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Ambulacraria

January 31, 2023

Ambulacraria /ˌæmbjuːləˈkrɛəriə/, or Coelomopora /siːləˈmɒpərə/, is a clade of invertebrate phyla that includes echinoderms and hemichordates;[1] a member of this group is called an ambulacrarian. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the echinoderms and hemichordates separated around 533 million years ago.[2] The Ambulacraria are part of the deuterostomes, a larger clade that also includes the Chordata, Vetulicolia.

Ambulacrarians
Temporal range: Early Cambrian–Recent
Various sea stars and sea urchins among mussel shells in the rocky intertidal zone of Kachemak Bay, southern Alaska, United States
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Clade: Ambulacraria
Metschnikoff, 1881
Phyla

The two living clades with representative organisms are:

(These together sometimes are called the lower deuterostomes.[3])

Whether the Xenacoelomorpha clade is the sister group to the Ambulacraria remains a contentious issue, with some authors arguing that the former should be placed more basally among metazoans,[4][5][6] and other authors asserting that the best choices of phylogenetic methods support the position of Xenacoelomorpha as the sister group to Ambulacraria.[7][8]

Fossil taxa that may lie on the stem lineage:

Ontogeny

As for many animals, the egg cell of any extant ambulacrarian by cell division evolves to a blastula ("cell ball"), which evolves to a triploblast ("three-layered") gastrula. The gastrula then evolves to a dipleurula larva form, which is specific for the ambulacraria.[3] This, in its turn, is developed in various different kinds of larvae for different taxa of ambulacrarians.

It has been suggested that the adult form of the last common ancestor of the ambulacrarians was anatomically similar to the dipleurula larvae, whence this hypothetic ancestor sometimes also is called dipleurula.[10]

References

  1. ^ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature. 530 (7588): 89–93. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...89C. doi:10.1038/nature16520. PMID 26842059. S2CID 205247296.
  2. ^ Sea Cucumber Genome Imparts Insight on Genes Linked to Organ Regeneration
  3. ^ a b Lacalli, Thurston Castle. "Tutorial". Marine Invertebrate larvae: A study in morphological diversity. University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  4. ^ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (June 2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4. S2CID 32169826.
  5. ^ Rouse, Greg W.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Carvajal, Jose I.; Vriejenhoek, Robert C. (4 February 2016). "New deep-sea species of Xenoturbella and the position of Xenacoelomorpha". Nature. 530 (2): 94–97. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...94R. doi:10.1038/nature16545. PMID 26842060. S2CID 3870574.
  6. ^ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith III, Julian; Ronquist, Frederik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (4 February 2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature. 530 (2): 89–93. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...89C. doi:10.1038/nature16520. PMID 26842059. S2CID 205247296.
  7. ^ Herve Philippe; et al. (3 June 2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. PMID 31104936.
  8. ^ Paschalia Kapli; Maximilian J. Telford (11 December 2020). "Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha". Science Advances. 6 (50): eabc5162. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.5162K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162. PMC 7732190. PMID 33310849.
  9. ^ Caron, J.; Conway Morris, S.; Shu, D. (2010). "Tentaculate fossils from the Cambrian of Canada (British Columbia) and China (Yunnan) interpreted as primitive deuterostomes". PLOS ONE. 5 (3): e9586. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9586C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009586. PMC 2833208. PMID 20221405.
  10. ^ "Dipleurula". Lexikon der Biologie (in German). Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. Heidelberg. 1999. Retrieved 2020-01-13.

January 31, 2023
ambulacraria, ɛər, coelomopora, clade, invertebrate, phyla, that, includes, echinoderms, hemichordates, member, this, group, called, ambulacrarian, phylogenetic, analysis, suggests, echinoderms, hemichordates, separated, around, million, years, part, deuterost. Ambulacraria ˌ ae m b j uː l e ˈ k r ɛer i e or Coelomopora s iː l e ˈ m ɒ p e r e is a clade of invertebrate phyla that includes echinoderms and hemichordates 1 a member of this group is called an ambulacrarian Phylogenetic analysis suggests the echinoderms and hemichordates separated around 533 million years ago 2 The Ambulacraria are part of the deuterostomes a larger clade that also includes the Chordata Vetulicolia AmbulacrariansTemporal range Early Cambrian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NVarious sea stars and sea urchins among mussel shells in the rocky intertidal zone of Kachemak Bay southern Alaska United StatesScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaSubkingdom EumetazoaClade ParaHoxozoaClade BilateriaClade NephrozoaSuperphylum DeuterostomiaClade AmbulacrariaMetschnikoff 1881PhylaEchinodermata 7 500 species Hemichordata 71 species The two living clades with representative organisms are Echinodermata sea stars sea urchins brittle stars sea cucumbers feather stars sea lilies etc Hemichordata acorn worms Pterobranchia and possibly graptolites These together sometimes are called the lower deuterostomes 3 Whether the Xenacoelomorpha clade is the sister group to the Ambulacraria remains a contentious issue with some authors arguing that the former should be placed more basally among metazoans 4 5 6 and other authors asserting that the best choices of phylogenetic methods support the position of Xenacoelomorpha as the sister group to Ambulacraria 7 8 Fossil taxa that may lie on the stem lineage Superphylum Ambulacraria Cambroernids informal unranked clade 9 Herpetogaster Phlogites Eldoniids Eldonioids Ontogeny EditAs for many animals the egg cell of any extant ambulacrarian by cell division evolves to a blastula cell ball which evolves to a triploblast three layered gastrula The gastrula then evolves to a dipleurula larva form which is specific for the ambulacraria 3 This in its turn is developed in various different kinds of larvae for different taxa of ambulacrarians It has been suggested that the adult form of the last common ancestor of the ambulacrarians was anatomically similar to the dipleurula larvae whence this hypothetic ancestor sometimes also is called dipleurula 10 References Edit Cannon Johanna Taylor Vellutini Bruno Cossermelli Smith Julian Ronquist Fredrik Jondelius Ulf Hejnol Andreas 2016 Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa Nature 530 7588 89 93 Bibcode 2016Natur 530 89C doi 10 1038 nature16520 PMID 26842059 S2CID 205247296 Sea Cucumber Genome Imparts Insight on Genes Linked to Organ Regeneration a b Lacalli Thurston Castle Tutorial Marine Invertebrate larvae A study in morphological diversity University of Saskatchewan Retrieved 2020 01 13 Edgecombe Gregory D Giribet Gonzalo Dunn Casey W Hejnol Andreas Kristensen Reinhardt M Neves Ricardo C Rouse Greg W Worsaae Katrine Sorensen Martin V June 2011 Higher level metazoan relationships recent progress and remaining questions Organisms Diversity amp Evolution 11 2 151 172 doi 10 1007 s13127 011 0044 4 S2CID 32169826 Rouse Greg W Wilson Nerida G Carvajal Jose I Vriejenhoek Robert C 4 February 2016 New deep sea species of Xenoturbella and the position of Xenacoelomorpha Nature 530 2 94 97 Bibcode 2016Natur 530 94R doi 10 1038 nature16545 PMID 26842060 S2CID 3870574 Cannon Johanna Taylor Vellutini Bruno Cossermelli Smith III Julian Ronquist Frederik Jondelius Ulf Hejnol Andreas 4 February 2016 Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa Nature 530 2 89 93 Bibcode 2016Natur 530 89C doi 10 1038 nature16520 PMID 26842059 S2CID 205247296 Herve Philippe et al 3 June 2019 Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria Current Biology 29 11 1818 1826 doi 10 1016 j cub 2019 04 009 PMID 31104936 Paschalia Kapli Maximilian J Telford 11 December 2020 Topology dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha Science Advances 6 50 eabc5162 Bibcode 2020SciA 6 5162K doi 10 1126 sciadv abc5162 PMC 7732190 PMID 33310849 Caron J Conway Morris S Shu D 2010 Tentaculate fossils from the Cambrian of Canada British Columbia and China Yunnan interpreted as primitive deuterostomes PLOS ONE 5 3 e9586 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 5 9586C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0009586 PMC 2833208 PMID 20221405 Dipleurula Lexikon der Biologie in German Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Heidelberg 1999 Retrieved 2020 01 13 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ambulacraria amp oldid 1127966545, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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