Aloha
Aloha (/əˈloʊhɑː/ ə-LOH-hah, Hawaiian: [əˈlohə]) is the Hawaiian word for love, affection, peace, compassion and mercy, that is commonly used as a greeting.[1][2] It has a deeper cultural and spiritual significance to native Hawaiians, for whom the term is used to define a force that holds together existence.[3]
The word is found in all Polynesian languages and always with the same basic meaning of "love, compassion, sympathy, kindness."[4] Its use in Hawaii has a seriousness lacking in the Tahitian and Samoan meanings.[5] Mary Kawena Pukui wrote that the "first expression" of aloha was between a parent and child.[4]
Lorrin Andrews wrote the first Hawaiian dictionary, called A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language.[6] In it, he describes aloha as "A word expressing different feelings: love, affection, gratitude, kindness, pity, compassion, grief, the modern common salutation at meeting; parting".[7] Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert's Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian also contains a similar definition. Anthropologist Francis Newton states that "Aloha is a complex and profound sentiment. Such emotions defy definition".[5] Anna Wierzbicka concludes that the term has "no equivalent in English".[5]
The word aloha is hard to translate into any other language because it comprises complex ways of being and of interacting with and loving all of creation. An ethic of care and respect for all people and all elements of the land is wrapped up in aloha; it is a way of showing connection and reverence. Queen Liliʻuokalani is known to have said, “Aloha is to learn what is not said, to see what cannot be seen, and to know the unknowable.” [8]
Another way to interpret aloha is as an energy exchange — the giving and receiving of positive energy is the spirit of aloha. As we create positive thoughts and interactions, they ripple out into the world and are merged and multiplied with the actions and energy of others. Aloha has been described as the coordination of the heart and mind to foster connectivity and peace. [9]
The state of Hawaii introduced the Aloha Spirit law in 1986, which mandates that state officials and judges treat the public with Aloha.[10][11]
The University of Hawai'i's Center for Labor Education and Research resorts the statute of the Spirit of Aloha which breaks down the concept into an acronym using each of the letters of the word:
"'Akahai,' meaning kindness, to be expressed with tenderness;
'Lokahi,' meaning unity,to be expressed with harmony;
'Oluolu,' meaning agreeable,to be expressed with pleasantness;
'Haahaa,' meaning humility, to be expressed with modesty;
'Ahonui,' meaning patience, to be expressed with perseverance." [12]
Etymology edit
Aloha was borrowed from the Hawaiian aloha to the English language. The Hawaiian word has evolved from the Proto-Polynesian greeting *qarofa,[13] which also meant "love, pity, or compassion". It is further thought to be evolved from Proto-Oceanic root *qarop(-i) meaning "feel pity, empathy, be sorry for", which in turn descends from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *harep.[14]
Aloha has numerous cognates in other Polynesian languages, such as talofa in Samoan, ta'alofa in Tuvaluan, and aro'a in Cook Islands Māori. Māori given name Aroha is also descended from the Proto-Polynesian root.
Aloha is derived from Proto-Polynesian roots alo, meaning 'presence' or 'face' and ha, meaning 'breath,' making the literal meaning something close to 'the presence of breath.' or 'the face of breath' [15]
See also edit
- As-salamu alaykum, a greeting in Arabic that means "Peace be upon you"
- Mahalo, a Hawaiian word meaning thanks, gratitude, admiration, praise, esteem, regards, or respects
- Kia ora, a Maōri greeting
- Mabuhay, a Filipino greeting
- Namaste, a customary Hindu greeting
- Ohana, a Hawaiian term meaning "family"
- Shalom, a Hebrew word meaning peace, harmony, wholeness, completeness, prosperity, welfare and tranquility
- Talofa, a Samoan greeting
References edit
- ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0824807030. OCLC 229095.
- ^ Van Valkenburg, June A. (2012), Feeling My Way: Finding Purpose, BalboaPress, p. 69, ISBN 978-1-4525-5462-4
- ^ Carrol, Bret (2000). The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America. Psychology Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780415921312.
- ^ a b Kanahele, George Hu'eu Sanford (1992). Ku Kanaka Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values. University of Hawaii Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-8248-1500-4.
- ^ a b c Wierzbicka, Anna (1992). Semantics, Culture, and Cognition: Universal Human Concepts in Culture-Specific Configurations. Oxford University Press. pp. 152–155. ISBN 978-0-19-536091-2.
- ^ Forbes, David W. (1998). Hawaiian National Bibliography, Vol 3: 1851–1880. University of Hawaii Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-8248-2503-4.
- ^ Andrews, Lorrin; Parker, Henry (1922). A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language. Honolulu: Board of Commissioners of Public Archives of the Territory of Hawaii. p. 52.
- ^ Ching, June. "Aloha connection--Island tidbits". American Psychological Association. American Psycholigical Association. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- ^ "The Meaning of Aloha Through Hawaiian Language and History". Homey Hawaii. 15 March 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- ^ Kerr, Breena (April 23, 2018). "In Hawaii, being nice is the law". BBC. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
- ^ Hawaiʻi Law of The Aloha Spirit
- ^ "Hawai'i Law of the Aloha Spirit". University of Hawaii CLEAR. University of Hawaii. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
- ^ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “QAROFA (B)”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
- ^ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “QAROFA (A)”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
- ^ Harley, Charlebois (8 February 2023). "Hawaiian Culture Act 2 of HĀ: Breath of Life". Polynesian Cultural Center. Retrieved July 10, 2023.