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Aging of China

January 01, 1970

China's population is aging faster than almost all other countries in modern history.[1][2] In 2050, the proportion of Chinese over retirement age will become 39 percent of the total population according to projections. China is rapidly aging at an earlier stage of its development than other countries. Current demographic trends could hinder economic growth and create challenging social issues in China.[1]

Age structure projections for China up to 2100 from 2023 by the United Nations

In 1979, the Government of China established a controversial one-child policy aimed at curbing the high fertility rate.[3] With economic development, the provision of social services, and improved welfare conditions, life expectancy in China has also increased.[4] These two factors have directly contributed to China's aging population, which has significant ramifications on China's society, politics, and economy.[5][6][7] In October 2015, a two-child policy was introduced in an attempt to deal with the aging problem.[8] In May 2021, the Chinese government introduced the three-child policy in a further attempt to address the issue.[9] After only two months, in July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.[10]

The National Bureau of Statistics of China reported that total Chinese population decreased by 2.08 million in 2023, with the death rate reaching the highest level since 1974.[11]

Overview edit

See also: Demographics of China
Demographics of China
Death rate7.1 per 1,000 people[12]
Life expectancy77.47 years
Fertility rate1.3 births per woman[13]
China's demographic information, 2020

From 1950 to 2020, the total fertility rate in China dropped from 6.11 to 1.3 births per woman[13] while the mortality rate also decreased, from 22.2 to 7.1 per 1,000 people.[12] Life expectancy rose from 44.6 to 77.47 years during this period and is expected to reach about 80 years in 2050.[14] In 2018, 249.49 million people over 60 years old constituted 17.9 percent of the total population.[15]

Causes edit

China's aging population is caused by a low birth rate together with prolonged human life expectancy.

Low fertility rates edit

One-child policy edit

Main article: One-child policy
 
China used the one-child policy to stabilize fertility levels

In order to suppress excessive population growth, the one-child policy was introduced in 1979.[16] The enforcement methods include financial penalties, widespread use of various contraceptive methods, as well as more severe forced abortion and sterilization. As a result, birth rates and population growth rates have drastically decreased.[3][16] Previously, the fine is so-called "social maintenance fee" and it is the punishment for the families who have more than one child. According to the policy, the families who violate the law may bring the burden to the whole society. Therefore, the social maintenance fee will be used for the operation of the basic government.[17]

Reproductive health of couples edit

With economic growth and social development, increasing smoking, alcohol use, unhealthy diets, and psychological stress have an effect on lowering the fertility rates of couples.[18] Surging pollution in China also has an impact on male sperm count, which has been declining since the 1970s.[citation needed] At the Chinese University of Hong Kong, a team of scientists studied the sperms from approximately 6,500 men and found a "strong correlation" between high levels of air pollution and "abnormal sperm shape".[19] Researchers point out that many particulate matter components are associated with sperm damage in experimental studies.[19] Exposure to air pollutants may cause free radicals to exceed body's regulation ability, adversely altering biologically relevant molecules such as DNA and triggering human diseases.[20] These conditions may be associated with a significant number of infertile couples, lowering the fertility rate.

Cultural impact edit

China's sex ratio is the most skewed in the world.[21] The country's ratio of males to females is skewed 3% to 4% higher towards males.[16] In the traditional, patriarchal society, many Chinese people believed that men were more important than women.[16] This mindset has continued to be prevalent in modern China, especially in rural areas, resulting in high female fetal abortion rates and even female infanticide.[16] The imbalance in sex ratio has led to a decrease in marriage rates and birth rates in China.

Extension of human life span edit

The improvements in social welfare and the medical system have prolonged people's life span. Since 1949, the general health of the Chinese people has greatly improved, and the life expectancy has increased by about 30 years, from 44.6 to 75.3 years from 1950 to 2015. It is expected to reach approximately 80 years in 2050.[14] The minimum income security in rural areas has been expanded and is covering more than 50 million residents in poor areas.[22] The Chinese government has unified the welfare systems of urban and rural migrants, and the pension system covers nearly 700 million people.[22][23]

Despite the improvement of China's social welfare system, there are still huge inequalities in health between urban and rural areas.[23] Compared with urban peers, the number of medical service providers for rural residents is significantly reduced, and the utilization rate of facilities is low, resulting in their poor health.[23] Since the late 1990s, three new medical insurance systems have been established by the government to provide more health care services.[24] In 2009, urban and rural health insurance reforms achieved greater coverage.[24] More advanced medical techniques have reduced the prevalence of diseases and increased survival.[25]

Impacts edit

The demographic trend of aging population has social, political and economic ramifications in China. The growth of the elderly population has increased the dependency ratio and the prevalence of many chronic diseases.[5] Aging society has also brought about changes in public policy.[6] The weakening of the labor force has negative impacts on China's economic growth and development, which was originally driven by the labor market.[7]

Social edit

Rapid aging could create only a few challenging social problems and does not increase the risk of social instability in China.[1]

Due to the lower fertility rate and extension of the human life span, the population in China is aging faster than almost all other countries.[1][2] In 2050, the proportion of Chinese over retirement age will become 39 percent of the total population.[26] At that time, its dependency ratio will rise to 69.7%, almost twice as high as that in 2015, which was about 36.6%.[26] The higher dependency ratio is associated with the greater pressure placed on those who are working to support the rest of the population. Even if the Chinese government provides part of the financial support for the elderly through social welfare, such as pensions and public welfare homes, there are still many elderly people in China who are unable to be taken care of.[26] In 2015, there were, on average, 27 beds per 1,000 elderly in nursing homes in China, far fewer than those in the United States or Germany.[26]

The aging population in China has increased the incidence and types of chronic diseases. Chronic diseases include four basic types: cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases, and diabetes.[27] There are nearly 300 million chronic patients in China, half of whom are over 65 years old.[27] During aging, many cellular and molecular events break down and eventually lead to a variety of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart diseases (CHD). The number of CHD incidents and deaths in China will increase dramatically from 2010 to 2029; among Chinese adults aged 35–84, a 64% increase in CHD occurrences is predicted between 2020 and 2029.[5]

Political edit

A large number of the elderly population has increased the pressure on the Chinese government to allocate the pensions and make social welfare more accessible.[6] The lack of conventional financial infrastructure and the extent of the aging population make it difficult for China to provide a holistic solution.[6] Even at an economic growth rate of 8 percent, pension spending is growing much faster at a rate of 15 percent per year.[6] Pension expenditure increased by 11.6% in 2016, reaching 2.58 trillion yuan, with a shortfall of 429.1 billion yuan, requiring government subsidies.[28]

Since the establishment of the pension system, China has been paying the income of retirees with the contribution of the working population.[28] As more people retire and fewer people enter the labor market, the gap between income and expenditure will continue to widen.[28] China's Working Committee on Ageing suggested that the inclusion of improved care services for the elderly in the national development road-map would be a key measure for the top leadership to cope with population aging.[29] The elderly care service market provides more opportunities for private capital and non-governmental organizations so that the elderly can have more service choices.[29]

Neighborhood committees of the Chinese Communist Party are typically staffed by older volunteers.[30]: 118 

Geopolitical edit

China's aging population could hinder economic growth, create challenging social problems, and limit its capabilities to act as a new global hegemon.[1][31][32][33]

Ryan Hass of the Brookings Institution said, "China is at risk of growing old before it grows rich, becoming a graying society with degrading economic fundamentals that impede growth." He went on to say, "The working-age population is already shrinking; by 2050, China will go from having eight workers per retiree now to two workers per retiree. Moreover, it has already squeezed out most of the large productivity gains that come with a population becoming more educated and urban and adopting technologies to make manufacturing more efficient."[34]

Nicholas Eberstadt, an economist and demographic expert at the American Enterprise Institute, said that current demographic trends will overwhelm China's economy and geopolitics, making its rise much more uncertain. He said, "The age of heroic economic growth is over."[35] Brendan O'Reilly, a guest expert at Geopolitical Intelligence Services, wrote, "A dark scenario of demographic decline sparking a negative feedback loop of economic crisis, political instability, emigration and further decreased fertility is very real for China".[36][37]

Economic edit

Labor force edit

 
World Bank projection of working-age population in China (1990–2050)[38][39]

Since economic expansion is the sum of input factor growth and productivity growth, it will require a substantial increase in labor productivity to sustain the same top-line growth as the population ages.[40] China's aging population has led to a contraction of the labor force that induces a slowing economic growth.[7] In 2017, China's total working-age population (aged between 15 and 64) was 988.3 million, which dropped by a large margin of 70 million from the end of 2016.[41]

China is urged to raise the legal age of retirement to cope with the problem of a reduced labour force.[7] In 2016, the Chinese government announced plans to gradually raise the retirement age from 50 years old to over 60 years old.[42] It may expand productivity and improve the sustainability of national pension accounts by improving the level of education and skills of Chinese workers to make up for the gap from the decreasing proportion of the working-age population.[42][7] In order to improve the quality of the labor force, the number of university enrollment has increased by seven times since 1999 in China.[43]

Aging in China has affected women's labor force participation to a certain extent. A large proportion of grandparents in China provide the free services of raising grandchildren for their children. This constitutes a main reason why women decide to stay in the labor market.[42] China has a relatively high female labor force participation rate of 61.5%.[42]

Allocation of government funds edit

An increase in the number of retirees and a decrease in the number of taxpayers will affect the government's allocation of funds.[26] The expansion of the elderly ratio forces the government to support them by providing pensions and expanding social welfare, which will affect the government budget. China's pension funds accounted for nearly 70% of China's social security income in 2017.[44] Without subsidies from the central government, many local pension funds will run into a deficit, of which the total is expected to rise from 234 billion yuan to 534 billion yuan in 2022.[44]

Government policies edit

In order to alleviate the population aging in China, the Chinese government has relaxed its child limitation policies. Under the amended Article 18 of China's Population and Family Planning Law, every married couple is allowed to have up to three children.[45]

Two-child policy edit

Main article: Two-child policy § People's Republic of China

In October 2015, the two-child policy was introduced to replace the one-child policy.[8] China has been taking gradual measures to eliminate the one-child policy. In 2009, if both parents were only children, they were allowed to have two children. In 2014, most provinces in China further relaxed their policies, allowing families to have two children if one of the parents was an only child.[43] However, since the implementation of the two-child policy, there has been no significant improvement in China's population aging.[46] It is expected that the effect of the policy will not be significant until two decades later.[47] After the relaxation of the one-child policy, 17.9 million babies were born in 2016, an increase of 1.3 million over the previous year, but only half of what was expected.[46] In 2017, the birth rate fell to 17.2 million, far below the official forecast of more than 20 million.[46]

Three-child policy edit

Main article: Three-child policy

In May 2021, the Chinese government introduced the three-child policy in a further attempt to address the issue.[9] However, the improvement has been limited since the implementation of the policy, largely due to the impact of COVID-19, economic uncertainty and people's current struggles in supporting children as well as old parents.[48]

Policy support for the elderly edit

Article 28 of the 1980 New Marriage Law formalizes the obligations of supporting grandparents for those "who can afford it[.]"[49] Reinforcing this responsibility, the 1985 Inheritance Law provides that if a parent dies without a will, the disposition of property is applied heavily in favor of children who cared for the deceased.[49]

The 1996 Law to Protect the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (laonianren quanyi baozhang fa) obligates children to provide for their elderly (defined as aged sixty or greater) parents, including providing housing, living costs, and health care.[49] Article IV prohibits discriminating against, maltreating, and forsaking the elderly.[49]

In 2009, China established a state-sponsored elderly insurance program.[50]: 64 

To address the aging of China's population, the Fourteenth Five Year Plan (covering 2021-2025) seeks to expand healthcare and retirement system initiatives.[51]: 201 

References edit

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January 01, 1970
aging, china, china, population, aging, faster, than, almost, other, countries, modern, history, 2050, proportion, chinese, over, retirement, will, become, percent, total, population, according, projections, china, rapidly, aging, earlier, stage, development, . China s population is aging faster than almost all other countries in modern history 1 2 In 2050 the proportion of Chinese over retirement age will become 39 percent of the total population according to projections China is rapidly aging at an earlier stage of its development than other countries Current demographic trends could hinder economic growth and create challenging social issues in China 1 Age structure projections for China up to 2100 from 2023 by the United Nations In 1979 the Government of China established a controversial one child policy aimed at curbing the high fertility rate 3 With economic development the provision of social services and improved welfare conditions life expectancy in China has also increased 4 These two factors have directly contributed to China s aging population which has significant ramifications on China s society politics and economy 5 6 7 In October 2015 a two child policy was introduced in an attempt to deal with the aging problem 8 In May 2021 the Chinese government introduced the three child policy in a further attempt to address the issue 9 After only two months in July 2021 all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed 10 The National Bureau of Statistics of China reported that total Chinese population decreased by 2 08 million in 2023 with the death rate reaching the highest level since 1974 11 Contents 1 Overview 2 Causes 2 1 Low fertility rates 2 1 1 One child policy 2 1 2 Reproductive health of couples 2 1 3 Cultural impact 2 2 Extension of human life span 3 Impacts 3 1 Social 3 2 Political 3 3 Geopolitical 3 4 Economic 3 4 1 Labor force 3 4 2 Allocation of government funds 4 Government policies 4 1 Two child policy 4 2 Three child policy 4 3 Policy support for the elderly 5 ReferencesOverview editSee also Demographics of China Demographics of ChinaDeath rate7 1 per 1 000 people 12 Life expectancy77 47 yearsFertility rate1 3 births per woman 13 China s demographic information 2020 From 1950 to 2020 the total fertility rate in China dropped from 6 11 to 1 3 births per woman 13 while the mortality rate also decreased from 22 2 to 7 1 per 1 000 people 12 Life expectancy rose from 44 6 to 77 47 years during this period and is expected to reach about 80 years in 2050 14 In 2018 249 49 million people over 60 years old constituted 17 9 percent of the total population 15 Causes editChina s aging population is caused by a low birth rate together with prolonged human life expectancy Low fertility rates edit One child policy edit Main article One child policy nbsp China used the one child policy to stabilize fertility levels In order to suppress excessive population growth the one child policy was introduced in 1979 16 The enforcement methods include financial penalties widespread use of various contraceptive methods as well as more severe forced abortion and sterilization As a result birth rates and population growth rates have drastically decreased 3 16 Previously the fine is so called social maintenance fee and it is the punishment for the families who have more than one child According to the policy the families who violate the law may bring the burden to the whole society Therefore the social maintenance fee will be used for the operation of the basic government 17 Reproductive health of couples edit With economic growth and social development increasing smoking alcohol use unhealthy diets and psychological stress have an effect on lowering the fertility rates of couples 18 Surging pollution in China also has an impact on male sperm count which has been declining since the 1970s citation needed At the Chinese University of Hong Kong a team of scientists studied the sperms from approximately 6 500 men and found a strong correlation between high levels of air pollution and abnormal sperm shape 19 Researchers point out that many particulate matter components are associated with sperm damage in experimental studies 19 Exposure to air pollutants may cause free radicals to exceed body s regulation ability adversely altering biologically relevant molecules such as DNA and triggering human diseases 20 These conditions may be associated with a significant number of infertile couples lowering the fertility rate Cultural impact edit China s sex ratio is the most skewed in the world 21 The country s ratio of males to females is skewed 3 to 4 higher towards males 16 In the traditional patriarchal society many Chinese people believed that men were more important than women 16 This mindset has continued to be prevalent in modern China especially in rural areas resulting in high female fetal abortion rates and even female infanticide 16 The imbalance in sex ratio has led to a decrease in marriage rates and birth rates in China Extension of human life span edit The improvements in social welfare and the medical system have prolonged people s life span Since 1949 the general health of the Chinese people has greatly improved and the life expectancy has increased by about 30 years from 44 6 to 75 3 years from 1950 to 2015 It is expected to reach approximately 80 years in 2050 14 The minimum income security in rural areas has been expanded and is covering more than 50 million residents in poor areas 22 The Chinese government has unified the welfare systems of urban and rural migrants and the pension system covers nearly 700 million people 22 23 Despite the improvement of China s social welfare system there are still huge inequalities in health between urban and rural areas 23 Compared with urban peers the number of medical service providers for rural residents is significantly reduced and the utilization rate of facilities is low resulting in their poor health 23 Since the late 1990s three new medical insurance systems have been established by the government to provide more health care services 24 In 2009 urban and rural health insurance reforms achieved greater coverage 24 More advanced medical techniques have reduced the prevalence of diseases and increased survival 25 Impacts editThe demographic trend of aging population has social political and economic ramifications in China The growth of the elderly population has increased the dependency ratio and the prevalence of many chronic diseases 5 Aging society has also brought about changes in public policy 6 The weakening of the labor force has negative impacts on China s economic growth and development which was originally driven by the labor market 7 Social edit Rapid aging could create only a few challenging social problems and does not increase the risk of social instability in China 1 Due to the lower fertility rate and extension of the human life span the population in China is aging faster than almost all other countries 1 2 In 2050 the proportion of Chinese over retirement age will become 39 percent of the total population 26 At that time its dependency ratio will rise to 69 7 almost twice as high as that in 2015 which was about 36 6 26 The higher dependency ratio is associated with the greater pressure placed on those who are working to support the rest of the population Even if the Chinese government provides part of the financial support for the elderly through social welfare such as pensions and public welfare homes there are still many elderly people in China who are unable to be taken care of 26 In 2015 there were on average 27 beds per 1 000 elderly in nursing homes in China far fewer than those in the United States or Germany 26 The aging population in China has increased the incidence and types of chronic diseases Chronic diseases include four basic types cardiovascular diseases cancer respiratory diseases and diabetes 27 There are nearly 300 million chronic patients in China half of whom are over 65 years old 27 During aging many cellular and molecular events break down and eventually lead to a variety of chronic diseases such as coronary heart diseases CHD The number of CHD incidents and deaths in China will increase dramatically from 2010 to 2029 among Chinese adults aged 35 84 a 64 increase in CHD occurrences is predicted between 2020 and 2029 5 Political edit A large number of the elderly population has increased the pressure on the Chinese government to allocate the pensions and make social welfare more accessible 6 The lack of conventional financial infrastructure and the extent of the aging population make it difficult for China to provide a holistic solution 6 Even at an economic growth rate of 8 percent pension spending is growing much faster at a rate of 15 percent per year 6 Pension expenditure increased by 11 6 in 2016 reaching 2 58 trillion yuan with a shortfall of 429 1 billion yuan requiring government subsidies 28 Since the establishment of the pension system China has been paying the income of retirees with the contribution of the working population 28 As more people retire and fewer people enter the labor market the gap between income and expenditure will continue to widen 28 China s Working Committee on Ageing suggested that the inclusion of improved care services for the elderly in the national development road map would be a key measure for the top leadership to cope with population aging 29 The elderly care service market provides more opportunities for private capital and non governmental organizations so that the elderly can have more service choices 29 Neighborhood committees of the Chinese Communist Party are typically staffed by older volunteers 30 118 Geopolitical edit China s aging population could hinder economic growth create challenging social problems and limit its capabilities to act as a new global hegemon 1 31 32 33 Ryan Hass of the Brookings Institution said China is at risk of growing old before it grows rich becoming a graying society with degrading economic fundamentals that impede growth He went on to say The working age population is already shrinking by 2050 China will go from having eight workers per retiree now to two workers per retiree Moreover it has already squeezed out most of the large productivity gains that come with a population becoming more educated and urban and adopting technologies to make manufacturing more efficient 34 Nicholas Eberstadt an economist and demographic expert at the American Enterprise Institute said that current demographic trends will overwhelm China s economy and geopolitics making its rise much more uncertain He said The age of heroic economic growth is over 35 Brendan O Reilly a guest expert at Geopolitical Intelligence Services wrote A dark scenario of demographic decline sparking a negative feedback loop of economic crisis political instability emigration and further decreased fertility is very real for China 36 37 Economic edit Labor force edit nbsp World Bank projection of working age population in China 1990 2050 38 39 Since economic expansion is the sum of input factor growth and productivity growth it will require a substantial increase in labor productivity to sustain the same top line growth as the population ages 40 China s aging population has led to a contraction of the labor force that induces a slowing economic growth 7 In 2017 China s total working age population aged between 15 and 64 was 988 3 million which dropped by a large margin of 70 million from the end of 2016 41 China is urged to raise the legal age of retirement to cope with the problem of a reduced labour force 7 In 2016 the Chinese government announced plans to gradually raise the retirement age from 50 years old to over 60 years old 42 It may expand productivity and improve the sustainability of national pension accounts by improving the level of education and skills of Chinese workers to make up for the gap from the decreasing proportion of the working age population 42 7 In order to improve the quality of the labor force the number of university enrollment has increased by seven times since 1999 in China 43 Aging in China has affected women s labor force participation to a certain extent A large proportion of grandparents in China provide the free services of raising grandchildren for their children This constitutes a main reason why women decide to stay in the labor market 42 China has a relatively high female labor force participation rate of 61 5 42 Allocation of government funds edit An increase in the number of retirees and a decrease in the number of taxpayers will affect the government s allocation of funds 26 The expansion of the elderly ratio forces the government to support them by providing pensions and expanding social welfare which will affect the government budget China s pension funds accounted for nearly 70 of China s social security income in 2017 44 Without subsidies from the central government many local pension funds will run into a deficit of which the total is expected to rise from 234 billion yuan to 534 billion yuan in 2022 44 Government policies editIn order to alleviate the population aging in China the Chinese government has relaxed its child limitation policies Under the amended Article 18 of China s Population and Family Planning Law every married couple is allowed to have up to three children 45 Two child policy edit Main article Two child policy People s Republic of China In October 2015 the two child policy was introduced to replace the one child policy 8 China has been taking gradual measures to eliminate the one child policy In 2009 if both parents were only children they were allowed to have two children In 2014 most provinces in China further relaxed their policies allowing families to have two children if one of the parents was an only child 43 However since the implementation of the two child policy there has been no significant improvement in China s population aging 46 It is expected that the effect of the policy will not be significant until two decades later 47 After the relaxation of the one child policy 17 9 million babies were born in 2016 an increase of 1 3 million over the previous year but only half of what was expected 46 In 2017 the birth rate fell to 17 2 million far below the official forecast of more than 20 million 46 Three child policy edit Main article Three child policy In May 2021 the Chinese government introduced the three child policy in a further attempt to address the issue 9 However the improvement has been limited since the implementation of the policy largely due to the impact of COVID 19 economic uncertainty and people s current struggles in supporting children as well as old parents 48 Policy support for the elderly edit Article 28 of the 1980 New Marriage Law formalizes the obligations of supporting grandparents for those who can afford it 49 Reinforcing this responsibility the 1985 Inheritance Law provides that if a parent dies without a will the disposition of property is applied heavily in favor of children who cared for the deceased 49 The 1996 Law to Protect the Rights and Interests of the Elderly laonianren quanyi baozhang fa obligates children to provide for their elderly defined as aged sixty or greater parents including providing housing living costs and health care 49 Article IV prohibits discriminating against maltreating and forsaking the elderly 49 In 2009 China established a state sponsored elderly insurance program 50 64 To address the aging of China s population the Fourteenth Five Year Plan covering 2021 2025 seeks to expand healthcare and retirement system initiatives 51 201 References edit a b c d e Does China have an aging problem ChinaPower Project Center for Strategic and International Studies Feb 15 2016 Archived from the original on 2019 05 18 Retrieved 2019 05 16 a b Kapadia Reshma September 7 2019 What Americans Can Learn From the Rest of the World About Retirement Barron s Archived from the original on March 16 2021 Retrieved February 3 2021 a b Matsangou Elizabeth November 20 2017 China suffers ageing population nearly 40 years after introduction of one child policy www worldfinance com Archived 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