A landing slot, takeoff slot, or airport slot is a permission granted by a slot coordinator to use the infrastructure of an airport designated as Level 3 (Coordinated Airport) for take-off and/or landing at a specific time and date.[1] Slots should be administered by an independent slot coordinator, often a government aviation regulator such as the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.[2] In some countries, airport operators are appointed as coordinators even though they are interested parties.
Slots are allocated in accordance with guidelines set down by the Worldwide Airport Slot Board with 7 members each from International Air Transport Association (IATA), Airport Council International (ACI) and the Worldwide Airport Coordinator Group (WWACG). All airports worldwide are categorized as either Level 1 (Non-Coordinated Airport), Level 2 (Schedules Facilitated Airport), or Level 3 (Coordinated Airport). At Level 2 airports, the principles governing slot allocation are less stringent; airlines periodically submit proposed schedules to the administrating authority, rather than historic performance. Participation is not mandatory, but reduces congestion and non-participants are penalized if the airport must later be designated level 3.[2]
As of the summer 2022 scheduled season, a total of 156 airports in the world are Level 2 airports, and 195 are Level 3 airports.[3]
If an airline does not use an allocation of slots (typically 80% usage over six months), it can lose the rights. Airlines may operate ghost or empty flights to preserve slot allocations.[4] To avoid pollution and financial losses caused by an excessive number of empty flights, these rules have occasionally been waived during periods of temporary but widespread travel disruption, including after the September 11, 2001 attacks and during the SARS epidemic, the Great Recession, and the COVID-19 pandemic.[5] Maintenance of the rules forces airlines to schedule extra unnecessary flights to keep their slots, wasting fuel; a 2021 expiration of a waiver in the United States was projected to cause 20,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per day.[6]
Allocated landing slots may have a commercial value and can be traded between airlines. In 2008 Continental Airlines paid US$209 million for four pairs of landing slots from GB Airways at London Heathrow Airport, $52.3m each.[7] The highest price paid for a pair of take-off and landing slots at Heathrow Airport was $75m, paid by Oman Air to Air France–KLM for a prized early morning arrival, reported in February 2016. A year before, American Airlines paid $60m to Scandinavian Airlines.[8] As supply is limited, slot trading became the main solution to enter Heathrow and transfers grew from 42 in 2000 to 526 in 2012 and over 10 years the average priced slot was equivalent to £4 per passenger.[9]
In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport has stated the slot system "is not designed to stimulate a competitive market environment and has no means of taking into account broader objectives". Reform could make the system more efficient, competitive and environmentally friendly.[11][12]
^Paul Sillers (12 March 2020). "Ghost flights: Why our skies are full of empty planes". CNN.
^Yanofsky, Nicolás Rivero, Clarisa Diaz, David. "US airlines are planning to unnecessarily burn 20,000 tons of CO2 per day because of FAA rules". Quartz. Retrieved 2021-09-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Continental pays Heathrow record". Financial Times. March 3, 2008.
^. The Sunday Times. 14 February 2016. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016.
^(PDF). Airport Coordination Limited. 30 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
^"Heathrow Airport's slot machine: hitting the jackpot again?". CAPA centre for aviation. 8 May 2013.
^Pickett, Lewis; Dempsey, Noel; Hirst, David (27 November 2020). "Airport slots". House of Commons Library. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
^Butcher, Louise (29 June 2020). "Airport slots: A short explainer". House of Commons Library. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
January 01, 1970
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A landing slot takeoff slot or airport slot is a permission granted by a slot coordinator to use the infrastructure of an airport designated as Level 3 Coordinated Airport for take off and or landing at a specific time and date 1 Slots should be administered by an independent slot coordinator often a government aviation regulator such as the U S Federal Aviation Administration 2 In some countries airport operators are appointed as coordinators even though they are interested parties Slots are allocated in accordance with guidelines set down by the Worldwide Airport Slot Board with 7 members each from International Air Transport Association IATA Airport Council International ACI and the Worldwide Airport Coordinator Group WWACG All airports worldwide are categorized as either Level 1 Non Coordinated Airport Level 2 Schedules Facilitated Airport or Level 3 Coordinated Airport At Level 2 airports the principles governing slot allocation are less stringent airlines periodically submit proposed schedules to the administrating authority rather than historic performance Participation is not mandatory but reduces congestion and non participants are penalized if the airport must later be designated level 3 2 As of the summer 2022 scheduled season a total of 156 airports in the world are Level 2 airports and 195 are Level 3 airports 3 If an airline does not use an allocation of slots typically 80 usage over six months it can lose the rights Airlines may operate ghost or empty flights to preserve slot allocations 4 To avoid pollution and financial losses caused by an excessive number of empty flights these rules have occasionally been waived during periods of temporary but widespread travel disruption including after the September 11 2001 attacks and during the SARS epidemic the Great Recession and the COVID 19 pandemic 5 Maintenance of the rules forces airlines to schedule extra unnecessary flights to keep their slots wasting fuel a 2021 expiration of a waiver in the United States was projected to cause 20 000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per day 6 Allocated landing slots may have a commercial value and can be traded between airlines In 2008 Continental Airlines paid US 209 million for four pairs of landing slots from GB Airways at London Heathrow Airport 52 3m each 7 The highest price paid for a pair of take off and landing slots at Heathrow Airport was 75m paid by Oman Air to Air France KLM for a prized early morning arrival reported in February 2016 A year before American Airlines paid 60m to Scandinavian Airlines 8 As supply is limited slot trading became the main solution to enter Heathrow and transfers grew from 42 in 2000 to 526 in 2012 and over 10 years the average priced slot was equivalent to 4 per passenger 9 Heathrow slot valuations 10 Year Buyer Seller daily slot pairs transaction M slot value M 1998 BA Air UK 4 15 6 3 9 2002 BA BA Connect 5 13 2 6 2002 BA SN Brussels 7 27 5 3 9 2003 BA SWISS 8 22 5 2 8 2003 BA United 2 12 6 2004 Virgin Flybe 4 20 5 2004 Qantas Flybe 2 20 10 2006 BA BWIA 1 5 5 2007 BA Malev 2 7 3 5 2007 BA BA 7 3 30 4 1 2007 Virgin Air Jamaica 1 5 1 5 1 2007 BMI 77 7 770 9 9 2007 unknown Alitalia 3 67 22 3 2008 Continental GB Airways Alitalia Air France 4 104 5 26 1 2013 Delta unknown 2 30 8 15 4 2013 Etihad Jet 3 46 2 15 4Reform editIn the United Kingdom the Department for Transport has stated the slot system is not designed to stimulate a competitive market environment and has no means of taking into account broader objectives Reform could make the system more efficient competitive and environmentally friendly 11 12 See also editList of cities with more than one commercial airportReferences edit Worldwide Slot Guidelines 9th Edition English Version PDF IATA 1 January 2019 p 14 a b Slot Administration U S Level 2 Airports List of all Level 2 and Level 3 airports iata org 21 September 2021 Green anger at ghost flights Paul Sillers 12 March 2020 Ghost flights Why our skies are full of empty planes CNN Yanofsky Nicolas Rivero Clarisa Diaz David US airlines are planning to unnecessarily burn 20 000 tons of CO2 per day because of FAA rules Quartz Retrieved 2021 09 24 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Continental pays Heathrow record Financial Times March 3 2008 Oman breaks Heathrow record with deal for slots The Sunday Times 14 February 2016 Archived from the original on February 15 2016 Heathrow Airport An introduction to Secondary Slot Trading PDF Airport Coordination Limited 30 September 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Heathrow Airport s slot machine hitting the jackpot again CAPA centre for aviation 8 May 2013 Pickett Lewis Dempsey Noel Hirst David 27 November 2020 Airport slots House of Commons Library Retrieved 19 July 2023 Butcher Louise 29 June 2020 Airport slots A short explainer House of Commons Library Retrieved 19 July 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Airport slot amp oldid 1218037307, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
