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Akshak

January 01, 1970

Akshak (Sumerian: 𒌔𒆠, akĆĄak) (pre-Sargonic - u4kĂșsu.KI, Ur III - akĂșsu.KI, Phonetic - ak-su-wa-ak) was a city of ancient Sumer, situated on the northern boundary of Akkad, sometimes identified with Babylonian Upi (Greek Opis). It is known, based on an inscription "‘Ur-kisala, the sangu-priest of Sin of Akshak, son of Na-ti, pasisu-priest of Sin to Salam presented [this statue]." that there was a temple of the god Sin in Akshak.[1]

Cities of Sumer with one guess for location of Akshak

History edit

Akshak first appears in a Sumerian literary composition Dumuzid's dream, where Dumuzid king of Uruk is said to have been toppled from his opulence by a hungry mob composed of men from the major cities of Sumer, including Akshak.[2][3] The partially literary Sumerian king list mentions Unzi, Undalulu, Urur, Puzur-Nirah, Ishu-Il and Shu-Sin as kings of Akshak. Puzur-Nirah is also mentioned in the millennia later literary composition Weidner Chronicle as reigning in Akshak when a female tavern-keeper, Kug-bau of Kish, was appointed overlordship over Sumer.[4][5]

Moving into actual archaeological sources, a king of Uruk, Enshakushanna, is recorded on a stone vessel from Nippur as attacking Akshak saying "The leader of Kish and the leader of Akshak, (when) both their cities were destroyed ...".[6] Following this, Akshak was at war with Lagash, and was captured by Eannatum, who claims in one inscription (on Boulder A v 4-5) to have smitten its king, Zuzu.[7][8][9]

"For the god Ningirsu, E-anatum, ruler of Lagash, ... In the year of the offensive of Akshak, E-anatum, nominee of the god Ningirsu, crushed Zuzu, king of Akshak, (all the way) from Antasur of Ningirsu to Akshak, and killed him. ... Kish trembled before E-anatum. drove the king of Akshak back to his own land. ... He defeated Kish, Akshak, and Mari at Antasur of the god Ningirsu."[10]

The town of Antasur featured in several conflicts between Lagash and nearby Girsu. Akshak was also mentioned in tablets found at Ebla.[11] In ca. 2350 BC, Akshak fell into the hands of Lugalzagesi of Umma. The Akkadian king Shar-Kali-Sharri reports defeating the Elamites in a battle at Akshak in his year name "In the year in which Szarkaliszarri brought the battle against Elam and Zahara in front of Akszak and ... and was victorious". A year name of an undetermined ruler of the Akkadian Empire reads "Year in which the Akszak canal in Nippur was split".[12] The city was also mentioned in an Old Babylonian period tablet found at Sippar-Amnanum. A fragmentary year name of a ruler of that period, Itur-Shamash, mentions Akshak, "Year Itur-Szamasz built the temple of ... in Akszak". Itur-Shamash, son of Idinilu, is thought to have been ruler of the city of Kisurra.[13][14]

There are no records for Akshak after the Old Babylonian period.

Location edit

Its exact location is uncertain. Classical writers located it where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are closest together and it was mentioned along with Kish and Girsu in early records. Archaeologists in the 1900s placed Akshak at the site of Tel Omar (or Tel Umar) where a pair of sites straddles the Tigris, but that turned out to be Seleucia (possibly earlier Upi/Opis) when it was excavated by LeRoy Waterman of the American Schools of Oriental Research,.[15][16][17] Initially it was thought that two inscriptions bearing the name of Akshak were found there but after examination that proved not the case.[18] Michael C. Astour placed it on the Tigris, on what is now the southern outskirts of Baghdad.[11] A survey of the Diyala area showed no early remains in the area of Seleucia or Cteshiphon, apparently precluding that location.

Surveyed sites marked as possible locations of Akshak were Tell Mohammad, Tell Rishad, and Tell Abu Jawan.[19] Tulul Mujaili' (also TulĂŒl al-Mugeli' and el-Mjel'aat), which lies 15 kilometers northeast of Cteshiphon, has also been suggested as Akshak and also Opis. The site is 500 meters by 200 meters in area with a height of 6.5 meters. A surface survey showed occupation in Early Dynastic through Neo-Babylonian periods, mainly beginning in Kassite times.[19][20] A kudurru of Marduk-nadin-ahhe (c. 1095–1078 BC), sixth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and the 4th Dynasty of Babylon, was found there.[21] Based on an early geographical list the site of Tell Sinker (N 56 ̧24' and E 44 ̧14'), on ancient bed of the Tigris river northwest of Baghdad, has also been proposed.[22] Tell Sinker is site 16 (primarily Early Dynastic, 600 meters by 300 meters with a 250m x 100m x 10m central mound) in the Akkad Survey.[23]

List of rulers of Akshak edit

Ruler Approximated dates Notes and references
Zuzu r. c. 2470 – c. 2459 BC Contemporary of Eannatum of Lagash
Unzi r. c. 2459 – c. 2429 BC
Undalulu r. c. 2429 – c. 2417 BC
Urur r. c. 2417 – c. 2411 BC
Puzur-Nirah r. c. 2411 – c. 2391 BC
Ishu-Il r. c. 2391 – c. 2367 BC
Shu-Suen r. c. 2367 – c. 2360 BC

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, "Six Votive and Dedicatory Inscriptions", in When Writing Met Art: From Symbol to Story, New York, USA: University of Texas Press, pp. 71-86, 2007
  2. ^ Ansky, S., "Dumuzi's Dream", The Harps that Once..., edited by David G. Roskies, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 28-46, 1992
  3. ^ "Dumuzid's Dream". Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature."Those who come for the king are a motley crew, who know not food, who know not drink, who eat no sprinkled flour, who drink no poured water, who accept no pleasant gifts, who do not enjoy a wife's embraces, who never kiss dear little children, who never chew sharp-tasting garlic, who eat no fish, who eat no leeks. There were two men of Adab who came for the king. They were thistles in dried-up waters, they were thorns in stinking waters -- 'his hand was on the table, his tongue was in the palace' (Alludes to a proverb) . Then there were two men of Akơak who came for the king, with 

 carried on their shoulders. Then there were two men of Unug who came for the king. With head-smashing clubs tied to their waists, there were two men of Urim who came for the king. "
  4. ^ [1]Thorkild Jacobsen, "The Sumerian King List", Assyriological Studies 11, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939
  5. ^ A.K. Grayson, "Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles", Eisenbrauns, 2000 ISBN 978-1575060491
  6. ^ Frayne, Douglas, "Uruk", Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC), University of Toronto Press, pp. 409-440, 2008 ISBN 978-0802035868
  7. ^ Curchin, Leonard, "Eannatum and the Kings of Adab", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archĂ©ologie Orientale, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 93–95, 1977
  8. ^ Jacobsen, Thorkild, "Early Political Development in Mesopotamia", Zeitschrift fĂŒr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische ArchĂ€ologie, vol. 52, no. Jahresband, pp. 91-140, 1957
  9. ^ Hamblin, William James (2007). Warfare in the ancient Near East to c. 1600 BC. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25588-2. OCLC 255477145.
  10. ^ Douglas Frayne, "Lagas", in Presargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC), RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Volume 1, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 77-293, 2008 ISBN 9780802035868
  11. ^ a b Gordon, Cyrus Herzl (1992). Eblaitica: essays on the Ebla archives and Eblaite language 3. 3. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-931464-77-5. OCLC 642922991.
  12. ^ Kramer, Samuel N., "New Tablets from Fara", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 110–32, 1932
  13. ^ Yuhong, Wu, and Stephanie Dalley, "The Origins of the Manana Dynasty at Kish, and the Assyrian King List", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 159–65, 1990
  14. ^ Kramer, Samuel N., "New Tablets from Fara", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 110–32, 1932
  15. ^ George A. Barton, Dr. Waterman's Excavation at Tel Omar (Ctesiphon), Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 30, pp. 6-8, (Apr., 1928)
  16. ^ Howard C. Hollis, Material from Seleucia, The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 129-131, 1933
  17. ^ Professor Waterman's Work at Seleucia, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 35, pp. 25-27, 1929
  18. ^ Barnett, R. D. “Xenophon and the Wall of Media.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 83, 1963, pp. 1–26
  19. ^ a b [2]Adams, Robert M., "Land Behind Baghdad: A History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains", Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1965
  20. ^ Frame, Grant, "A Kudurru Fragment from the Reign of Adad-apla-iddina", Altorientalische Forschungen", vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 206-211, 1986
  21. ^ [3]K. al-Admi, "Kudurru of Maroduk-nadin-ahhe, IM 90585", Sumer 38, Sumer 38, pp. 121-133, 1982
  22. ^ Frayne, D. R., "The Early Dynastic List of Geographical Names.", American Oriental Series 74. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1992 ISBN 978-0940490741
  23. ^ [4] McGuire Gibson, The city and area of Kish, Field Research Projects, 1972

Further reading edit

  • L Waterman, Preliminary report upon the excavation at Tel Umar, Iraq: conducted by the University of Michigan and the Toledo museum of art, University of Michigan press, 1931

January 01, 1970
akshak, sumerian, 𒌔𒆠, akĆĄak, sargonic, u4kĂșsu, akĂșsu, phonetic, city, ancient, sumer, situated, northern, boundary, akkad, sometimes, identified, with, babylonian, greek, opis, known, based, inscription, kisala, sangu, priest, pasisu, priest, salam, presented,. Akshak Sumerian 𒌔𒆠 aksak pre Sargonic u4kusu KI Ur III akusu KI Phonetic ak su wa ak was a city of ancient Sumer situated on the northern boundary of Akkad sometimes identified with Babylonian Upi Greek Opis It is known based on an inscription Ur kisala the sangu priest of Sin of Akshak son of Na ti pasisu priest of Sin to Salam presented this statue that there was a temple of the god Sin in Akshak 1 Cities of Sumer with one guess for location of Akshak Contents 1 History 2 Location 3 List of rulers of Akshak 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingHistory editAkshak first appears in a Sumerian literary composition Dumuzid s dream where Dumuzid king of Uruk is said to have been toppled from his opulence by a hungry mob composed of men from the major cities of Sumer including Akshak 2 3 The partially literary Sumerian king list mentions Unzi Undalulu Urur Puzur Nirah Ishu Il and Shu Sin as kings of Akshak Puzur Nirah is also mentioned in the millennia later literary composition Weidner Chronicle as reigning in Akshak when a female tavern keeper Kug bau of Kish was appointed overlordship over Sumer 4 5 Moving into actual archaeological sources a king of Uruk Enshakushanna is recorded on a stone vessel from Nippur as attacking Akshak saying The leader of Kish and the leader of Akshak when both their cities were destroyed 6 Following this Akshak was at war with Lagash and was captured by Eannatum who claims in one inscription on Boulder A v 4 5 to have smitten its king Zuzu 7 8 9 For the god Ningirsu E anatum ruler of Lagash In the year of the offensive of Akshak E anatum nominee of the god Ningirsu crushed Zuzu king of Akshak all the way from Antasur of Ningirsu to Akshak and killed him Kish trembled before E anatum drove the king of Akshak back to his own land He defeated Kish Akshak and Mari at Antasur of the god Ningirsu 10 The town of Antasur featured in several conflicts between Lagash and nearby Girsu Akshak was also mentioned in tablets found at Ebla 11 In ca 2350 BC Akshak fell into the hands of Lugalzagesi of Umma The Akkadian king Shar Kali Sharri reports defeating the Elamites in a battle at Akshak in his year name In the year in which Szarkaliszarri brought the battle against Elam and Zahara in front of Akszak and and was victorious A year name of an undetermined ruler of the Akkadian Empire reads Year in which the Akszak canal in Nippur was split 12 The city was also mentioned in an Old Babylonian period tablet found at Sippar Amnanum A fragmentary year name of a ruler of that period Itur Shamash mentions Akshak Year Itur Szamasz built the temple of in Akszak Itur Shamash son of Idinilu is thought to have been ruler of the city of Kisurra 13 14 There are no records for Akshak after the Old Babylonian period Location editIts exact location is uncertain Classical writers located it where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are closest together and it was mentioned along with Kish and Girsu in early records Archaeologists in the 1900s placed Akshak at the site of Tel Omar or Tel Umar where a pair of sites straddles the Tigris but that turned out to be Seleucia possibly earlier Upi Opis when it was excavated by LeRoy Waterman of the American Schools of Oriental Research 15 16 17 Initially it was thought that two inscriptions bearing the name of Akshak were found there but after examination that proved not the case 18 Michael C Astour placed it on the Tigris on what is now the southern outskirts of Baghdad 11 A survey of the Diyala area showed no early remains in the area of Seleucia or Cteshiphon apparently precluding that location Surveyed sites marked as possible locations of Akshak were Tell Mohammad Tell Rishad and Tell Abu Jawan 19 Tulul Mujaili also Tulul al Mugeli and el Mjel aat which lies 15 kilometers northeast of Cteshiphon has also been suggested as Akshak and also Opis The site is 500 meters by 200 meters in area with a height of 6 5 meters A surface survey showed occupation in Early Dynastic through Neo Babylonian periods mainly beginning in Kassite times 19 20 A kudurru of Marduk nadin ahhe c 1095 1078 BC sixth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and the 4th Dynasty of Babylon was found there 21 Based on an early geographical list the site of Tell Sinker N 56 24 and E 44 14 on ancient bed of the Tigris river northwest of Baghdad has also been proposed 22 Tell Sinker is site 16 primarily Early Dynastic 600 meters by 300 meters with a 250m x 100m x 10m central mound in the Akkad Survey 23 List of rulers of Akshak editRuler Approximated dates Notes and references Zuzu r c 2470 c 2459 BC Contemporary of Eannatum of Lagash Unzi r c 2459 c 2429 BC Undalulu r c 2429 c 2417 BC Urur r c 2417 c 2411 BC Puzur Nirah r c 2411 c 2391 BC Ishu Il r c 2391 c 2367 BC Shu Suen r c 2367 c 2360 BCSee also editCities of the ancient Near EastReferences edit Schmandt Besserat Denise Six Votive and Dedicatory Inscriptions in When Writing Met Art From Symbol to Story New York USA University of Texas Press pp 71 86 2007 Ansky S Dumuzi s Dream The Harps that Once edited by David G Roskies New Haven Yale University Press pp 28 46 1992 Dumuzid s Dream Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature Those who come for the king are a motley crew who know not food who know not drink who eat no sprinkled flour who drink no poured water who accept no pleasant gifts who do not enjoy a wife s embraces who never kiss dear little children who never chew sharp tasting garlic who eat no fish who eat no leeks There were two men of Adab who came for the king They were thistles in dried up waters they were thorns in stinking waters his hand was on the table his tongue was in the palace Alludes to a proverb Then there were two men of Aksak who came for the king with carried on their shoulders Then there were two men of Unug who came for the king With head smashing clubs tied to their waists there were two men of Urim who came for the king 1 Thorkild Jacobsen The Sumerian King List Assyriological Studies 11 Chicago University of Chicago Press 1939 A K Grayson Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles Eisenbrauns 2000 ISBN 978 1575060491 Frayne Douglas Uruk Pre Sargonic Period Early Periods Volume 1 2700 2350 BC University of Toronto Press pp 409 440 2008 ISBN 978 0802035868 Curchin Leonard Eannatum and the Kings of Adab Revue d Assyriologie et d archeologie Orientale vol 71 no 1 pp 93 95 1977 Jacobsen Thorkild Early Political Development in Mesopotamia Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archaologie vol 52 no Jahresband pp 91 140 1957 Hamblin William James 2007 Warfare in the ancient Near East to c 1600 BC London Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 25588 2 OCLC 255477145 Douglas Frayne Lagas in Presargonic Period Early Periods Volume 1 2700 2350 BC RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Volume 1 Toronto University of Toronto Press pp 77 293 2008 ISBN 9780802035868 a b Gordon Cyrus Herzl 1992 Eblaitica essays on the Ebla archives and Eblaite language 3 3 Winona Lake Ind Eisenbrauns p 58 ISBN 978 0 931464 77 5 OCLC 642922991 Kramer Samuel N New Tablets from Fara Journal of the American Oriental Society vol 52 no 2 pp 110 32 1932 Yuhong Wu and Stephanie Dalley The Origins of the Manana Dynasty at Kish and the Assyrian King List Iraq vol 52 pp 159 65 1990 Kramer Samuel N New Tablets from Fara Journal of the American Oriental Society vol 52 no 2 pp 110 32 1932 George A Barton Dr Waterman s Excavation at Tel Omar Ctesiphon Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research no 30 pp 6 8 Apr 1928 Howard C Hollis Material from Seleucia The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art vol 20 No 8 pp 129 131 1933 Professor Waterman s Work at Seleucia Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research no 35 pp 25 27 1929 Barnett R D Xenophon and the Wall of Media The Journal of Hellenic Studies vol 83 1963 pp 1 26 a b 2 Adams Robert M Land Behind Baghdad A History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains Chicago and London University of Chicago Press 1965 Frame Grant A Kudurru Fragment from the Reign of Adad apla iddina Altorientalische Forschungen vol 13 no 1 2 pp 206 211 1986 3 K al Admi Kudurru of Maroduk nadin ahhe IM 90585 Sumer 38 Sumer 38 pp 121 133 1982 Frayne D R The Early Dynastic List of Geographical Names American Oriental Series 74 New Haven American Oriental Society 1992 ISBN 978 0940490741 4 McGuire Gibson The city and area of Kish Field Research Projects 1972Further reading editL Waterman Preliminary report upon the excavation at Tel Umar Iraq conducted by the University of Michigan and the Toledo museum of art University of Michigan press 1931 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Akshak amp oldid 1218880097, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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