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Andreas Kalvos

March 17, 2024

Andreas Kalvos (Greek: Ἀνδρέας Κάλβος, also spelled Andreas Calvos; commonly in Italian: Andrea Calbo; 1 April 1792 – 3 November 1869) was a Greek poet of the Romantic school. He published five volumes of poetry and drama - Canzone... (1811), Le Danaidi (1818), Elpis patridos (1818), Lyra (1824) and New odes (1826). He was a contemporary of the poets Ugo Foscolo and Dionysios Solomos. He was among the representatives of the Heptanese School of literature. No portrait of him is known to exist.

He is featured prominently in the Museum of Solomos and Eminent Zakynthians.[1]

Biography edit

"Let those who feel the heavy brazen hand of fear, bear slavery; freedom needs virtue and daring."

-"Lyrika, ode fourth, To Samos" (1826)

Andreas Calvos was born in April 1792 on the island of Zacynthos (then ruled by the Venetian Republic), the elder of the two sons of Ioannes Calvos and Andriane Calvos (née Roucane). His mother came from an established, landowning family. His younger brother, Nicolaos, was born in 1794. In 1802, when Andreas was ten years old, his father took him and Nicolaos, but not his wife, to Livorno (Leghorn) in Italy, where his brother was consul for the Ionian Islands and where there was a Greek community. The two boys never saw their mother again. In 1805 Calvos's mother obtained a divorce on the grounds of desertion; and shortly afterwards remarried. In Livorno, Andreas first studied ancient Greek and Latin literature and history.

In Livorno in 1811 he wrote his Italian Hymn to Napoleon, an anti-war poem that he later repudiated (this is how we know of its existence, as the poem itself was not saved). Around the same time he lived for a few months in Pisa, where he worked as a secretary; and then moved to Florence, a centre of intellectual and artistic life of the time.

In 1812 his father died, and Kalvos's finances became deeply strained. However, during that year he also met Ugo Foscolo, the most honoured Italian poet and scholar of the era, and, like Calvos, a native of Zacynthos. Foscolo gave Calvos a post as his copyist, and put him to teaching a protégé of his. Under the influence of Foscolo Kalvos took up neoclassicism, archaizing ideals, and political liberalism. In 1813 Kalvos wrote three tragedies in Italian: Theramenes, Danaïdes and Hippias. He also completed four dramatic monologues, in the neoclassical style.

At the end of 1813, because of his 'advanced' views, Foscolo withdrew to Zurich in Switzerland. Kalvos remained in Florence, where he again became a teacher. In 1814 he wrote another Italian ode, 'To the Ionians', expressing his sympathy with the plight of his fellow-countrymen, and at this period made a close study of the works of Rousseau. He also, it seems, embarked on a love affair with a woman.

In 1816 Calvos broke off his affair and went to join Foscolo in Switzerland. That year he also learned that his mother had died a year before, a thing that saddened him deeply, as can be seen in his Ode to Death.

By the end of 1816 the two poets travelled together to Britain, and continued their association in London until February 1817, when for an unknown reason they quarrelled and separated. Foscolo later said that Calvos had exploited him, but it is possible that the younger poet had begun to find Foscolo's patronage irksome. Kalvos earned a living by giving Italian and Greek lessons, and translating the Anglican liturgy into Italian and Greek. In 1818 and 1819 he gave lectures on the pronunciation of ancient Greek. He composed and published a modern Greek grammar, 'Italian Lessons, in four parts' and dealt with the syntax of an English-Greek dictionary.

After several love affairs, he married Maria Theresa Thomas, with whom he had one daughter; but his wife died on 17 May 1819 and his daughter shortly afterwards. By the end of 1819 Calvos had a love affair with a student, Susan Fortune Rideout, but her parents did not approve, and it was considered too soon after his wife's death for them to think of marrying. During that time he may have attempted to commit suicide.

At the beginning of 1820 Calvos left Britain. In September 1820, while returning to Florence, he stopped a short while in Paris.

in Florence he became involved in the movement of the Carbonari, and was arrested and expelled on 23 April 1821. He retreated to Geneva, finding support in the philhellene circle of the city. He worked again as a teacher of foreign languages, while publishing of a manuscript of the Iliad, that however was not successful. Carried away in the enthusiasm of the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence he composed several poems in Greek, and in 1824 published Lyra, a collection of ten Greek odes. Almost immediately the odes were translated into French, and found a favourable reception.

At the beginning of 1825 Kalvos returned to Paris, where in 1826 he published ten more Greek odes, Lyrica, with the financial aid of philhellenes.

In the end of July 1826 Calvos decided to travel to Greece himself, and, as he said in the dedication to his 1826 odes, to expose his heart to Musulman fire. He landed at Nauplion; but was soon disappointed by the rivalries and hatreds of the Greeks and their indifference to himself and his work. In August the same year he withdrew to Cercyra (Corfu).

There he taught in the Ionian Academy (Ionios Akademia) as a private tutor, until he was appointed to the Academy in 1836. He was director of the Corfiot Gymnasium (Kerkyraiko Gymnasio) during 1841, but resigned by the end of the year. He also contributed to local newspapers. For many years he and the poet Dionysios Solomos were both living on Corfu, but the two do not appear to have known each other. This is probably due to his wayward character. The fact he was not recognized in his homeland is perhaps also owed to that. After 1826, Calvos published no more poetry.

In the end of 1852 Kalvos left Corfu, and returned to Britain. On 5 February 1853 he married Charlotte Augusta Wadams, a woman twenty years younger than he. They settled at Louth, Lincolnshire, where they ran a school for girls.

Kalvos died on 3 November 1869 in Louth. His widow died in 1888. They were buried in the graveyard of St Margaret's church, Keddington, near Louth.

In June 1960 the poet George Seferis, who at that time was Greek ambassador to Britain, arranged for Calvos's remains to be transferred to Zacynthos, where they rest in the church of St Nicolas.

Works edit

  • Ελπίς Πατρίδος (Hope of Homeland)
  • Λύρα -- ᾨδαὶ Ἀνδρέα Κάλβου ['Lyre – Odes of Andreas Calvos'] (1824 Geneva) (text at Greek Wikisource)
  • Λυρικά [= 'Lyrics'] (1826)
  • Hippias
  • Le Danaidi (1818)
  • Theramenes (1813)
  • The Seasons (Le Stagioni -- Giovanni Meli)
  • Italian Lessons in Four Parts (1820)
  • ᾨδὴ είς Ἰονίους Ode agli Ionii [= 'Ode to the Ionians'] (1814)
  • Σχέδιο Νέων Ἀρχῶν τῶν Γραμμάτων [= 'A Plan of New Principles of Letters']
  • Ἀπολογία τῆς Αὐτοκτονίας [= 'A Defence of Suicide']
  • Έρευνα περὶ τῆς Φύσεως τοῦ Διαφορικοῦ Ὑπολογισμοῦ [= 'Introduction to Differential Calculus'] (1827)
  • Ugo Foscolo, Grazie [publication of unpublished abstracts] (1846)
  • Canzone (1811)
  • Βιβλίον τῶν Δημοσίων Προσευχῶν [= 'Book of Common Prayer'] (1820)
  • Γραμματικὴ τῆς Νέας Ἑλληνικῆς Γλώσσης [= 'Grammar of the modern Grek language'] (1822)
  • Ἐπίκρισις Θεολογική [= 'Theological Criticism'] (1849)

References edit

  1. ^ [Museum of Solomon and Epiphany Zakynthos]. zakynthos-museumsolomos.gr. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2023-05-08.

Sources edit

  • Adaptation of the corresponding article in the Article on the Greek Wikipedia.

Further reading edit

  • Philip Sherrard, 'Andreas Kalvos and the Eighteenth-Century Ethos', in P. Sherrard, The Wound of Greece (1978), p. 17-50
  • L. Politis, 'Kalvos, the Heptanesian School, and Valaoritis', in A History Of Modern Greek Literature (1973, corr. 1975), p. 124-7
  • Giorgos Seferis, [Three essays on Calvos], repr. in [Docimes] (2nd. ed. 1962), p. 21-8, 145-72, 369-89
  • S. A. Sophroniou, [Andreas Calvos; Critice Melete] (1960)
  • K. Dimaras, [Oi Peges tes empneuses tou Calvou] [='The sources of inspiration of Calvos'] (1946) [repr. from Nea Estia]
  • [Nea Estia. Aphieroma ston Calvo]; vol. 40 (1946 Christmas) [repr. 1960]
  • Costes Palamas, [Calvos o Zacynthios] (1888) [repr. in K. Palamas, [Apanta] vol. 2]
  • John E. Rexine, From Lincolnshire to Zakynthos; Two Greek Poets in England: Andreas Kalvos and George Seferis.

External links edit

March 17, 2024
andreas, kalvos, greek, Ἀνδρέας, Κάλβος, also, spelled, andreas, calvos, commonly, italian, andrea, calbo, april, 1792, november, 1869, greek, poet, romantic, school, published, five, volumes, poetry, drama, canzone, 1811, danaidi, 1818, elpis, patridos, 1818,. Andreas Kalvos Greek Ἀndreas Kalbos also spelled Andreas Calvos commonly in Italian Andrea Calbo 1 April 1792 3 November 1869 was a Greek poet of the Romantic school He published five volumes of poetry and drama Canzone 1811 Le Danaidi 1818 Elpis patridos 1818 Lyra 1824 and New odes 1826 He was a contemporary of the poets Ugo Foscolo and Dionysios Solomos He was among the representatives of the Heptanese School of literature No portrait of him is known to exist He is featured prominently in the Museum of Solomos and Eminent Zakynthians 1 Contents 1 Biography 2 Works 3 References 4 Sources 5 Further reading 6 External linksBiography edit Let those who feel the heavy brazen hand of fear bear slavery freedom needs virtue and daring Lyrika ode fourth To Samos 1826 Andreas Calvos was born in April 1792 on the island of Zacynthos then ruled by the Venetian Republic the elder of the two sons of Ioannes Calvos and Andriane Calvos nee Roucane His mother came from an established landowning family His younger brother Nicolaos was born in 1794 In 1802 when Andreas was ten years old his father took him and Nicolaos but not his wife to Livorno Leghorn in Italy where his brother was consul for the Ionian Islands and where there was a Greek community The two boys never saw their mother again In 1805 Calvos s mother obtained a divorce on the grounds of desertion and shortly afterwards remarried In Livorno Andreas first studied ancient Greek and Latin literature and history In Livorno in 1811 he wrote his Italian Hymn to Napoleon an anti war poem that he later repudiated this is how we know of its existence as the poem itself was not saved Around the same time he lived for a few months in Pisa where he worked as a secretary and then moved to Florence a centre of intellectual and artistic life of the time In 1812 his father died and Kalvos s finances became deeply strained However during that year he also met Ugo Foscolo the most honoured Italian poet and scholar of the era and like Calvos a native of Zacynthos Foscolo gave Calvos a post as his copyist and put him to teaching a protege of his Under the influence of Foscolo Kalvos took up neoclassicism archaizing ideals and political liberalism In 1813 Kalvos wrote three tragedies in Italian Theramenes Danaides and Hippias He also completed four dramatic monologues in the neoclassical style At the end of 1813 because of his advanced views Foscolo withdrew to Zurich in Switzerland Kalvos remained in Florence where he again became a teacher In 1814 he wrote another Italian ode To the Ionians expressing his sympathy with the plight of his fellow countrymen and at this period made a close study of the works of Rousseau He also it seems embarked on a love affair with a woman In 1816 Calvos broke off his affair and went to join Foscolo in Switzerland That year he also learned that his mother had died a year before a thing that saddened him deeply as can be seen in his Ode to Death By the end of 1816 the two poets travelled together to Britain and continued their association in London until February 1817 when for an unknown reason they quarrelled and separated Foscolo later said that Calvos had exploited him but it is possible that the younger poet had begun to find Foscolo s patronage irksome Kalvos earned a living by giving Italian and Greek lessons and translating the Anglican liturgy into Italian and Greek In 1818 and 1819 he gave lectures on the pronunciation of ancient Greek He composed and published a modern Greek grammar Italian Lessons in four parts and dealt with the syntax of an English Greek dictionary After several love affairs he married Maria Theresa Thomas with whom he had one daughter but his wife died on 17 May 1819 and his daughter shortly afterwards By the end of 1819 Calvos had a love affair with a student Susan Fortune Rideout but her parents did not approve and it was considered too soon after his wife s death for them to think of marrying During that time he may have attempted to commit suicide At the beginning of 1820 Calvos left Britain In September 1820 while returning to Florence he stopped a short while in Paris in Florence he became involved in the movement of the Carbonari and was arrested and expelled on 23 April 1821 He retreated to Geneva finding support in the philhellene circle of the city He worked again as a teacher of foreign languages while publishing of a manuscript of the Iliad that however was not successful Carried away in the enthusiasm of the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence he composed several poems in Greek and in 1824 published Lyra a collection of ten Greek odes Almost immediately the odes were translated into French and found a favourable reception At the beginning of 1825 Kalvos returned to Paris where in 1826 he published ten more Greek odes Lyrica with the financial aid of philhellenes In the end of July 1826 Calvos decided to travel to Greece himself and as he said in the dedication to his 1826 odes to expose his heart to Musulman fire He landed at Nauplion but was soon disappointed by the rivalries and hatreds of the Greeks and their indifference to himself and his work In August the same year he withdrew to Cercyra Corfu There he taught in the Ionian Academy Ionios Akademia as a private tutor until he was appointed to the Academy in 1836 He was director of the Corfiot Gymnasium Kerkyraiko Gymnasio during 1841 but resigned by the end of the year He also contributed to local newspapers For many years he and the poet Dionysios Solomos were both living on Corfu but the two do not appear to have known each other This is probably due to his wayward character The fact he was not recognized in his homeland is perhaps also owed to that After 1826 Calvos published no more poetry In the end of 1852 Kalvos left Corfu and returned to Britain On 5 February 1853 he married Charlotte Augusta Wadams a woman twenty years younger than he They settled at Louth Lincolnshire where they ran a school for girls Kalvos died on 3 November 1869 in Louth His widow died in 1888 They were buried in the graveyard of St Margaret s church Keddington near Louth In June 1960 the poet George Seferis who at that time was Greek ambassador to Britain arranged for Calvos s remains to be transferred to Zacynthos where they rest in the church of St Nicolas Works editElpis Patridos Hope of Homeland Lyra ᾨdaὶ Ἀndrea Kalboy Lyre Odes of Andreas Calvos 1824 Geneva text at Greek Wikisource Lyrika Lyrics 1826 Hippias Le Danaidi 1818 Theramenes 1813 The Seasons Le Stagioni Giovanni Meli Italian Lessons in Four Parts 1820 ᾨdὴ eis Ἰonioys Ode agli Ionii Ode to the Ionians 1814 Sxedio Newn Ἀrxῶn tῶn Grammatwn A Plan of New Principles of Letters Ἀpologia tῆs Aὐtoktonias A Defence of Suicide Ereyna perὶ tῆs Fysews toῦ Diaforikoῦ Ὑpologismoῦ Introduction to Differential Calculus 1827 Ugo Foscolo Grazie publication of unpublished abstracts 1846 Canzone 1811 Biblion tῶn Dhmosiwn Proseyxῶn Book of Common Prayer 1820 Grammatikὴ tῆs Neas Ἑllhnikῆs Glwsshs Grammar of the modern Grek language 1822 Ἐpikrisis 8eologikh Theological Criticism 1849 References edit Moyseio Solwmoy amp Epifanwn Zakyn8iwn Museum of Solomon and Epiphany Zakynthos zakynthos museumsolomos gr Archived from the original on 2020 11 24 Retrieved 2023 05 08 Sources editAdaptation of the corresponding article in the Article on the Greek Wikipedia Further reading editPhilip Sherrard Andreas Kalvos and the Eighteenth Century Ethos in P Sherrard The Wound of Greece 1978 p 17 50 L Politis Kalvos the Heptanesian School and Valaoritis in A History Of Modern Greek Literature 1973 corr 1975 p 124 7 Giorgos Seferis Three essays on Calvos repr in Docimes 2nd ed 1962 p 21 8 145 72 369 89 S A Sophroniou Andreas Calvos Critice Melete 1960 K Dimaras Oi Peges tes empneuses tou Calvou The sources of inspiration of Calvos 1946 repr from Nea Estia Nea Estia Aphieroma ston Calvo vol 40 1946 Christmas repr 1960 Costes Palamas Calvos o Zacynthios 1888 repr in K Palamas Apanta vol 2 John E Rexine From Lincolnshire to Zakynthos Two Greek Poets in England Andreas Kalvos and George Seferis 1 External links editWorks by Andreas Kalvos at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Andreas Kalvos at Internet Archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Andreas Kalvos amp oldid 1176461628, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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