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Welfare in China

January 01, 1970

Social welfare in China has undergone various changes throughout history. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security is responsible for the social welfare system.

Welfare in China is linked to the hukou system. Those holding non-agricultural hukou status have access to a number of programs provided by the government, such as healthcare, employment, retirement pensions, housing, and education. While rural residents traditionally were expected to provide for themselves,[1] in 2014 the Chinese Communist Party announced reforms aimed at providing rural citizens access to historically urban social programs.[2]

In pre-1980s reform China, the socialist state fulfilled the needs of society from cradle to grave. Child care, education, job placement, housing, subsistence, health care, and elder care were largely the responsibility of the work unit as administered through state-owned enterprises and agricultural communes and collectives. As those systems disappeared or were reformed, the "iron rice bowl" approach to welfare changed. Article 14 of the constitution stipulates that the state "builds and improves a welfare system that corresponds with the level of economic development."

In 2004 China experienced the greatest decrease in its poorest population since 1999. People with a per capita income of less than 668 renminbi (RMB; US$80.71) decreased by 2.9 million people or 10 percent; those with a per capita income of less than 924 RMB (US$111.64) decreased by 6.4 million people or 11.4 percent, according to statistics from the State Council’s Poverty Reduction Office.[3]

Welfare reforms since the late 1990s have included unemployment insurance, medical insurance, workers’ compensation insurance, maternity benefits, communal pension funds, individual pension accounts, universal health care.[4]

Furthermore, for many of the minority groups, there are some benefits available.[5]

During July 2020, Beijing social security center put restrictions on the social security withholding and payment, which was allowed to be operational previously via third party organizations.[6][7]

The Chinese retirement system has broad coverage, with almost 70% of urban residents covered by either the urban or rural pension plans as of 2022.[8]: 202  However, it is not sufficiently funded to provide more than small benefits.[8]: 202 

Corporate Social Responsibility (CRS)

Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders. In China, CRS is an important measure that the central government uses to evaluate performance of local government. Local firms may strategically add CRS to build good relationships with local government. The theory of resource dependence suggests, firm behavior is profoundly affected by the government because of its control over critical external resources (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978). Moreover, based on the principle of reciprocity in social exchange theory (Gouldner, 1960; Blau, 1964), governments and businesses may embark on resource exchange when they realize their goals are cooperative. The existing literature has found that companies that increase their investment in social responsibility may increase financial benefits and direct value to stakeholders (Orlitzky et al., 2003; Kopel and Brand, 2012; Lambertini; Tampieri, 2015; Nollet et al., 2016; Shen et al., 2016). Corporate strategic management of relationships with governments can bring advantages in terms of market competition (Schuler et al., 2002; Hillman et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2019). Therefore, the promotion incentives of local government officials may motivate firms to improve their social responsibility performance as a strategy to obtain more political resources.[9]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Young, J. (2013). Ch. 2. In China's Hukou System: Markets, Migrants and Institutional Change (pp. 27-64). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  2. ^ Chan, K. W. (2015). Five Decades of the Chinese Hukou System. In Handbook of Chinese Migration: Identity and Wellbeing (pp. 23-47). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
  3. ^ Inc, IBP (2013-04-04). China Labor Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4387-8054-2. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ "The long march to universal coverage: lessons from China" World Bank, January 2013
  5. ^ Sautman, p. 77. Three principles are the basis for the policy: equality for national minorities, territorial autonomy, and equality for all languages and cultures.
  6. ^ "Beijing Tightens Social Insurance Filing Services by Third-Party HR Agency". China Briefing News. 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  7. ^ "Beijing Cancels Social Security Withholding & Payment Business". HROne. 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  8. ^ a b Roach, Stephen S. (2022). Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26901-7. OCLC 1347023475.
  9. ^ Kong, Dongmin; Cheng, Xu; Jiang, Xiandeng (2021-02-01). "Effects of political promotion on local firms' social responsibility in China". Economic Modelling. 95: 418–429. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2020.03.009. ISSN 0264-9993.
Further reading
  • Economic Information Daily, June 26, 2002

External links edit

January 01, 1970
welfare, china, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, august, 201. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Welfare in China news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2013 Learn how and when to remove this message Social welfare in China has undergone various changes throughout history The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security is responsible for the social welfare system Welfare in China is linked to the hukou system Those holding non agricultural hukou status have access to a number of programs provided by the government such as healthcare employment retirement pensions housing and education While rural residents traditionally were expected to provide for themselves 1 in 2014 the Chinese Communist Party announced reforms aimed at providing rural citizens access to historically urban social programs 2 In pre 1980s reform China the socialist state fulfilled the needs of society from cradle to grave Child care education job placement housing subsistence health care and elder care were largely the responsibility of the work unit as administered through state owned enterprises and agricultural communes and collectives As those systems disappeared or were reformed the iron rice bowl approach to welfare changed Article 14 of the constitution stipulates that the state builds and improves a welfare system that corresponds with the level of economic development In 2004 China experienced the greatest decrease in its poorest population since 1999 People with a per capita income of less than 668 renminbi RMB US 80 71 decreased by 2 9 million people or 10 percent those with a per capita income of less than 924 RMB US 111 64 decreased by 6 4 million people or 11 4 percent according to statistics from the State Council s Poverty Reduction Office 3 Welfare reforms since the late 1990s have included unemployment insurance medical insurance workers compensation insurance maternity benefits communal pension funds individual pension accounts universal health care 4 Furthermore for many of the minority groups there are some benefits available 5 During July 2020 Beijing social security center put restrictions on the social security withholding and payment which was allowed to be operational previously via third party organizations 6 7 The Chinese retirement system has broad coverage with almost 70 of urban residents covered by either the urban or rural pension plans as of 2022 8 202 However it is not sufficiently funded to provide more than small benefits 8 202 Corporate Social Responsibility CRS Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders In China CRS is an important measure that the central government uses to evaluate performance of local government Local firms may strategically add CRS to build good relationships with local government The theory of resource dependence suggests firm behavior is profoundly affected by the government because of its control over critical external resources Pfeffer and Salancik 1978 Moreover based on the principle of reciprocity in social exchange theory Gouldner 1960 Blau 1964 governments and businesses may embark on resource exchange when they realize their goals are cooperative The existing literature has found that companies that increase their investment in social responsibility may increase financial benefits and direct value to stakeholders Orlitzky et al 2003 Kopel and Brand 2012 Lambertini Tampieri 2015 Nollet et al 2016 Shen et al 2016 Corporate strategic management of relationships with governments can bring advantages in terms of market competition Schuler et al 2002 Hillman et al 2004 Yang et al 2019 Therefore the promotion incentives of local government officials may motivate firms to improve their social responsibility performance as a strategy to obtain more political resources 9 See also editPublic health in the People s Republic of China Poverty in China Urbanization in China Social safety net Hukou System Human Rights in China Censorship in ChinaReferences edit Young J 2013 Ch 2 In China s Hukou System Markets Migrants and Institutional Change pp 27 64 New York NY Palgrave MacMillan Chan K W 2015 Five Decades of the Chinese Hukou System In Handbook of Chinese Migration Identity and Wellbeing pp 23 47 Northampton MA Edward Elgar Publishing Inc Inc IBP 2013 04 04 China Labor Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws Lulu com ISBN 978 1 4387 8054 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last has generic name help The long march to universal coverage lessons from China World Bank January 2013 Sautman p 77 Three principles are the basis for the policy equality for national minorities territorial autonomy and equality for all languages and cultures Beijing Tightens Social Insurance Filing Services by Third Party HR Agency China Briefing News 2020 08 13 Retrieved 2020 12 16 Beijing Cancels Social Security Withholding amp Payment Business HROne 2020 07 21 Retrieved 2020 12 16 a b Roach Stephen S 2022 Accidental Conflict America China and the Clash of False Narratives New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 26901 7 OCLC 1347023475 Kong Dongmin Cheng Xu Jiang Xiandeng 2021 02 01 Effects of political promotion on local firms social responsibility in China Economic Modelling 95 418 429 doi 10 1016 j econmod 2020 03 009 ISSN 0264 9993 Further reading What kind of social welfare system does China need Economic Information Daily June 26 2002External links editChina Center for Insurance and Social Security Research Peking University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Welfare in China amp oldid 1222750896, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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