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Ancient Iranian medicine

August 22, 2023

The practice and study of medicine in Persia has a long and prolific history.[1] The Iranian academic centers like Gundeshapur University (3rd century AD) were a breeding ground for the union among great scientists from different civilizations.[2][3] These centers successfully followed their predecessors’ theories and greatly extended their scientific research through history. Persians were the first establishers of modern hospital system.[4][5]

Some of the earliest records of history of Ancient Iranian medicine can be found in Avesta, the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism

In recent years, some experimental studies have indeed evaluated medieval Iranian medical remedies using modern scientific methods. These studies raised the possibility of revival of traditional treatments on the basis of evidence-based medicine.[6]

History and background

Pre-Islamic

 
Safavid lacquer work illustrating a physician taking the pulse of a patient. From a 17th-century copy of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine. Wellcome Library, London.

The medical history of ancient Persia can be divided into three distinct periods. The sixth book of Zend-Avesta contains some of the earliest records of the history of ancient Iranian medicine. The Vendidad in fact devotes most of the last chapters to medicine.[7]

The Vendidad, one of the surviving texts of the Zend-Avesta, distinguishes three kinds of medicine: medicine by the knife (surgery), medicine by herbs, and medicine by divine words; and the best medicine was, according to the Vendidad, healing by divine words:[8]

Of all the healers O Spitama Zarathustra, namely those who heal with the knife, with herbs, and with sacred incantations, the last one is the most potent as he heals from the very source of diseases.

— Ardibesht Yasht

Although the Avesta mentions several notable physicians, the most notable—Mani, Roozbeh, and Bozorgmehr—were to emerge later.[9]

The second epoch covers the era of what is known as Pahlavi literature, where the entire subject of medicine was systematically treated in an interesting tractate incorporated in the encyclopedic work of Dinkart,[10] which listed in altered form some 4333 diseases.[11]

The third era begins with the Achaemenid dynasty, and covers the period of Darius I of Persia, whose interest in medicine was said to be so great that he re-established the school of medicine in Sais, Egypt, which previously had been destroyed, restoring its books and equipment.[12]

The first teaching hospital was the Academy of Gundishapur in the Persian Empire. Some experts go so far as to claim that, "to a very large extent, the credit for the whole hospital system must be given to Persia".[13]

 
Some of most influential medical texts in medieval Persian medicine

According to the Vendidad, physicians, to prove proficiency, had to cure three patients of the followers of Divyasnan; if they failed, they could not practice medicine. At first glance, this recommendation may appear discriminant and based on human experimentation. But some authors have construed this to mean that, from the beginning, physicians were taught to remove the mental barrier and to treat adversaries as well as friends.[14][15] The physician’s fee for service was based on the patient’s income.

The practice of ancient Iranian medicine was interrupted by the Arab invasion (630 A.D.). However, the advances of the Sassanid period were continued and expanded upon during the flourishing of Islamicate sciences at Baghdad, with the Arabic text Tārīkh al-ḥukamā crediting the Academy of Gondishapur for establishing licensure of physicians and proper medical treatment and training. Many Pahlavi scripts were translated into Arabic, and the region of Greater Iran produced physicians and scientists such as Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi as well as mathematicians such as Kharazmi and Omar Khayyám.[16] They collected and systematically expanded the Greek, Indian, and Persian ancient medical heritage and made further discoveries.[17]

Medieval Islamic Period

Main article: Medicine in medieval Islam
 
A 500-year-old Latin translation of the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna

One of the main roles played by medieval Iranian scholars in the scientific field was the conservation, consolidation, coordination, and development of ideas and knowledge in ancient civilizations. Some Iranian Hakim (practitioners) such as Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, known to the West as Rhazes, and Ibn Sina, better known as Avicenna, were not only responsible for accumulating all the existing information on medicine of the time, but adding to this knowledge by their own astute observations, experimentation and skills.[18][19] "Qanoon fel teb of Avicenna" ("The Canon") and "Kitab al-Hawi of Razi" ("Continens") were among the central texts in Western medical education from the 13th to the 18th centuries.[20][21]

In the 14th century, the Persian language medical work Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body), by Mansur ibn Ilyas (c. 1390), contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems.[22]

Cranial surgery and mental health

Evidence of surgery dates to the 3rd century BC when the first cranial surgery was performed in the Shahr-e-Sukhteh (Burnt City) in south-eastern Iran. The archaeological studies on the skull of a 13-year-old girl suffering from hydrocephaly indicated that she had undergone cranial surgery to take a part of her skull bone and the girl lived for at least 6 months after the surgery.[23]

Several documents still exist from which the definitions and treatments of a headache in medieval Persia can be ascertained. These documents give detailed and precise clinical information on the different types of headaches. The medieval physicians listed various signs and symptoms, apparent causes, and hygienic and dietary rules for prevention of headaches. The medieval writings are both accurate and vivid, and they provide long lists of substances used in the treatment of headaches. Many of the approaches of physicians in medieval Persia are accepted today; however, still more of them could be of use to modern medicine.[24] An antiepileptic drug-therapy plan in medieval Iranian medicine is individualized, given different single and combined drug-therapy with a dosing schedule for each of those. Physicians stress the importance of dose, and route of administration and define a schedule for drug administration. Recent animal experiments confirm the anticonvulsant potency of some of the compounds which are recommended by Medieval Iranian practitioners in epilepsy treatment.[6]

In The Canon of Medicine (c. 1025), Avicenna described numerous mental conditions, including hallucination, insomnia, mania, nightmare, melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke, vertigo and tremor.[25]

Obstetrics and gynecology

In the 10th century work of Shahnama, Ferdowsi describes a Caesarean section performed on Rudaba, during which a special wine agent was prepared by a Zoroastrian priest and used as an anesthetic[26] to produce unconsciousness for the operation.[27] Although largely mythical in content, the passage illustrates working knowledge of anesthesia in ancient Persia.

See also

References

  1. ^ Pourahmad, J. (2010-11-20). "History of Medical Sciences in Iran". Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 7 (2): 93–99. doi:10.22037/ijpr.2010.750. ISSN 1735-0328.
  2. ^ Behrouz R, Ourmazdi M, Reza'i P. Iran—The cradle of science. 21st ed., Iran Almanac, 1993, p. 115–8.
  3. ^ 2. M. Meyerhof, Science and medicine. In: T. Arnold and A. Guillaume, Editors, The legacy of islam, Oxford University Press, London (1952), pp. 314–315.
  4. ^ Cyril Elgood (1951). A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate. London: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511710766. ISBN 9780511710766.
  5. ^ Mohammadali M. Shoja, R. Shane Tubbs (2007). "The history of anatomy in Persia". Journal of Anatomy. 210 (4): 359–378. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00711.x. PMC 2100290. PMID 17428200.
  6. ^ a b A. Gorji et al. History of epilepsy in Medieval Iranian medicine. Neurosci-Biobehav-Rev. 2001 Jul; 25(5): 455-61
  7. ^ For the Vendidad and Persian Medicine in general, see Darmesteter trans of The Zend-Avesta, Part I, Sacred Books of the East, Vol 4. Geschichte des Alten Persians, 1897. Dinkart: History of Antiquity Vol I.
  8. ^ Hormoz Ebrahimnejad. Religion and Medicine in Iran: From Relationship to Dissociation. Hist. Sci., xl (2002)
  9. ^ The Medical Science in Avesta
  10. ^ Printed since in two Vols., 1874 and 1910.
  11. ^ Medicine throughout Antiquity. Benjamin Lee Gordon. 1949. p. 296, 306.
  12. ^ Medicine throughout Antiquity. Benjamin Lee Gordon. 1949. p. 296, 304.
  13. ^ C. Elgood, A medical history of Persia, Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 173.
  14. ^ M.Najmabadi, History Of Medicine in Persian, p. 233.
  15. ^ R. Majdari, Medical License And Profession In Ancient Iran, Borzouyeh, September 95, p. 42.
  16. ^ Birouni, Aussar el Baghieh
  17. ^ Mohammad-Hossein Azizi. History of Ancient Medicine in Iran. Arch Iranian Med 2007; 10 (4): 552–555.
  18. ^ C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), p. V.
  19. ^ C. Elgood. In: A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932, Cambridge University Press, London (1951), pp. 205–209.
  20. ^ N.G. Siraisi. In: Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: the Canon and medical teaching in Italian universities after 1500, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1987), pp. 77–124.
  21. ^ W. Osler. In: The evolution of modern science, Yale University Press, New Haven (1921), p. 243.
  22. ^ Turner, Howard R. (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, University of Texas Press, pp. 136–8, ISBN 978-0-292-78149-8
  23. ^ Sajjadi SM. First brain surgery in 4800 years ago in Iran. In: Iran News Agency [online]. Available atwww.irna.com. Accessed January 2, 1999.
  24. ^ History of a headache in medieval Persian medicine, The Lancet, Volume 1, Issue 8, December 2002, Pages 510-515
  25. ^ S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", Neurosurgical Focus 23 (1), E13, p. 3.
  26. ^ Medicine throughout Antiquity. Benjamin Lee Gordon. 1949. p. 306.
  27. ^ Edward Granville Browne, Islamic Medicine, Goodword Books, 2002, ISBN 81-87570-19-9 p. 79.

External links

  • Iranchamber.com: Medical Sciences in Avesta

August 22, 2023
ancient, iranian, medicine, practice, study, medicine, persia, long, prolific, history, iranian, academic, centers, like, gundeshapur, university, century, were, breeding, ground, union, among, great, scientists, from, different, civilizations, these, centers,. The practice and study of medicine in Persia has a long and prolific history 1 The Iranian academic centers like Gundeshapur University 3rd century AD were a breeding ground for the union among great scientists from different civilizations 2 3 These centers successfully followed their predecessors theories and greatly extended their scientific research through history Persians were the first establishers of modern hospital system 4 5 Some of the earliest records of history of Ancient Iranian medicine can be found in Avesta the primary collection of sacred texts of ZoroastrianismIn recent years some experimental studies have indeed evaluated medieval Iranian medical remedies using modern scientific methods These studies raised the possibility of revival of traditional treatments on the basis of evidence based medicine 6 Contents 1 History and background 1 1 Pre Islamic 1 2 Medieval Islamic Period 1 3 Cranial surgery and mental health 1 4 Obstetrics and gynecology 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksHistory and background EditPre Islamic Edit Safavid lacquer work illustrating a physician taking the pulse of a patient From a 17th century copy of Avicenna s Canon of Medicine Wellcome Library London The medical history of ancient Persia can be divided into three distinct periods The sixth book of Zend Avesta contains some of the earliest records of the history of ancient Iranian medicine The Vendidad in fact devotes most of the last chapters to medicine 7 The Vendidad one of the surviving texts of the Zend Avesta distinguishes three kinds of medicine medicine by the knife surgery medicine by herbs and medicine by divine words and the best medicine was according to the Vendidad healing by divine words 8 Of all the healers O Spitama Zarathustra namely those who heal with the knife with herbs and with sacred incantations the last one is the most potent as he heals from the very source of diseases Ardibesht Yasht Although the Avesta mentions several notable physicians the most notable Mani Roozbeh and Bozorgmehr were to emerge later 9 The second epoch covers the era of what is known as Pahlavi literature where the entire subject of medicine was systematically treated in an interesting tractate incorporated in the encyclopedic work of Dinkart 10 which listed in altered form some 4333 diseases 11 The third era begins with the Achaemenid dynasty and covers the period of Darius I of Persia whose interest in medicine was said to be so great that he re established the school of medicine in Sais Egypt which previously had been destroyed restoring its books and equipment 12 The first teaching hospital was the Academy of Gundishapur in the Persian Empire Some experts go so far as to claim that to a very large extent the credit for the whole hospital system must be given to Persia 13 Some of most influential medical texts in medieval Persian medicineAccording to the Vendidad physicians to prove proficiency had to cure three patients of the followers of Divyasnan if they failed they could not practice medicine At first glance this recommendation may appear discriminant and based on human experimentation But some authors have construed this to mean that from the beginning physicians were taught to remove the mental barrier and to treat adversaries as well as friends 14 15 The physician s fee for service was based on the patient s income The practice of ancient Iranian medicine was interrupted by the Arab invasion 630 A D However the advances of the Sassanid period were continued and expanded upon during the flourishing of Islamicate sciences at Baghdad with the Arabic text Tarikh al ḥukama crediting the Academy of Gondishapur for establishing licensure of physicians and proper medical treatment and training Many Pahlavi scripts were translated into Arabic and the region of Greater Iran produced physicians and scientists such as Abu ʿAli al Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allah ibn Sina and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al Razi as well as mathematicians such as Kharazmi and Omar Khayyam 16 They collected and systematically expanded the Greek Indian and Persian ancient medical heritage and made further discoveries 17 Medieval Islamic Period Edit Main article Medicine in medieval Islam A 500 year old Latin translation of the Canon of Medicine by AvicennaOne of the main roles played by medieval Iranian scholars in the scientific field was the conservation consolidation coordination and development of ideas and knowledge in ancient civilizations Some Iranian Hakim practitioners such as Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar Razi known to the West as Rhazes and Ibn Sina better known as Avicenna were not only responsible for accumulating all the existing information on medicine of the time but adding to this knowledge by their own astute observations experimentation and skills 18 19 Qanoon fel teb of Avicenna The Canon and Kitab al Hawi of Razi Continens were among the central texts in Western medical education from the 13th to the 18th centuries 20 21 In the 14th century the Persian language medical work Tashrih al badan Anatomy of the body by Mansur ibn Ilyas c 1390 contained comprehensive diagrams of the body s structural nervous and circulatory systems 22 Cranial surgery and mental health Edit Evidence of surgery dates to the 3rd century BC when the first cranial surgery was performed in the Shahr e Sukhteh Burnt City in south eastern Iran The archaeological studies on the skull of a 13 year old girl suffering from hydrocephaly indicated that she had undergone cranial surgery to take a part of her skull bone and the girl lived for at least 6 months after the surgery 23 Several documents still exist from which the definitions and treatments of a headache in medieval Persia can be ascertained These documents give detailed and precise clinical information on the different types of headaches The medieval physicians listed various signs and symptoms apparent causes and hygienic and dietary rules for prevention of headaches The medieval writings are both accurate and vivid and they provide long lists of substances used in the treatment of headaches Many of the approaches of physicians in medieval Persia are accepted today however still more of them could be of use to modern medicine 24 An antiepileptic drug therapy plan in medieval Iranian medicine is individualized given different single and combined drug therapy with a dosing schedule for each of those Physicians stress the importance of dose and route of administration and define a schedule for drug administration Recent animal experiments confirm the anticonvulsant potency of some of the compounds which are recommended by Medieval Iranian practitioners in epilepsy treatment 6 In The Canon of Medicine c 1025 Avicenna described numerous mental conditions including hallucination insomnia mania nightmare melancholia dementia epilepsy paralysis stroke vertigo and tremor 25 Obstetrics and gynecology Edit In the 10th century work of Shahnama Ferdowsi describes a Caesarean section performed on Rudaba during which a special wine agent was prepared by a Zoroastrian priest and used as an anesthetic 26 to produce unconsciousness for the operation 27 Although largely mythical in content the passage illustrates working knowledge of anesthesia in ancient Persia See also EditIranian traditional medicine Science and technology in Iran Medicine in the medieval Islamic world Unani medicineReferences Edit Pourahmad J 2010 11 20 History of Medical Sciences in Iran Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 7 2 93 99 doi 10 22037 ijpr 2010 750 ISSN 1735 0328 Behrouz R Ourmazdi M Reza i P Iran The cradle of science 21st ed Iran Almanac 1993 p 115 8 2 M Meyerhof Science and medicine In T Arnold and A Guillaume Editors The legacy of islam Oxford University Press London 1952 pp 314 315 Cyril Elgood 1951 A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate London Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 CBO9780511710766 ISBN 9780511710766 Mohammadali M Shoja R Shane Tubbs 2007 The history of anatomy in Persia Journal of Anatomy 210 4 359 378 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7580 2007 00711 x PMC 2100290 PMID 17428200 a b A Gorji et al History of epilepsy in Medieval Iranian medicine Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2001 Jul 25 5 455 61 For the Vendidad and Persian Medicine in general see Darmesteter trans of The Zend Avesta Part I Sacred Books of the East Vol 4 Geschichte des Alten Persians 1897 Dinkart History of Antiquity Vol I Hormoz Ebrahimnejad Religion and Medicine in Iran From Relationship to Dissociation Hist Sci xl 2002 The Medical Science in Avesta Printed since in two Vols 1874 and 1910 Medicine throughout Antiquity Benjamin Lee Gordon 1949 p 296 306 Medicine throughout Antiquity Benjamin Lee Gordon 1949 p 296 304 C Elgood A medical history of Persia Cambridge Univ Press p 173 M Najmabadi History Of Medicine in Persian p 233 R Majdari Medical License And Profession In Ancient Iran Borzouyeh September 95 p 42 Birouni Aussar el Baghieh Mohammad Hossein Azizi History of Ancient Medicine in Iran Arch Iranian Med 2007 10 4 552 555 C Elgood In A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932 Cambridge University Press London 1951 p V C Elgood In A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times to the year 1932 AD 1932 Cambridge University Press London 1951 pp 205 209 N G Siraisi In Avicenna in Renaissance Italy the Canon and medical teaching in Italian universities after 1500 Princeton University Press Princeton 1987 pp 77 124 W Osler In The evolution of modern science Yale University Press New Haven 1921 p 243 Turner Howard R 1997 Science in Medieval Islam An Illustrated Introduction University of Texas Press pp 136 8 ISBN 978 0 292 78149 8 Sajjadi SM First brain surgery in 4800 years ago in Iran In Iran News Agency online Available atwww irna com Accessed January 2 1999 History of a headache in medieval Persian medicine The Lancet Volume 1 Issue 8 December 2002 Pages 510 515 S Safavi Abbasi LBC Brasiliense RK Workman 2007 The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire Neurosurgical Focus 23 1 E13 p 3 Medicine throughout Antiquity Benjamin Lee Gordon 1949 p 306 Edward Granville Browne Islamic Medicine Goodword Books 2002 ISBN 81 87570 19 9 p 79 External links EditIranchamber com Medical Sciences in Avesta Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ancient Iranian medicine amp oldid 1170093225, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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