Ancient Order of Hibernians
The Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH; Irish: Ord Ársa na nÉireannach[1][2]) is an Irish Catholic fraternal organization. Members must be male, Catholic, and either born in Ireland or of Irish descent. Its largest membership is now in the United States, where it was founded in New York City in 1836, however, a reference to its existence as early as 1819 was found in a letter written from a Samuel Castwell to the eventual 7th President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. In the letter, Jackson had been nominated for membership into Castwell's Hibernian Society. The letter was dated May 26, 1819.[3] The name was adopted by groups of Irish immigrants in the United States,[4] its purpose to act as guards to shield Catholic churches from anti-Catholic forces in the mid-19th century, and to assist Irish Catholic immigrants, especially those who faced discrimination or harsh coal mining working conditions[citation needed]. Many members in the coal mining area of Pennsylvania had a background with the Molly Maguires. It became an important focus of Irish American political activity.[4]
| Abbreviation | AOH |
|---|---|
| Formation | 4 May 1836 |
| Type | Irish Catholic fraternal order |
| Headquarters | West Caldwell, New Jersey, US |
President | Daniel J. O'Connell |
| Website | www |
Ireland Edit
Origins Edit
The organization had its roots in the Defenders and the Ribbonmen, Catholic agrarian movements of the 18th and 19th centuries.[5] It emerged in Ulster at the end of the 19th century in opposition to the Orange Order.[6] It was organized by Joseph Devlin of Belfast, who was Grand Master by 1905.[7] The AOH was closely associated with the Irish Parliamentary Party, its members mainly members of the party.[8] It was strongly opposed to secular ideologies such as those of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (the IRB), who were most unhappy at the re-emergence of this old rival "right-wing" nationalist society.[9] Membership in the group was initially banned by the Catholic Church, although this was lifted in 1904.[10][verification needed]
From a membership of 5,000 in 1900, nearly all in Ulster, it climbed to 64,000 by 1909, complementing the United Irish League.[11] By 1914 the order had spread throughout the country, mainly because of its utility as a patronage, brokerage and recreational association.[12] As a vehicle for Irish nationalism, the AOH greatly influenced the sectarian aspect of Irish politics in the early twentieth century. In Ulster and elsewhere it acted as an unruly but vigorous militant support organization for Devlin, Dillon and Redmond against radicals and against William O'Brien: O'Brien regarded himself as having been driven from the party by militant Hibernians at the "Baton Convention" of 1909.[12]
The ceremonial aspects of the Order resembled those of the Orange Order with green replacing orange on sashes and banners.[13] This led to opponents such as Jim Larkin calling it the "Ancient Order of Catholic Orangemen".[13]
After 1916 Edit
After the 1916 Easter Rising the organisation declined outside of Ulster, its members absorbed into Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Army (the IRA).[14] In many areas the organisation provided by the AOH was the nearest thing to a paramilitary force. On the other hand, on 13 June 1916 Joe Devlin chaired an AOH Convention in Dublin that approved the proposed partition of Ireland by 475 votes to 265.[15]
Many republican leaders in the 1916–1923 period, among them Seán Mac Diarmada, J. J. Walsh, and Rory O'Connor, had been "Hibs" before the formation of the Irish Volunteers in 1913.[14]
The AOH is also significant as a link between the new nationalist organisations and the century-old tradition of popular militant societies. More directly, it lingered on as a pro-Treaty support organisation. Some Hibernians fought in the Irish Brigade in the Spanish Civil War. The quasi-Fascist Blueshirts movement of the 1930s may, in fact, have owed as much to the Ribbon tradition which it so much resembled, as it did to continental analogies.[16]
Recent decades Edit
Within Ulster generally, but especially within Northern Ireland, the AOH remains a visible but somewhat marginal part of the Catholic community. It parades at Easter, Lady Day and a few other times a year.
At the beginning of The Troubles, the AOH placed a voluntary ban on its members parading until 1975, though records of some parades taking place in defiance of the ban were reported. In 1978 an estimated 10,000 participants attended a parade in Kilrea. Since then there has been a rapid decrease of numbers and usually around 20 divisions parade at a single location.
The locations of AOH parades in Northern Ireland generally tend to be cities with a high Catholic population, coupled with the AOH's desire not to provoke trouble.[10] County Fermanagh has never hosted an AOH parade since the onset of The Troubles and County Armagh has held one. The majority of the 21 locations for parades have been in counties Antrim, Down and D erry.[17] On occasion when the parade has been held in an area with a significant loyalist population it has been met with an aggressive protest, notably Garvagh in 1985 and Armoy in 1989 which held its first AOH parade in 35 years.[18]
United States Edit
Early years Edit
The order was founded in the United States on 4 May 1836, at St. James Church in New York City,[19] near the old Five Points neighbourhood.[20][21] A branch was formed the same year at Pottsville, Pennsylvania.[22] The existence and activities of the order were concealed for some years.
In 1850, members prevented the burning of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral by mobs of anti-Catholic Know Nothings.[23]
During the late 1860s and early 1870s many of the lodges of the order in Pennsylvania were infiltrated by the Molly Maguires. However the Molly Maguires and their criminal activities were condemned at the 1876 national convention of the AOH[24] and the order was reorganised in the Pennsylvania coal areas.[25]
Split, reunion and auxiliary Edit
In 1884 there was a split in the organisation. The order had previously been governed by the Board of Erin, which had governed the order in Ireland, Great Britain and the United States, but was composed of officers selected exclusively by the organisations in Ireland and Great Britain. The majority left in 1884 and became the Ancient Order of Hibernians of America, while the small group called itself Ancient Order of Hibernians, Board of Erin. In 1897 the Ancient Order of Hibernians, Board of Erin, had approximately 40,000 members concentrated in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois and Michigan, while the Ancient Order of Hibernians of America had nearly 125,000 members scattered throughout nearly every state in the union. The two groups reunited in 1898.[26]
A female auxiliary, the Daughters of Erin, was formed in 1894, and had 20,000 members in 1897. It was attached to the larger, "American" version of the order.[26]
In 1898, the Port Richmond Division 87 was formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It remains one of the oldest continuously chartered divisions within the Philadelphia County Board and Pennsylvania State Board.
The Ladies Auxiliary of the Ancient Order of Hibernians raised $50,000 to build the Nuns of the Battlefield sculpture in Washington, D.C., which the United States Congress authorised in 1918.[27][28] The Irish-American sculptor, Jerome Connor, ended up suing the order for non-payment.[28]
John F. Kennedy joined the AOH in 1947.[24]
1960s onwards Edit
The AOH had 181,000 members in 1965, and 171,000 in 736 local units or "Divisions" in 1979.[24]
U.S. Congressman Mario Biaggi received the Ancient Order of Hibernians Friend of the Irish Award in 2011.[29][30][31]
In 1982, in a revival of Hibernianism, the Thomas Francis Meagher Division No. 1 formed in Helena, Montana, dedicated to the principles of the order and to restoring a historically accurate record of Brigadier General Meagher's contributions to Montana. Soon after, six additional divisions formed in Montana.[32]
The Brothers of St. Patrick Division of the Ancient Order of Hibernians in America was established at Brothers of St. Patrick in Midway City, California, in 1995.[33]
In 2002, the Fr. Bernard Donnelly Division was established in Johnson County, Kansas dedicated to community service and reintroducing Hibernianism to Kansas.[34] Its name honors the founder of Kansas City's Irish Community, Fr. Bernard Donnelly (c. 1800-1880), an immigrant from County Cavan.[35]
In 2013, The Ancient Order of Hibernians raised and distributed over $200,000 to aid victims of Hurricane Sandy.[36]
In 2014, the AOH called for a boycott of the retailer Spencer's for selling products the AOH says promote anti-Irish stereotypes and irresponsible drinking.[37]
On 10 May 2014 a memorial to John Barry, an immigrant to the US from Wexford who was a naval comnander of the American Revolution and who holds commission number one in the subsequent U.S. Navy, was dedicated on the grounds of the United States Naval Academy. The memorial and associated "Barry Gate" was presented to the academy by the members of the Ancient Order of Hibernians.[38]
On 17 August 2017, the John Fitzgerald Division was chartered in Lincoln, Nebraska.
In 1997, the first division in Tennessee, the James Dardis Division No. 1, was formed in Knoxville Tennessee.
On 23 April 2019, the first division in Arizona, No. 1, was formed in Phoenix, Arizona. The division was formed on the grounds of the Irish Cultural Center.
St Patrick's Day parade Edit
The order organised the New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade for 150 years until 1993, when control was transferred to an independent committee amid controversy over the exclusion of Irish-American gay and lesbian groups.[39]
Buildings Edit
Several buildings of the Ancient Order of Hibernians are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places or are otherwise notable.
See also Edit
References Edit
Citations Edit
- ^ Hurley, John W. (12 December 2018). Shillelagh: The Irish Fighting Stick. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781430325703 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Libel, Slander, Drinking". from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Samuel Castwell to Andrew Jackson, May 26, 1819". Loc.gov. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ a b Miller 1973, pp. 209–215.
- ^ Cecil 1993, p. 155.
- ^ Cecil 1993, p. 156.
- ^ Rees 1998.
- ^ Garvin 2005, pp. 107–110.
- ^ Garvin 2005, pp. 106–107.
- ^ a b Jarman 1997, p. 107.
- ^ Garvin 2005, pp. 107–108.
- ^ a b Garvin 2005, p. 108.
- ^ a b McMahon 2011, p. 99.
- ^ a b Garvin 2005, p. 109.
- ^ Wm O.Brien, The Irish Revolution (1923) Chapter XVII "The final surrender of the six counties [1] 31 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Garvin 2005, p. 110.
- ^ Jarman 1997, p. 140.
- ^ Jarman 1997, p. 141.
- ^ "About the AOH". Ancient Order of Hibernians. from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ "The Five Points Then and Now: Landmarks [FP2] | Urban Ethnographer". urbanethno.scientopia.org. from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ . AOH Pennsylvania State Board. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ McMahon 2011, p. 102.
- ^ a b c Schmidt 1980, p. 158.
- ^ Stevens 1899, pp. 212–213.
- ^ a b Stevens 1899, p. 212.
- ^ Jacob 1998, pp. 125–126.
- ^ a b Save Outdoor Sculpture! (1993). "Nuns of the Battlefield, (sculpture)". SOS!. Smithsonian. from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
- ^ "Ancient Order of Hibernian president issues statement on passing of Mario Biaggi". IrishCentral.com. 27 June 2015.
- ^ "Bronx Times Reporter" (PDF). Bxtimes.com. 9 July 2015. p. 3. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
Former Bronx Congressman Mario Biaggi dies at 97
- ^ Foreign Assistance for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland : Hearing and Markup Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Its Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 4329, March 5 and 6, 1986 · Volume 4. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1986. p. 100. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ "Helena, Montana: Thomas Francis Meagher Division #1". Thomas Francis Meagher Division of the Ancient Order of Hibernians. from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ Epstein, Benjamin (December 1998). "Willkommen! Bienvenuto! However You Say It, If You've Got a Longing for that Old County, Join the Club". Orange Coast. Vol. 24, no. 12. Newport Beach, California: Emmis Communications. p. 129. ISSN 0279-0483. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
- ^ "Fr. Bernard Donnelly Division #1, Johnson County, KS". Fr. Bernard Donnelly Division of the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ "Biography of Father Bernard Donnelly (Circa 1800-1880), Roman Catholic Priest". Kansas City Public Library Missouri Valley Special Collections. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ Steinmuller, Linda (18 April 2013). . Canarsie Courier. New York. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ O'Shea, James (22 February 2014). "Massive Irish American Effort to End Insulting St. Patrick's Day Gifts". IrishCentral. from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ "My Time: Naval Academy Dedicates New John Barry Memorial". Capital Gazette. Annapolis, Maryland: Baltimore Sun Media Group. 8 June 2014. from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ Langan, Sheila (30 June 2015). "Timeline of the NYC St. Patrick's Day Parade's LGBT Controversy". IrishCentral. from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
Bibliography Edit
- Cecil, Rosanne (1993). "The Marching Seasons in Northern Ireland An Expression of Politico-Religious Identity". In Macdonald, Sharon (ed.). Inside European Identities: Ethnography in Western Europe. Ethnicity and Identity. Oxford: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85496-888-6. ISSN 1354-3628.
- Garvin, Tom (2005). The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7171-3967-5.
- Jacob, Kathryn Allamong (1998). Testament to Union: Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. Photographs by Remsberg, Edwin Harlan. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5861-1.
- Jarman, Neil (1997). Material Conflicts: Parades and Visual Displays in Northern Ireland. Explorations in Anthropology. Oxford: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85973-129-1. ISSN 1352-8068.
- McMahon, Seán. (2011). 'Wee Joe' : the life of Joseph Devlin. Belfast: Brehon Press. ISBN 978-1905474356.
- Miller, David W. (1973). Church, State and Nation in Ireland, 1898–1921. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7171-0645-5.
- Rees, Russell (1998). Ireland, 1905–1925: Text and Historiography. Newtownards, Northern Ireland: Colourpoint. ISBN 978-1-898392-40-8.
- Schmidt, Alvin J. (1980). Fraternal Organizations. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Institutions. Vol. 3. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-21436-3. ISSN 0271-9509.
- Stevens, Albert C. (1899). The Cyclopædia of Fraternities. New York: Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company. LCCN 99001908. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Further reading Edit
- Comerford, R. V. (2003). Ireland. Inventing the Nation. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-73111-6.
- Weisman, Peter A. (1999). . Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- Butte, Montana Irish Collection (University of Montana Archives)
- John Concannon and the Ancient Order of Hibernians Collection (The Monsignor Field Archives & Special Collection Center at Seton Hall University)
External links Edit
- Official American website