Letters and Relations from Tibet by the Jesuit Missionary Antonio de Andrade 1580 1634 Boston Institute of Jesuit Sources Boston College Tavares Celia Cristina da Silva 2006 Jesuitas e Inquisidores em Goa A Cristianidade Insular 1540 1682 Toscano Giuseppe 1977 Alla Scoperta del Tibet A missao tibetana na correspondencia jesuita 1624 1631 https teses usp br teses disponiveis 8 8138 tde 21102009 164743 pt br php links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antonio de Andrade Detailed biography of de Andrade Archived 2018 09 30 at the Wayback Machine The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus The Jesuits in Goa TYBET Wielkie Panstwo w Azyey Tibet A great country in Asia 1628External links editNovo Descobrimento do Gram Catayo ou Reinos de Tibet Lisboa 1626 at the National Library of Portugal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Antonio de Andrade amp oldid 1176526796, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
