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Agrias

November 25, 2023

Agrias is a genus of Neotropical charaxine nymphalid butterflies found in South and Central America.

Agrias
Agrias claudina - MHNT
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Tribe: Preponini
Genus: Agrias
Doubleday, 1845
Species

Five or more, see text

The German lepidopterist Hans Fruhstorfer wrote: "In this magnificent tropical genus, upon which nature seems to have showered all her abundance of most brilliant colours, and which is, therefore, justly called the 'princely race' of the Nymphalidae, we are most surprised to meet a repetition of two genera of not less abundant colours: the Callithea and Catagramma, except that the Agrias species greatly excel the latter in size and magnificent colours, and only the males of this genus bear a sexual distinction in the shape of a hair-brush on the hindwings. Some of them, like the famous A. sardanapalus, having been first discovered by Bates in the Amazon Valley, are of an absolutely charming beauty, and the contrast of its purple-red forewings beaming through a blue lustre hued over them as if in a violet purple gloss, with the brilliantly sapphire-blue hindwings, is undoubtedly one of the most magnificent sights that nature has ever produced in the whole world of butterflies."[1]

Prized by collectors, these large, showy butterflies have had hundreds of names applied to polymorphic variants.

Description edit

 
 

The species of the genus Agrias have, variously, very bright red, orange, iridescent blue and yellow colouration contrasting on the black or bluish background of their upperside wing. The underside wings are patterned. They have a robust appearance (broad thorax and short wide abdomen) allowing fast flight. The wingspan is 70–120 mm. Males of all Agrias species have prominent yellow tufts of androconial scales on the hindwings. These disperse pheromones for attracting suitable mates.

Biology edit

Adult Agrias live in the forest canopy, occasionally visiting the forest floor to feed on decomposing fruit. The butterflies always feed and rest with their wings closed, but if disturbed they may give a rapid flick of the wings, displaying the vivid colours of the upperside. Males establish territories and perch on tree trunks, branches, and even the ground.

Agrias larvae feed on Erythroxylum. The smooth and round eggs are laid singly on the leaves of the food plant. The larvae are pale brownish, marked with lichen-green spots, have recurved "horns" on the head capsule and a bifid tail. They feed at night and spend the day on twigs. The pupa is pale green. It has a dorsal hump, and tapers sharply toward a stout cremaster and the bifid head. It is suspended from a stem or leaf of the food plant.

 
Lowland forest Rio Huallaga, Peru

Habitat edit

Agrias are found in both lowland and montane tropical wet forests. Adults of Agrias amydon are also found in pasture habitats in the wet season but probably pass most, or all, of the long dry season in forest refugia. During the dry season, strong-flying A. amydon undoubtedly forage in open areas, only to return to sheltered retreats in response to thermal stress.

Mimicry edit

Agrias phalcidon is a Mullerian mimic with the Asterope (formerly Callithea) species complex.

Systematics edit

  ▼ Preponini

Palla, Noreppa, Anaeomorpha (sometimes in Anaeini)

Clade showing phylogenetics of Agrias.

Hybrids edit

  • Prepona × sarumani was described by Paul Smart in 1976 is considered to be a hybrid between Prepona praeneste abrupta and Agrias claudina lugens. Intergeneric hybrids are rare and this may indicate Prepona is very closely related to Agrias or that the genera should be combined.

Species edit

The following species are accepted by the Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.[2]

Other authors differ, for instance in regarding A. narcissus as a subspecies of A. aedon.

References edit

  1. ^ Fruhstorfer, H. (1913). Family: Morphidae. In A. Seitz (editor), Macrolepidoptera of the World, vol. 5: 333–356. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.
  2. ^ Lamas, G. (Ed.) (2004). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Gainesville, Florida: Association for Tropical Lepidoptera. ISBN 0-945417-28-4. . Archived from the original on 2008-06-22. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
  • Barselou, P. (1983), The genus Agrias (Nymphalidae) , Sciences Nat, Venette.
  • Le Moult, 1931–1933, Formes nouvelles ou peu connues d'Agrias. Novitates Entomologicae
  • Floquet, Ph., 2008. Agrias, Volume 1. Publication à compte d’auteur. 98 pp accepts the same 9 species as Spath (q.v.)
  • Floquet, Ph., 2010. Agrias, Volume 2. Publication à compte d’auteur. 57 pp
  • Floquet, P., 2010: A new form of Agrias phalcidon Hewitson, in the Maues region, Amazonas, Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Lambillionea CX 1 (Tome 1): 132–135.
  • Floquet, P.,2010: Les variations chez Agrias phalcidon phalcidon Hewitson, 1855,et description de la femelle de la forme floqueti Floquet, 2010, Brésil(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)'Lambillionea' CXI, 3.
  • Floquet, P., 2011. Les variations chez Agrias pericles Bates (1860),de la région de Maues et Itaituba au Brésil (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXI, 1.
  • Floquet, P., 2012. Les variations chez Agrias phalcidon excelsior Lathy, 1924, Brésil(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)Lambillionea CXII, 1.
  • Floquet, P., 2011. Les variations chez Agrias phalcidon ssp.fournierae (Fassl, 1921),au Brésil (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)Lambillionea CXI.
  • Floquet, P., 2011. Forme rouge d’Agrias amydon smalli Miller & Nicolay (1971),du Costa-Rica (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)Lambillionea CXI, 1.
  • Floquet, P., 2012. Les sous-espèces d’Agrias narcissus Staudinger, 1886 et leurs variations(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)Lambillionea CXII, 2.
  • Floquet, Ph., 2012. Les sous-espèces et variations chez Agrias beatifica Hewitson, 1869 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXII, 3.
  • Floquet, Ph., 2012. Agrias hewitsonius Bates, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXII, 3
  • Floquet, Ph., 2013. Variation chez l'Agrias phalcidon phalcidon Hewitson, 1855 f. floqueti Floquet, 2010, et description de la f. manfredi nov. Floquet,2013 Lambillionea CXIII, 1
  • Floquet, Ph., 2013. Forme récurrente chez les Agrias Doubleday, 1845 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXIII,1
  • Floquet, Ph., 2013. Decouverte et description d'unenouvelle forme d'Agrias beatifica stuarti Godman & Salvin, 1882 f. pseudohewitsonius nov.(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXIII,2
  • Floquet, Ph., 2013. - Formes et Variations chez les Agrias (Version Française). 72 pp.
  • Floquet, Ph., 2013. - Agrias, Forms and Variations (English version). 72 pp.
  • Floquet, Ph., 2014. Variations chez Agrias amydon athenais Fruhstorfer,1912 et description d'une forme nouvelle auriflamma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXIV,3,2014
  • Floquet, Ph., 2015. Notes sur les populations d'Agrias aedon Hewitson, 1848 du Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXV,3,2015
  • Floquet, Ph., 2016. Découverte et description de la forme rouge d'Agrias phalcidon excelsior Lathy, 1924, Brésil f. akai nov. Floquet, 2015 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXVI,1,2016
  • Rebillard, P. (1961), Révision systématique des Lépidoptères Nymphalides du genre Agrias. Memoires du Museum National d`Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Serie, Serie A, Zoologie, Tome XXII, Fasicule 2.
  • Späth, M. (1992), Sous-espèces et formes nouvelles d'Agrias. Bulletin de la Société Sciences Nat, 75–76. [2]
  • Späth, M. (1999), Pt. 2. Agrias. In: E. Bauer (Ed.), Butterflies of the World. (Vol. Nymphalidae I, pp. 12 p., 20 col. plates). Keltern: Goecke & Evers. ISBN 978-3-931374-64-8 Accepts 9 species Agrias beatifica Hewitson, 1869;Agrias hewitsonius Hewitson, 1860; Agrias sahlkei Honrath, [1885]; Agrias claudina (Godart, [1824]), Agrias aedon Hewitson, 1848; Agrias narcissus Staudinger, [1885]; Agrias amydon Hewitson, 1854, Agrias phalcidon Hewitson, 1855 Agrias pericles Bates, 1860
  • Allen M. Young, 1981 Responses by butterflies to seasonal conditions in lowland Guanacaste province, Costa Rica Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 1981 Volume 35: 155-157 pdf[permanent dead link]
  • Thomas S. Ray, 1985 The host plant, Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae), of Agrias (Nymphalidae) Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 1985 Volume 39: 266-267 pdf [permanent dead link] includes photos of larvae and pupae
  • George T. Austin, 2009 Nymphalidae of Rondônia, Brazil: Variation and phenology of Agrias (Charaxinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 19(1): 29–34, 33 figs. pdf
  • Carlos Antonio Peña Bieberach, 2009 Evolutionary history of the butterfly subfamily Satyrinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Thesis Department of Zoology Stockholm University pdf
  • Furtado, E. 2008. Intergeneric hybridism between Prepona and Agrias (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Charaxinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 18(1): 5–6.pdf

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agrias.
  •   Data related to Agrias at Wikispecies
  • Agrias (as Prepona) images at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
  • at ARKive
  • BOA Photographs of type specimens including subspecies and forma
  • "Agrias Doubleday, 1844" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
  • The Agrias Page[permanent dead link]
  • Pteron (Japanese site with binomial names)
  • photos of larvae and pupae (2 pages). Via search Agrias + caterpillars

November 25, 2023
agrias, genus, neotropical, charaxine, nymphalid, butterflies, found, south, central, america, claudina, mhntscientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotakingdom, animaliaphylum, arthropodaclass, insectaorder, lepidopterafamily, nymphalidaetribe, preponinigenus,. Agrias is a genus of Neotropical charaxine nymphalid butterflies found in South and Central America AgriasAgrias claudina MHNTScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder LepidopteraFamily NymphalidaeTribe PreponiniGenus AgriasDoubleday 1845SpeciesFive or more see textThe German lepidopterist Hans Fruhstorfer wrote In this magnificent tropical genus upon which nature seems to have showered all her abundance of most brilliant colours and which is therefore justly called the princely race of the Nymphalidae we are most surprised to meet a repetition of two genera of not less abundant colours the Callithea and Catagramma except that the Agrias species greatly excel the latter in size and magnificent colours and only the males of this genus bear a sexual distinction in the shape of a hair brush on the hindwings Some of them like the famous A sardanapalus having been first discovered by Bates in the Amazon Valley are of an absolutely charming beauty and the contrast of its purple red forewings beaming through a blue lustre hued over them as if in a violet purple gloss with the brilliantly sapphire blue hindwings is undoubtedly one of the most magnificent sights that nature has ever produced in the whole world of butterflies 1 Prized by collectors these large showy butterflies have had hundreds of names applied to polymorphic variants Contents 1 Description 2 Biology 3 Habitat 4 Mimicry 5 Systematics 6 Hybrids 7 Species 8 References 9 External linksDescription edit nbsp nbsp The species of the genus Agrias have variously very bright red orange iridescent blue and yellow colouration contrasting on the black or bluish background of their upperside wing The underside wings are patterned They have a robust appearance broad thorax and short wide abdomen allowing fast flight The wingspan is 70 120 mm Males of all Agrias species have prominent yellow tufts of androconial scales on the hindwings These disperse pheromones for attracting suitable mates Biology editAdult Agrias live in the forest canopy occasionally visiting the forest floor to feed on decomposing fruit The butterflies always feed and rest with their wings closed but if disturbed they may give a rapid flick of the wings displaying the vivid colours of the upperside Males establish territories and perch on tree trunks branches and even the ground Agrias larvae feed on Erythroxylum The smooth and round eggs are laid singly on the leaves of the food plant The larvae are pale brownish marked with lichen green spots have recurved horns on the head capsule and a bifid tail They feed at night and spend the day on twigs The pupa is pale green It has a dorsal hump and tapers sharply toward a stout cremaster and the bifid head It is suspended from a stem or leaf of the food plant nbsp Lowland forest Rio Huallaga PeruHabitat editAgrias are found in both lowland and montane tropical wet forests Adults of Agrias amydon are also found in pasture habitats in the wet season but probably pass most or all of the long dry season in forest refugia During the dry season strong flying A amydon undoubtedly forage in open areas only to return to sheltered retreats in response to thermal stress Mimicry editAgrias phalcidon is a Mullerian mimic with the Asterope formerly Callithea species complex Systematics edit Preponini Palla Noreppa Anaeomorpha sometimes in Anaeini ArchaeopreponaAgriasClade showing phylogenetics of Agrias Hybrids editPrepona sarumani was described by Paul Smart in 1976 is considered to be a hybrid between Prepona praeneste abrupta and Agrias claudina lugens Intergeneric hybrids are rare and this may indicate Prepona is very closely related to Agrias or that the genera should be combined Species editThe following species are accepted by the Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 2 Agrias aedon Aegon agrias Agrias amydon white spotted agrias Agrias claudina including A sardanapalus Claudina agrias Agrias hewitsonius Agrias narcissusOther authors differ for instance in regarding A narcissus as a subspecies of A aedon nbsp Agrias amydon phalcidon upperside nbsp Agrias narcissus narcissus both sides nbsp Agrias claudina claudina both sides nbsp Agrias claudina wachenheimi upperside nbsp Agrias claudina satanas undersideReferences edit Fruhstorfer H 1913 Family Morphidae In A Seitz editor Macrolepidoptera of the World vol 5 333 356 Stuttgart Alfred Kernen Lamas G Ed 2004 Checklist Part 4A Hesperioidea Papilionoidea Gainesville Florida Association for Tropical Lepidoptera ISBN 0 945417 28 4 SA Species Archived from the original on 2008 06 22 Retrieved 2008 06 01 Barselou P 1983 The genus Agrias Nymphalidae Sciences Nat Venette 1 Le Moult 1931 1933 Formes nouvelles ou peu connues d Agrias Novitates Entomologicae Floquet Ph 2008 Agrias Volume 1 Publication a compte d auteur 98 pp accepts the same 9 species as Spath q v Floquet Ph 2010 Agrias Volume 2 Publication a compte d auteur 57 pp Floquet P 2010 A new form of Agrias phalcidon Hewitson in the Maues region Amazonas Brazil Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CX 1 Tome 1 132 135 Floquet P 2010 Les variations chez Agrias phalcidon phalcidon Hewitson 1855 et description de la femelle de la forme floqueti Floquet 2010 Bresil Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXI 3 Floquet P 2011 Les variations chez Agrias pericles Bates 1860 de la region de Maues et Itaituba au Bresil Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXI 1 Floquet P 2012 Les variations chez Agrias phalcidon excelsior Lathy 1924 Bresil Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXII 1 Floquet P 2011 Les variations chez Agrias phalcidon ssp fournierae Fassl 1921 au Bresil Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXI Floquet P 2011 Forme rouge d Agrias amydon smalli Miller amp Nicolay 1971 du Costa Rica Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXI 1 Floquet P 2012 Les sous especes d Agrias narcissus Staudinger 1886 et leurs variations Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXII 2 Floquet Ph 2012 Les sous especes et variations chez Agrias beatifica Hewitson 1869 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXII 3 Floquet Ph 2012 Agrias hewitsonius Bates 1860 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXII 3 Floquet Ph 2013 Variation chez l Agrias phalcidon phalcidon Hewitson 1855 f floqueti Floquet 2010 et description de la f manfredi nov Floquet 2013 Lambillionea CXIII 1 Floquet Ph 2013 Forme recurrente chez les Agrias Doubleday 1845 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXIII 1 Floquet Ph 2013 Decouverte et description d unenouvelle forme d Agrias beatifica stuarti Godman amp Salvin 1882 f pseudohewitsonius nov Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXIII 2 Floquet Ph 2013 Formes et Variations chez les Agrias Version Francaise 72 pp Floquet Ph 2013 Agrias Forms and Variations English version 72 pp Floquet Ph 2014 Variations chez Agrias amydon athenais Fruhstorfer 1912 et description d une forme nouvelle auriflamma Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXIV 3 2014 Floquet Ph 2015 Notes sur les populations d Agrias aedon Hewitson 1848 du Costa Rica Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXV 3 2015 Floquet Ph 2016 Decouverte et description de la forme rouge d Agrias phalcidon excelsior Lathy 1924 Bresil f akai nov Floquet 2015 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Lambillionea CXVI 1 2016 Rebillard P 1961 Revision systematique des Lepidopteres Nymphalides du genre Agrias Memoires du Museum National d Histoire Naturelle Nouvelle Serie Serie A Zoologie Tome XXII Fasicule 2 Spath M 1992 Sous especes et formes nouvelles d Agrias Bulletin de la Societe Sciences Nat 75 76 2 Spath M 1999 Pt 2 Agrias In E Bauer Ed Butterflies of the World Vol Nymphalidae I pp 12 p 20 col plates Keltern Goecke amp Evers ISBN 978 3 931374 64 8 Accepts 9 species Agrias beatifica Hewitson 1869 Agrias hewitsonius Hewitson 1860 Agrias sahlkei Honrath 1885 Agrias claudina Godart 1824 Agrias aedon Hewitson 1848 Agrias narcissus Staudinger 1885 Agrias amydon Hewitson 1854 Agrias phalcidon Hewitson 1855 Agrias pericles Bates 1860 Allen M Young 1981 Responses by butterflies to seasonal conditions in lowland Guanacaste province Costa Rica Journal of the Lepidopterists Society 1981 Volume 35 155 157 pdf permanent dead link Thomas S Ray 1985 The host plant Erythroxylum Erythroxylaceae of Agrias Nymphalidae Journal of the Lepidopterists Society 1985 Volume 39 266 267 pdf permanent dead link includes photos of larvae and pupae George T Austin 2009 Nymphalidae of Rondonia Brazil Variation and phenology of Agrias Charaxinae Tropical Lepidoptera Research 19 1 29 34 33 figs pdf Carlos Antonio Pena Bieberach 2009 Evolutionary history of the butterfly subfamily Satyrinae Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Thesis Department of Zoology Stockholm University pdf Furtado E 2008 Intergeneric hybridism between Prepona and Agrias Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Charaxinae Tropical Lepidoptera Research 18 1 5 6 pdfExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agrias nbsp Data related to Agrias at Wikispecies Agrias as Prepona images at Consortium for the Barcode of Life Agrias claudina at ARKive BOA Photographs of type specimens including subspecies and forma Agrias Doubleday 1844 at Markku Savela s Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms Agrias Butterflies The Gems of the Insect World Agrias photographs Robert Aronheim collection Nymphalidae Study Group The Agrias Page permanent dead link Pteron Japanese site with binomial names Janzen photos of larvae and pupae 2 pages Via search Agrias caterpillars Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Agrias amp oldid 1180462969, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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