Alfa Romeo in Formula One
Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One. It most recently participated as Alfa Romeo F1 Team Stake while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG. The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987, and later as a commercial partner since 2015. The company's works drivers won the first two World Drivers' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta: Nino Farina in 1950 and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951. Following these successes, Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One.
| Full name | Alfa Romeo F1 Team Stake |
|---|---|
| Base | Hinwil, Zürich, Switzerland |
| Team principal(s) | Alessandro Alunni Bravi[1] (Team Representative) |
| Technical director | James Key |
| Website | www |
| Previous name | Sauber F1 Team |
| 2023 Formula One World Championship | |
| Race drivers | 24. Zhou Guanyu[2] 77. Valtteri Bottas[3] |
| Test drivers | Théo Pourchaire[4] |
| Chassis | C43 |
| Engine | Ferrari 066/10 |
| Tyres | Pirelli |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| First entry | 1950 British Grand Prix |
| Last entry | 2023 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix |
| Races entered | 214 |
| Engines | Alfa Romeo, Ferrari |
| Constructors' Championships | 0 |
| Drivers' Championships | 2 (1950, 1951) |
| Race victories | 10 |
| Podiums | 26 |
| Points | 199 |
| Pole positions | 12 |
| Fastest laps | 16 |
| 2023 position | 9th (16 pts) |
During the 1960s, although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport, several Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars. In the early 1970s, Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich, supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich's McLaren (1970) and March (1971) entries. None of these engine combinations scored championship points.
In the mid-1970s, Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8, which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship. Bernie Ecclestone, then owner of the Brabham Formula One team, persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season. Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo's first season was relatively modest, during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes, including two race victories for Niki Lauda.
The company's sporting department, Autodelta, returned as the works team in 1979. This second period as a constructor was less successful than the first. Between the company's return and its withdrawal as a constructor at the end of 1985, Alfa works drivers did not win a race and the team never finished higher than sixth in the World Constructors' Championship. The team's engines were also supplied to Osella from 1983 to 1987, but they scored only two World Championship points during this period.
The Alfa Romeo logo returned to Formula One in 2015, appearing on the Scuderia Ferrari cars. In late 2017, Alfa Romeo announced that they were to become title sponsors for Sauber from 2018, and had entered into a technical and commercial partnership with the team. Alfa Romeo returned to the sport when Sauber was renamed at the beginning of 2019. The team is set to be taken over by Audi for 2026.
As a constructor edit
Pre-Formula One era: early success and Grands Prix winning (1920s–1940s) edit
Before World War II, Alfa Romeo was a dominant presence in Grand Prix motor racing. The P2 and the P3 consistently achieved victories until 1934, when the German Mercedes and Auto Union cars emerged and posed serious competition.[5][6][7][8] By this time, Alfa Romeo had withdrawn temporarily as a manufacturer and was run by Enzo Ferrari and his Scuderia Ferrari team from 1929 to 1938.[9][10] From 1934 to the start of World War II in 1939, Alfa rarely experienced a scarcity of victories, as their cars appeared underdeveloped compared to the technically advanced Mercedes.[11]
After Alfa Corse retrieved its control of the brand from Ferrari, they made the Alfa Romeo 158 for the 1938 season.[12] The 158, after subsequent updates,[12] went on to become a dominant force in Gran Prix racing in the aftermath of the war.[13][12][14] Alfa continued to use this car at Grands Prix from 1946 to 1948, withdrawing from racing in 1949 due to death of Jean-Pierre Wimille, Achille Varzi, and Carlo Felice Trossi,[15][16] dominating the 1947 and 1948 Grand Prix seasons.[17]
Success at the dawn of Formula One and retirement (1950–1951) edit
Alfa Romeo experienced astounding success in the first two seasons of the Formula One World Championship.[18] In 1950, Giuseppe Farina won the inaugural World Drivers' Championship in a 158 with a supercharger.[15] The success was replicated the following year by Juan Manuel Fangio while driving an Alfetta 159 (an evolution of the 158 with a two-stage compressor).[19] The Alfetta's engines were extremely powerful for their capacity: in 1951 the 159 engine was producing around 420 bhp (310 kW) but this was at the price of fuel consumption of 125 to 175 litres per 100 km (1.5 mpg–U.S. / 3 mpg–imp).[15]
Surprisingly, the team won the two World Drivers' Championships on a very limited budget, using only nine engine blocks that were built before the war.[20] In 1952, facing increased competition from Ferrari, the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale, a public holding company controlling Alfa Romeo, decided to withdraw the team from Formula One after the Italian government's refusal to fund the expensive design of a new car to replace the 13-year-old model.[20]
Second spell as a constructor (1979–1985) edit
In 1976, Alfa Romeo started supplying engines to Brabham, winning two Grands Prix during the 1978 Formula One season.[21] However, in 1977, Italian engine designer Carlo Chiti persuaded the team to develop their own Formula One car.[22] The development, led by Alfa Romeo's competition department Autodelta, started in 1977.[22] The result was the Alfa Romeo 177, which made its debut at the 1979 Belgian Grand Prix.[22] The partnership with Brabham finished before the end of the 1979 season, with Brabham switching back to Cosworth DFV engines.[23]
This second spell in Formula One was never truly successful and their performance was consistently hampered by reliability issues.[22][24][25] In 1980, they endured tragedy when their driver Patrick Depailler died in a fatal crash while testing for the 1980 German Grand Prix at the Hockenheimring.[26] At the 1980 United States Grand Prix, Bruno Giacomelli obtained pole position with the Alfa Romeo 179,[27] and led the race for 32 laps before the Alfa coasted to a halt with electrical trouble.[28]
In 1981, the team's best achievement that year was Giacomelli's third-place finish at the 1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix with an Alfa Romeo 179C.[29] After a restructuring of Autodelta, the team operations and design of the car were outsourced to Euroracing in 1982, with the engines still being supplied by Autodelta.[30] This year, the team achieved a pole position at the 1982 United States Grand Prix West and a third-place finish at the 1982 Monaco Grand Prix, both with Andrea De Cesaris driving the Alfa Romeo 182.[31][32] The team's best season was 1983, when the team switched to the turbocharged 890T V8 engine and achieved the sixth place in the Constructors' Championship, largely thanks to two second-place finishes by Andrea de Cesaris with the Alfa Romeo 183T.[33][34][24]
While the turbocharged 890T had proved somewhat competitive in 1983,[35] increasing competition from more powerful engines from BWM and TAG, plus the fact that FIA imposed 220-litre fuel limit with no re-fuelling allowed during pit stops during 1984 saw the decline of the Euroracing Alfa Romeo team as a competitive force in Grand Prix racing.[36][37][35] The 890T (the only turbo V8 engine used in GP racing at this time) was very thirsty, and to temporarily rectify this problem, the drivers could interact with a knob regulating the turbo pressure, thus reducing the available power.[35][36][37] Riccardo Patrese's third-place finish at the 1984 Italian Grand Prix being the last podium finish for the team,[37] with both Patrese and Eddie Cheever often failing to finish races throughout 1984 and 1985 due to running out of fuel.[35]
The team's 1985 car, the Alfa Romeo 185T, proved to be so uncompetitive that the 1984 car, the 184T, was re-called into service mid-season.[35][36] After being updated to 1985 specifications the car, now dubbed the 184TB, was an improvement over the 1985 car, but results were still not forthcoming.[35][36] In an interview he gave years later, Riccardo Patrese described the 185T as the worst car he had ever driven.[38][35]
Alfa Romeo pulled out of Formula One as a constructor at the end of the 1985 season.[38]
Partnership with Sauber (2019–2023) edit
On 1 February 2019, following the multi-year technical and commercial partnership agreement established in 2018,[39] Sauber announced that the team would rename to Alfa Romeo Racing, while the ownership, Swiss racing licence,[40] and management structure would remain unchanged.[41]
Alfa Romeo's challenger for the 2019 season was the C38, continuing the naming convention from previous Sauber Formula One cars. The C38 included unique aerodynamic design elements in comparison to its rivals and predecessors, particularly at the front of the car as a result of regulation changes for the new season.[42] 2007 world champion Kimi Räikkönen and former Sauber reserve driver Antonio Giovinazzi were hired as the team's drivers.[41] Giovinazzi led the 2019 Singapore Grand Prix for four laps,[43] the first Alfa Romeo driver to lead a lap since Andrea de Cesaris did so at the 1983 Belgian Grand Prix.[44] The team's best result of the year came at the chaotic Brazilian Grand Prix, where Räikkönen and Giovinazzi were classified 4th and 5th respectively.[45] Alfa Romeo finished the year in 8th place in the Constructors' Championship with 57 points.[46]
Alfa Romeo entered the 2020 season with an unchanged driver lineup.[47] In January 2020, the team announced that they would enter a title sponsorship arrangement with Polish oil company PKN Orlen (renaming the team as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen in 2020 and 2021 and as Alfa Romeo F1 Team Orlen in 2022) and that Robert Kubica would join as a reserve driver.[48] Alfa Romeo finished the 2020 season in 8th place again, but this time scoring only 8 points.[49]
In July 2021, Alfa Romeo Racing extended their deal with Sauber with a multi-year agreement with yearly assessments.[50] In the 2021 season, the team finished in 9th place with 13 points.[51] At the end of the season, Räikkönen retired from Formula One,[52] while Giovinazzi departed the team to compete in Formula E.[53]
For the 2022 season, the team signed former Mercedes driver Valtteri Bottas and Formula 2 graduate Zhou Guanyu,[54][55] securing their best Constructors’ Championship finish in 6th place since the beginning of their partnership with Sauber.[56]
In January 2023, Alfa Romeo announced a multi-year title sponsorship agreement with online casino Stake, renaming the team as Alfa Romeo F1 Team Stake and having their logo displayed prominently on the C43.[57][58] The team also signed a partnership agreement with live streaming platform Kick,[59] which is invested by Stake co-founder and owner Eddie Craven.[60] Kick's name and logo will replace Stake's in countries where gambling and sports betting advertisements are not allowed as Alfa Romeo F1 Team Kick.[61] Alfa Romeo raced a revised Kick livery at the 2023 Belgian Grand Prix.[62]
Alfa Romeo pulled out of Formula One at the end of 2023 and ended their partnership with Sauber,[63] who are set to launch a works partnership with Audi in 2026.[64]
As an engine supplier edit
| Formula One World Championship career | |
|---|---|
| First entry | 1950 British Grand Prix |
| Last entry | 1987 Australian Grand Prix |
| Races entered | 226 (215 starts) |
| Chassis | Alfa Romeo, Alfa Special, De Tomaso, Cooper, LDS, McLaren, March, Brabham, Osella |
| Constructors' Championships | 0 |
| Drivers' Championships | 2 (1950, 1951) |
| Race victories | 12 |
| Podiums | 40 |
| Points | 148 |
| Pole positions | 15 |
| Fastest laps | 20 |
Naturally aspirated engines (1960s and 1970s) edit
During the 1960s, several minor F1 teams used Alfa Romeo straight-4 engines in cars such as the LDS Mk1 and Mk2 (1962–1963 and 1965),[65] the Cooper T53 (1962),[66] and the De Tomaso F1 (1961).[66] None of these teams scored a single Championships point.[66]
In 1962, Peter de Klerk created a custom-made, single-seater racing special built for the South African Formula One Championship, powered by an Alfa Romeo Giulietta 1.5-litre straight-4 engine, which was christened as the Alfa Special.[67][66] The Special participated in two Grands Prixs, retiring at the 1963 South African Grand Prix and finishing 10th at the 1965 South African Grand Prix.[67] It also entered five non-championship Grands Prix, scoring a podium finish at the 1963 Rand Grand Prix.[68]
At the end of the 1960s, Alfa Romeo was developing a new V8 engine for its racing cars, which was briefly tested on the Cooper T86C F1-3-68 by Lucien Bianchi.[69]
Alfa Romeo briefly returned to Formula One for the 1970 and 1971 seasons with a V8 engine based on their sportscar unit used on the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33.[70][71][72] In 1970, the unit was mainly entrusted to Andrea de Adamich, a long time Alfa driver, in the McLaren M7D and M14D.[70][71] The combination often failed to qualify and was uncompetitive when it did run in the races.[70][71] In 1971, a similar arrangement saw de Adamich run most of the second half of the season in a March 711, with a similar lack of success.[72]
In 1976, Bernie Ecclestone did a deal for the Brabham Formula One team to use Alfa Romeo engines based on their new flat-12 sports car unit designed by Carlo Chiti.[73][74] The engines were free and produced a claimed 510 bhp (380 kW) against the 465 bhp (347 kW) of the ubiquitous Cosworth DFV;[75] however, the 12-cylinder Alfa engine was heavier and used more oil and water than the 8-cylinder DFV, because of more mechanical processes going on in it.[76] Packaging the engines was difficult – they had to be removed to change the spark plugs – and the high fuel consumption engine required no fewer than four separate fuel tanks to contain 47 imperial gallons (214 L; 56 US gal) of fuel.[77] While the Brabham BT45 (1976) proved quite unsuccessful,[78] the upgraded BT45B (1977) represented an proviment.[79] Gordon Murray's increasingly adventurous designs, like the BT46 which won two races in 1978 (the Swedish and the Italian Grand Prixs) and finished third in the Constructors standings, were partly a response to the challenge of producing a suitably light and aerodynamic chassis around the bulky unit.[80] When aerodynamic ground effect became critical in 1978, it was clear that the low, wide engines would interfere with the large venturi tunnels under the car which were needed to create the ground effect.[80] At Murray's instigation, Alfa produced a narrower V12 design in only three months for the 1979 season, but it proved to be unreliable and fuel-inefficient.[81]
Turbo engines (1983–1988) edit
For the 1987 season, Alfa Romeo made a deal to supply engines to Ligier.[82] Designed by Gianni Tonti,[83] the Alfa Romeo 415T four-cylinder turbo engine was tested in a Ligier JS29 by René Arnoux.[84] When Fiat (the same company that owned F1 giant Ferrari) took control of Alfa Romeo, the deal was cancelled (ostensibly due to negative remarks by Arnoux about the engine) and Ligier had to use Megatron (ex BMW) engines for the entirety of the 1987 season.[83][82][85]
Alfa also supplied expertise and engines to the small and unsuccessful Italian Osella team from 1983 to 1987.[86][87] For the second half of the 1983 season, the Alfa Romeo 182's normally aspirated engine (along with other rear-end components) used during the previous season were deployed on the Osella FA1E, which achieved a 10th place as the best result.[86] From 1984 to 1987,[88] Alfa Romeo V8 turbo engines were used on Osella's cars, starting with the 1984 Osella FA1F, which was based on the 1983 works Alfa Romeo 183T,[89][87] and continuing with the FA1G, FA1H, and FA1I,[90] achieving two fifth places as the best results (1984 Dallas and Italian Grand Prix).[90]
By 1988, the last turbo season, Alfa was fed up with the negative publicity generated by Osella's cars, so the Milan-based manufacturer prohibited the further use of its name in connection with the engine. As a result, the 1988 Alfa engines mounted on the FA1L were simply dubbed "Osella V8".[91] At the end of that season, the relationship finished, signifying the end of Alfa Romeo's involvement in Formula One for about three decades.[91]
Naturally aspirated V10 (1985) edit
In 1985, Alfa Romeo started a V10 Formula One engine project, in anticipation of the upcoming rules forbidding turbo engines. The engine was targeted to be used with Ligier Formula One cars. This was the first modern V10 Formula One engine, followed soon by Honda and Renault engines. The Alfa Romeo V1035 F1 engine was designed by Pino D'Agostino during the 1986 season.[92] In its first stage the 3.5 litre engine produced 583 hp (435 kW) and the last version from 1986 could produce 620 bhp (460 kW) at 13300 rpm. After the co-operation with Ligier was cancelled the engine was available to the 164 Pro Car project.[93]
In 1988, Alfa Romeo (Fiat Group) bought Motor Racing Developments Ltd. (otherwise known as the Brabham F1 team) to build a chassis for a new ProCar series.[94] The car developed was V10 powered Alfa Romeo 164 ProCar (Brabham BT57[95]) and was planned to race in a special racing series (as a support event to Formula One Grands Prix).
Team partnerships edit
Scuderia Ferrari (2015–2018) edit
Alfa Romeo branding appeared on the Scuderia Ferrari Formula One cars from the 2015 until the 2018 season, starting with the Ferrari SF15-T.[96]
Sauber F1 Team (2018–2023) edit
On 29 November 2017, it was announced that Alfa Romeo would be the title sponsor of the Sauber Formula One team starting from the 2018 season in a multi-year technical and commercial partnership agreement as Alfa Romeo Sauber F1 Team.[39] On 2 December 2017, a press conference was held at the Alfa Romeo Museum in Arese, Milan, illustrating the terms of the agreement between the FCA Group and the Swiss team followed by a presentation ceremony for the livery and the driver line-up consisting of Charles Leclerc and Marcus Ericsson.[97]
A January 2018 interview with Frederic Vasseur revealed that Alfa Romeo intended to take over the Sauber team.[98] On 1 February 2019, it was announced that the team would enter the 2019 season as Alfa Romeo Racing with the ownership and management structure remaining unchanged.[99]
On 26 August 2022, It was announced that Alfa Romeo would be ending its ties to the Sauber Formula One team by the end of 2023, not long after Audi announced it would take over Sauber in 2026.[100]
Complete Formula One results edit
(Bold indicates championships won)
| Year | Name | Car | Engine | Tyres | No. | Drivers | Points | WCC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | Alfa Romeo S.p.A. | 158 | 158 1.5 L8 s | P | — | Juan Manuel Fangio Giuseppe Farina Luigi Fagioli Reg Parnell Piero Taruffi Consalvo Sanesi | — | |
| 1951 | Alfa Romeo S.p.A. | 159 | 158 1.5 L8 s | P | — | Juan Manuel Fangio Giuseppe Farina Luigi Fagioli Felice Bonetto Toulo de Graffenried Consalvo Sanesi Paul Pietsch | — | |
| 1952–1978: Alfa Romeo did not compete as a constructor | ||||||||
| 1979 | Autodelta | 177 179 | 115-12 3.0 F12 1260 3.0 V12 | G | 35. 36. | Bruno Giacomelli Vittorio Brambilla | 0 | NC |
| 1980 | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | 179 | 1260 3.0 V12 | G | 22. 22. 22. 23. | Patrick Depailler Vittorio Brambilla Andrea de Cesaris Bruno Giacomelli | 4 | 11th |
| 1981 | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | 179B 179C 179D | 1260 3.0 V12 | M | 22. 23. | Mario Andretti Bruno Giacomelli | 10 | 9th |
| 1982 | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | 179D 182 | 1260 3.0 V12 | M | 22. 23. | Andrea de Cesaris Bruno Giacomelli | 7 | 10th |
| 1983 | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | 183T | 890T 1.5 V8 t | M | 22. 23. | Andrea de Cesaris Mauro Baldi | 18 | 6th |
| 1984 | Benetton Team Alfa Romeo | 184T | 890T 1.5 V8 t | G | 22. 23. | Riccardo Patrese Eddie Cheever | 11 | 8th |
| 1985 | Benetton Team Alfa Romeo | 185T 184TB | 890T 1.5 V8 t | G | 22. 23. | Riccardo Patrese Eddie Cheever | 0 | NC |
| 1986–2018: Alfa Romeo did not compete as a constructor | ||||||||
| 2019 | Alfa Romeo Racing | C38 | Ferrari 064 1.6 V6 t | P | 7. 99. | Kimi Räikkönen Antonio Giovinazzi | 57 | 8th |
| 2020 | Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen | C39 | Ferrari 065 1.6 V6 t | P | 7. 99. | Kimi Räikkönen Antonio Giovinazzi | 8 | 8th |
| 2021 | Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen | C41 | Ferrari 065/6 1.6 V6 t | P | 7. 88. 99. | Kimi Räikkönen Robert Kubica Antonio Giovinazzi | 13 | 9th |
| 2022 | Alfa Romeo F1 Team Orlen | C42 | Ferrari 066/7 1.6 V6 t | P | 24. 77. | Zhou Guanyu Valtteri Bottas | 55 | 6th |
| 2023 | Alfa Romeo F1 Team Stake | C43 | Ferrari 066/10 1.6 V6 t | P | 24. 77. | Zhou Guanyu Valtteri Bottas | 16 | 9th |
| Source:[101] | ||||||||
Drivers' Champions edit
Formula One customer engine results edit
| Constructor | Season(s) | Total wins | First win | Last win |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| De Tomaso | 1961 | 0 | – | – |
| LDS | 1962–1963, 1965 | 0 | – | – |
| Alfa Special | 1963, 1965 | 0 | – | – |
| Cooper | 1962 | 0 | – | – |
| McLaren | 1970 | 0 | – | – |
| March | 1971 | 0 | – | – |
| Brabham | 1976–1979 | 2 | 1978 Swedish Grand Prix | 1978 Italian Grand Prix |
| Osella | 1983–1987 | 0 | – | – |
| Total | 1961–1987 | 2 | 1978 Swedish Grand Prix | 1978 Italian Grand Prix |
- Excludes factory team
See also edit
References edit
- Citations
- ^ "Alfa Romeo F1 Team appoints Managing Director of Sauber Group, Alessandro Alunni Bravi, also as Team Representative". Sauber Group. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo confirm Zhou Guanyu to stay on for 2023". Formula1.com. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo announce Valtteri Bottas to join the team in 2022 on multi-year deal". Formula1.com. 6 September 2021. from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ Wood, Ida (31 October 2022). "Pourchaire to be Alfa Romeo reserve in 2023 but unsure where he'll race". Formula Scout. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "1924 - 1925 Alfa Romeo P2". Ultimatecarpage.com. from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo P2 e P3". Targaflorio-1906-1977 (in Italian). from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ Fearnley, Paul (7 February 2019). "The original Merc vs Alfa grand prix battle". Motor Sport. from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ . Ddavid.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
- ^ "This Alfa Romeo Is What Enzo Ferrari Raced Before Founding Ferrari". Carscoops. 8 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ . Velocissima.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
- ^ Turner, Kevin (15 February 2021). "From the archive: The greatest Mercedes you've never heard of". Autosport. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ a b c . Kolumbus.fi. Archived from the original on 19 April 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
- ^ Nye, Doug (13 January 2020). "The Alfetta tech that beat Ferrari: Alfa Romeo 158/159". Motor Sport. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ Willis, Andrew (5 October 2022). "The Alfa Romeo 158 was the original dominant force in F1". Goodwood. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ a b c . DDavid.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
- ^ "GP Tipo 158 Alfetta". Museo Alfa Romeo. from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo 158 'Alfetta'". Ultimatecarpage.com. from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ Kanal, Samarth (27 January 2023). "TEAM GUIDE: Alfa Romeo's unique place in the F1 history books – and how they're set for 2023". Formula1.com. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "The GP 159 "Alfetta": The Last Dominator". FCA Heritage. from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ a b Ferrari, Luca (22 February 2021). "Alfa Romeo: la storia del 'Biscione' in F1". FormulaPassion.it (in Italian). from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ . Mito Alfa Romeo (in Italian). Archived from the original on 22 April 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ a b c d . Autosport (in Portuguese). 28 August 2007. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ Zensen, Ulrich (8 March 2017). "Alfa Romeo - Autodelta AR 177-001 at the Belgian Grand Prix, Zolder, Belgium May 13th, 1979". RobertLittle.us. from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ a b Turco, Paolo (1 December 2017). "Alfa Romeo in F1. La storia di un mito". NewsAuto (in Italian). from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ Scaccia, Giulio (26 December 2017). "Bruno Giacomelli e il sogno incompiuto Alfa Romeo". F1Sport.it (in Italian). from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ "August 1st, 1980: The day we lost Patrick Depailler". Motor Sport. 1 August 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ "USA West 1982". Stats F1. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Nugnes, Franco (1 December 2017). "Giacomelli: "Il ritorno dell'Alfa Romeo fa bene alla Formula 1"". Motor Sport (in Italian). Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ Henry, Alan (17 October 1981). "Jones signs off with a win". Motor Sport. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Lini, Franco (January 1985). "La settima volta dell'Alfa" [Alfa's seventh lap]. Quattroruote (in Italian). Milan, Italy: Editoriale Domus. 30 (351): 186.
- ^ "1980 USA East Grand Prix - QUALIFYING". Formula1.com. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "1982 Monaco Grand Prix". Motor Sport. 23 May 1982. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "1983 German Grand Prix". Motor Sport. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "1983 South African Grand Prix". Motor Sport. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rocha, Miguel (3 March 2018). "1985: From Alfa to Omega". Grand Prix Rejects. from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Alfa Romeo 184T, l'ultima sotto la bandiera a scacchi". FormulaPassion.it (in Italian). 2 February 2019. from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ a b c "L'Alfa Romeo 184T". Formula Storia (in Italian). 2 December 2017. from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ a b Seno, Alvise-Marco (29 November 2017). "Un ripasso dell'epopea del Biscione in Formula 1". Ruoteclassiche (in Italian). from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ a b . Sauber F1 Team. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
- ^ Nimmervoll, Christian (16 March 2019). ""Mogelpackung" Alfa Romeo: Es bleibt ein Schweizer Team!". Motorsport-Total.com (in German). Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b . Sauber F1 Team. 1 February 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo C38: Technical analysis". RaceFans. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
- ^ Beer, Matt (22 September 2019). "Giovinazzi penalised for going close to Singapore F1 rescue crane". Autosport.
- ^ "Formula 1, tutti i record del Mondiale 2019 e i possibili della F1 2020". Sky Sport. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
- ^ Mitchell, Scott (17 November 2019). "Brazilian GP: Verstappen wins from Gasly after crazy finish". Motor Sport. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ "Teams". Motor Sport. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ "Giovinazzi retained by Alfa Romeo for 2020". Formula1.com. 4 November 2019. from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Khorounzhiy, Valentin (1 January 2020). . Motor Sport. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ "2020 Constructor Standings". Formula1.com. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (14 July 2021). "Alfa Romeo extend deal with Sauber". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "2021 Constructor Standings". Formula1.com. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "'My wife will be more emotional than me' says Raikkonen ahead of his final F1 appearance". Formula1.com. Formula 1. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "'I don't think this will be my last F1 race' vows Giovinazzi ahead of final weekend with Alfa Romeo". Formula1.com. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo announce Guanyu Zhou as Valtteri Bottas's team mate for 2022". Formula1.com. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo announce Valtteri Bottas to join the team in 2022 on multi-year deal". Formula1.com. 6 September 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Smith, Luke (30 December 2022). "Sixth seemed "best scenario" for Alfa Romeo after F1 shakedown struggles". Autosport.
- ^ . Sauber Group. 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023.
- ^ Wood, Will (27 January 2023). . RaceFans. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ . Sauber Group. 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023.
- ^ Liao, Shannon (6 December 2022). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ Rathore, Nischay (2 February 2023). . EssentiallySports. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Collantine, Keith (24 July 2023). . RaceFans. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo to end Sauber partnership at end of 2023 season | Formula 1®". Formula1.com. 26 August 2022. from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ "Sauber to become Audi works F1 team from 2026". Formula1.com. 26 October 2022. from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ "LDS". ESPN. from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d . F1DB.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- ^ a b . F1DB.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ . 8W Forix. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ . Ultimatecarpage.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ a b c "McLaren M7D history". OldRacingCars.com. from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ a b c "McLaren M14D history". OldRacingCars.com. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ a b "March 711 car-by-car histories". OldRacingCars.com. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ Hudson, Violet. "Bernie Ecclestone – How one man came to own a sport". Gentleman's Journal. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ Fearnley, Paul (September 2021). "Uncovering the lost genius of 'Uncle' Carlo Chiti". Motor Sport. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ Henry 1985:159
- ^ Henry 1985:159–160
- ^ Henry 1985:159–160
- ^ Henry 1985:159–165
- ^ Henry 1985:163–171
- ^ a b Henry 1985:171–213
- ^ Henry 1985:190
- ^ a b "Ligier-Alfa split on eve of Rio". Motor Sport. May 1987. p. 7. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Grand Prix cars that never raced". Forix. from the original on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ "Ligier JS29". STATS F1. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Howard, Keith (January 2003). "Alfa Romeo V10". Motor Sport. p. 41. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Osella FA1E car-by-car histories". OldRacingCars.com. from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ a b "1984 Osella FA1F Ghinzani". formula143. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ Turnbull, Steve (6 November 2017). "The Last of the True Racers? – The Osella F1 Story". intentsGP. from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ Nye 1986:227
- ^ a b Pellegrini, Paolo (1 December 2017). "Alfa Romeo e i motori turbo: dalla F1 alla Cart [ prima parte ]". CircusF1 (in Italian). from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ a b Privitera, Marco (17 December 2015). "Alfa Romeo e Formula 1: storia di un amore destinato a rifiorire?". LiveGP.it (in Italian). from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ YouTube: Alfa Romeo V1035 F1 Sound. Test Balocco 1986 - YouTube, accessdate: 13. September 2018
- ^ "Alfa V10 164 Pro Car". velocetoday.com. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
- ^ "Brabham". mcz.com/f1. from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
- ^ "Brabham". oldracingcars.com. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo – Scuderia Ferrari Sponsor". Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Sauber confirm Leclerc & Ericsson, as Alfa Romeo livery revealed". Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
- ^ Ryan Wood (15 January 2018). . Motorsport Week. Motorsport Media Services Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
At this moment in time we are using Ferrari engines, but our goal is not to be a subsidiary of, but the main Alfa Romeo team.
- ^ "Formula 1: Sauber renamed Alfa Romeo Racing from start of 2019 season". bbc.co.uk. BBC Sport. BBC News. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (26 August 2023). "Alfa Romeo to end Sauber F1 ties at the end of 2023". Autosport. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo – Seasons". StatsF1. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- Bibliography
- Henry, Alan (1985), Brabham: The Grand Prix Cars, Osprey, ISBN 0-905138-36-8
- Nye, Doug (1986), Autocourse History of the Grand Prix Car 1966–85, Hazleton, ISBN 0-905138-37-6
External links edit
Media related to Alfa Romeo in Formula One at Wikimedia Commons