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African Parks

December 18, 2023

African Parks is a non-governmental organization (NGO) focused on conservation, established in 2000 and headquartered in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was founded as the African Parks Management and Finance Company, a private company, then underwent structural changes to become an NGO called African Parks Foundation, and later renamed African Parks Network. The organization manages national parks and protected areas throughout Africa, in collaboration with governments and surrounding communities. African Parks manages 22 protected areas in 12 countries as of May 2023, and employs more than 1,100 rangers. Michael Eustace, Peter Fearnhead, Paul Fentener van Vlissingen, Anthony Hall-Martin, and Mavuso Msimang are credited as co-founders; Fearnhead continues to serve as chief executive officer. Prince Harry was appointed African Parks' president in late 2017.

African Parks
Formation2000; 23 years ago (2000)
Founders
HeadquartersJohannesburg, South Africa
Key people
Websitewww.africanparks.org

Overview edit

The Johannesburg-based nonprofit conservation organization African Parks manages national parks and protected areas throughout Africa, in collaboration with governments and surrounding communities.[1][2][3] In addition to park management, the organization: trains rangers, actively manages and protects wildlife, works to reduce poaching and increase law enforcement and tourism, fundraises, improves infrastructure, and supports local residents.[4][5][6] African Parks' motto is "a business approach to conservation".[4][7]

African Parks currently manages 22 protected areas in 12 countries,[8][9] including W National Park and Pendjari National Park in Benin,[10] Chinko in Central African Republic,[11][12] Ennedi Natural and Cultural Reserve, Siniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve, and Zakouma National Park in Chad,[3][13] Boma National Park and Bandingilo National Park in South Sudan, Garamba National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[4] Liwonde National Park, Majete Wildlife Reserve, Mangochi Forest Reserve[14][15] and Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve in Malawi, Bazaruto Archipelago National Park in Mozambique,[16] Odzala-Kokoua National Park in the Republic of the Congo,[17][18] Akagera National Park and Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda,[2][8]Matusadona National Park in Zimbabwe, Iona National Park in Angola, and Bangweulu Wetlands, Liuwa Plain National Park and Kafue National Park in Zambia.[5][19]

African Parks employs more than 1,100 rangers, as of 2020.[20] According to The Washington Post, the organization "has the largest counter-poaching force of any private organization on the continent".[20] Peter Fearnhead co-founded and continues to serve as African Parks' chief executive officer (CEO).[8][5] Michael Eustace,[21][22] Paul Fentener van Vlissingen, Anthony Hall-Martin, and Mavuso Msimang are also credited as co-founders.[23][24] Msimang, who once served on the Military High Command of Umkonto we Sizwe and is former CEO of South African National Parks, is as of June 2021 Emeritus Board Member of the organisation.[25] Prince Harry, who previously assisted with African Parks' 2016–2017 elephant translocation project in Malawi,[5] was named president in December 2017.[8] Robert-Jan van Ogtrop serves as chairman, as of December 2017.[8] Other board members include Hansjörg Wyss who founded the Wyss Campaign for Nature.

African Parks has received funding from the European Union, Adessium Foundation, Global Environment Facility, Howard G. Buffett Foundation,[26] International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, National Geographic Society,[27] Nationale Postcode Loterij, Swedish Postcode Lottery, United States Agency for International Development (USAID),[28] United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Walton Family Foundation, World Wide Fund for Nature, and Wyss Foundation, among others.[7][29][30] A financial endowment funded by Fentener van Vlissingen directs approximately US$700,000 towards African Parks' annual operations.[7] The organization's budget was approximately US$35 million in 2016.[31]

History edit

African Parks was established in 2000 as the African Parks Management and Finance Company, a privately held company. Msimang and Hall-Martin, who previously served as director and CEO of South African National Parks, respectively,[32][33] held director roles at the newly formed company, as did Fentener van Vlissingen. Fearnhead, then head of commercial development for South African National Parks, initially served on the African Parks' advisory board.[32] Plans for the company started forming after Fentener van Vlissingen met with Nelson Mandela in 1998,[34] and early supporters included the U.S. Department of State and World Bank.[35]

The first protected areas to be managed by the company were Majete Wildlife Reserve and Liuwa Plain National Park, starting in 2003.[5][6] African Parks had planned to manage Zambia's Sioma Ngwezi National Park, but efforts stalled.[32][36] The holding company was moved from Johannesburg to the Netherlands, and went through some structural changes. Eustace, Fearnhead, Hall-Martin, and Msimang became minority shareholders in African Parks B.V., and continued to serve on the company's board. The African Parks Foundation was created in the Netherlands and became the company's only shareholder. African Parks B.V. was liquidated in 2004.[24]

During this transition, African Parks entered into agreements to manage Ethiopia's Nechisar National Park and Omo National Park in 2004 and 2005, respectively.[23][37][38] However, the organization announced plans to terminate these two agreements in December 2007,[39] and stopped managing parks in Ethiopia in 2008.[40] African Parks had also entered into agreements to manage Garamba,[41] as well as two Sudanese marine parks in Dungonab Bay and Sanganeb Atoll. These agreements did not give the organization full, long-term control, like most of their other contracts.[24] More internal changes were made to African Parks after Fentener van Vlissingen died in 2006. The organization's headquarters returned in Africa, and African representation returned to the board.[24]

The organization began managing Akagera with the Rwanda Development Board in 2009,[26][42] Zakouma in 2010,[43][4] and Chinko in 2014.[11] African Parks entered into a memorandum of understanding with Chad's government in February 2015 to establish Ennedi as a protected area, which became a Natural and Cultural Reserve.[44] Malawi's government entered into agreements for African Parks to start managing Liwonde and Nkhotakota in August 2015.[5][45] The Wyss Foundation funded African Parks' lion reintroduction project in Akagera in 2015.[2][29] During 2016–2017, African Parks worked to relocate 500 elephants and other animals from Liwonde and Majete to Nkhotakota.[46][47][48] Prince Harry assisted with the translocation,[8] which was done in partnership with the Malawian Department of National Parks and Wildlife, and funded largely by the Nationale Postcode Loterij.[1][5]

In March 2017, African Parks received $65 million from the Wyss Foundation to fund conservation efforts in Malawi's Liwonde National Park and Majete and Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserves, as well as Rwanda's Akagera National Park, and supported the addition of up to five other protected areas to African Parks' management portfolio.[2] African Parks entered into a ten-year agreement in mid-2017 to help manage Benin's Pendjari National Park,[10] then agreed to manage Mozambique's Bazaruto Archipelago National Park in December.[16] In 2018, the organization signed an agreement to manage Ennedi Natural and Cultural Reserve.[13]

Allegations of abuse edit

See also: Fortress conservation

African Parks has been at the forefront of militarizing the front line campaign against poaching with training from South African, French and Israeli military personnel. Rangers have been accused of abuses against indigenous people living in the parks.[49]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Dasgupta, Shreya (21 July 2016). "Massive relocation of 500 elephants begins in Malawi". Mongabay. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d "African Parks gets $65M for conservation in Rwanda and Malawi". Mongabay. 5 March 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  3. ^ a b Leithead, Alastair (27 December 2017). "The country that brought its elephants back from the brink". BBC News. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d Russo, Christina (27 September 2013). . National Geographic. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Glowczewska, Klara (3 January 2017). "Prince Harry Joins a Pioneering Conservation Outfit in the Fight to Save Africa's Wild Animals". Town & Country. Hearst Communications. ISSN 0040-9952. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  6. ^ a b Glowczewska, Klara (6 January 2017). "How a Pioneering Conservation Outfit Is Helping to Save Africa's Wild Places". Town & Country. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  7. ^ a b c van der Duim, René; Lamers, Machiel; van Wijk, Jakomijn (16 November 2014). Institutional Arrangements for Conservation, Development and Tourism in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Dynamic Perspective. Springer. p. 7. ISBN 9789401795296. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Prince Harry to help Africa's wildlife parks". The Times. Johannesburg. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  9. ^ "RDB targets more MICE revenue in 2018". The New Times. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Conservation group African Parks to look after West African wildlife". Mongabay. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Chinko project in Central African Republic". Fondation Segré. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  12. ^ Fay, J. Michael (9 March 2017). . National Geographic. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  13. ^ a b "The Government of the Republic of Chad Signs New Agreement with African Parks to Manage Ennedi, a Spectacular World Heritage Site in Chad". African Parks. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  14. ^ "African Parks continue Malawi's Wildlife Transformation through 2018". Malawi Tourism. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ "The Malawian Government Signs Agreement with African Parks to Manage Mangochi Forest Reserve, the Fifteenth Park to Come Under Their Management in Africa". African Parks. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  16. ^ a b "African Parks backs marine reserve brimming with wildlife in Mozambique". Mongabay. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  17. ^ Damon, Arwa; Swails, Brent (6 January 2014). "Poachers are the prey in a park in the Republic of Congo". CNN. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  18. ^ Cannon, John C. (31 October 2016). "Brazzaville-issued mining permits dip into Congo's flagship park". Mongabay. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  19. ^ Boyes, Steve (7 December 2012). . National Geographic. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  20. ^ a b Sieff, Kevin (18 May 2018). "Saving Africa's wildlife". Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  21. ^ "Fight Club: Should there be a trade in rhino horn?". The Times. London: News UK. 30 November 2011. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  22. ^ Boynton, Graham (13 December 2012). "Is this the End of the Wild Rhino?". Condé Nast Traveler. ISSN 0893-9683. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  23. ^ a b Plaut, Martin (20 February 2004). "S African money for Ethiopian game park". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  24. ^ a b c d Child, Brian; Suich, Helen; Anna, Spenceley (4 May 2012). Evolution and Innovation in Wildlife Conservation: Parks and Game Ranches to Transfrontier Conservation Areas. Routledge. pp. 422, 424. ISBN 9781136566097. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  25. ^ "Mavuso Msimang". African Parks. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  26. ^ a b Neme, Laurel (8 June 2017). . National Geographic. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  27. ^ "Partnership Will Secure, Rehabilitate Benin's Pendjari National Park". Philanthropy News Digest. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  28. ^ Child, Brian; Suich, Helen; Anna, Spenceley (4 May 2012). Evolution and Innovation in Wildlife Conservation: Parks and Game Ranches to Transfrontier Conservation Areas. Routledge. p. 421. ISBN 9781136566103. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  29. ^ a b "Wyss Foundation Commits $65 Million to Conservation in Africa". Philanthropy News Digest. Foundation Center. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  30. ^ Torchia, Christopher (23 September 2015). "Wildlife park in Rwanda recovers 2 decades after genocide". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  31. ^ "African Parks: Annual Report 2016" (PDF). African Parks. p. 81. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  32. ^ a b c Macleod, Fiona (10 June 2003). "Makro king in parks rescue plan". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  33. ^ Naidu, Edwin (29 June 2003). "Parks Board CEO quits for greener pastures". Independent Online. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  34. ^ van der Vat, Dan (6 September 2006). "Obituary: Paul van Vlissingen". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  35. ^ Plaut, Martin (16 June 2003). "Africa's wildlife 'to be privatised'". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  36. ^ Buur, L.; Kyed, H. (26 November 2007). State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities?. Springer. p. 225. ISBN 9780230609716. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  37. ^ Plaut, Martin (26 September 2005). "People problems for Ethiopian game park". BBC News. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  38. ^ Adams, William M.; Hutton, Jon M. (January 2008). "Parks and Poverty: The Political Ecology of Conservation". Current Conservation. Retrieved 25 January 2018 – via ResearchGate.
  39. ^ "African Parks to give up its management of the Omo National Park". Mursi.org. Oxford Department of International Development. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  40. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert; Appleyard, David; Bausi, Alessandro; Hahn, Wolfgang; Kaplan, Steven (2017). Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 313. ISBN 9783643908926. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  41. ^ Nicolon, Thomas (9 May 2017). "DRC's Garamba National Park: The last giraffes of the Congo". Mongabay. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  42. ^ Kimenyi, Bryan (8 June 2017). "Ecologist killed by rhinoceros at Akagera Park". The New Times. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  43. ^ Nuwer, Rachel (28 January 2017). . National Geographic. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  44. ^ "African Parks Concludes Memorandum of Understanding with Government of Chad on Ennedi". African Parks. 4 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  45. ^ Dasgupta, Shreya (29 May 2017). "Cheetahs return to Malawi after decades". Mongabay. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  46. ^ Morlin-Yron, Sophie (21 July 2016). "Malawi is moving 500 elephants across the country". CNN. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  47. ^ "500 elephants relocated in massive man-made African animal migration". Chicago Tribune. Tronc. 19 July 2016. ISSN 1085-6706. OCLC 60639020. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  48. ^ McKenzie, David; Swails, Brent (29 June 2017). "The big move: Relocating 500 elephants, one family at a time". CNN. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  49. ^ "Conservation Protected Areas are a disaster for Indigenous People". Foreign Policy Magazine. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

December 18, 2023
african, parks, governmental, organization, focused, conservation, established, 2000, headquartered, johannesburg, south, africa, founded, management, finance, company, private, company, then, underwent, structural, changes, become, called, foundation, later, . African Parks is a non governmental organization NGO focused on conservation established in 2000 and headquartered in Johannesburg South Africa It was founded as the African Parks Management and Finance Company a private company then underwent structural changes to become an NGO called African Parks Foundation and later renamed African Parks Network The organization manages national parks and protected areas throughout Africa in collaboration with governments and surrounding communities African Parks manages 22 protected areas in 12 countries as of May 2023 and employs more than 1 100 rangers Michael Eustace Peter Fearnhead Paul Fentener van Vlissingen Anthony Hall Martin and Mavuso Msimang are credited as co founders Fearnhead continues to serve as chief executive officer Prince Harry was appointed African Parks president in late 2017 African ParksFormation2000 23 years ago 2000 FoundersMichael Eustace Peter Fearnhead Paul Fentener van Vlissingen Anthony Hall Martin Mavuso MsimangHeadquartersJohannesburg South AfricaKey peoplePeter Fearnhead CEO Prince Harry President Robert Jan van Ogtrop Chairman Websitewww wbr africanparks wbr org Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Allegations of abuse 4 ReferencesOverview editThe Johannesburg based nonprofit conservation organization African Parks manages national parks and protected areas throughout Africa in collaboration with governments and surrounding communities 1 2 3 In addition to park management the organization trains rangers actively manages and protects wildlife works to reduce poaching and increase law enforcement and tourism fundraises improves infrastructure and supports local residents 4 5 6 African Parks motto is a business approach to conservation 4 7 African Parks currently manages 22 protected areas in 12 countries 8 9 including W National Park and Pendjari National Park in Benin 10 Chinko in Central African Republic 11 12 Ennedi Natural and Cultural Reserve Siniaka Minia Faunal Reserve and Zakouma National Park in Chad 3 13 Boma National Park and Bandingilo National Park in South Sudan Garamba National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4 Liwonde National Park Majete Wildlife Reserve Mangochi Forest Reserve 14 15 and Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve in Malawi Bazaruto Archipelago National Park in Mozambique 16 Odzala Kokoua National Park in the Republic of the Congo 17 18 Akagera National Park and Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda 2 8 Matusadona National Park in Zimbabwe Iona National Park in Angola and Bangweulu Wetlands Liuwa Plain National Park and Kafue National Park in Zambia 5 19 African Parks employs more than 1 100 rangers as of 2020 20 According to The Washington Post the organization has the largest counter poaching force of any private organization on the continent 20 Peter Fearnhead co founded and continues to serve as African Parks chief executive officer CEO 8 5 Michael Eustace 21 22 Paul Fentener van Vlissingen Anthony Hall Martin and Mavuso Msimang are also credited as co founders 23 24 Msimang who once served on the Military High Command of Umkonto we Sizwe and is former CEO of South African National Parks is as of June 2021 update Emeritus Board Member of the organisation 25 Prince Harry who previously assisted with African Parks 2016 2017 elephant translocation project in Malawi 5 was named president in December 2017 8 Robert Jan van Ogtrop serves as chairman as of December 2017 8 Other board members include Hansjorg Wyss who founded the Wyss Campaign for Nature African Parks has received funding from the European Union Adessium Foundation Global Environment Facility Howard G Buffett Foundation 26 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development National Geographic Society 27 Nationale Postcode Loterij Swedish Postcode Lottery United States Agency for International Development USAID 28 United States Fish and Wildlife Service USFWS Walton Family Foundation World Wide Fund for Nature and Wyss Foundation among others 7 29 30 A financial endowment funded by Fentener van Vlissingen directs approximately US 700 000 towards African Parks annual operations 7 The organization s budget was approximately US 35 million in 2016 31 History editAfrican Parks was established in 2000 as the African Parks Management and Finance Company a privately held company Msimang and Hall Martin who previously served as director and CEO of South African National Parks respectively 32 33 held director roles at the newly formed company as did Fentener van Vlissingen Fearnhead then head of commercial development for South African National Parks initially served on the African Parks advisory board 32 Plans for the company started forming after Fentener van Vlissingen met with Nelson Mandela in 1998 34 and early supporters included the U S Department of State and World Bank 35 The first protected areas to be managed by the company were Majete Wildlife Reserve and Liuwa Plain National Park starting in 2003 5 6 African Parks had planned to manage Zambia s Sioma Ngwezi National Park but efforts stalled 32 36 The holding company was moved from Johannesburg to the Netherlands and went through some structural changes Eustace Fearnhead Hall Martin and Msimang became minority shareholders in African Parks B V and continued to serve on the company s board The African Parks Foundation was created in the Netherlands and became the company s only shareholder African Parks B V was liquidated in 2004 24 During this transition African Parks entered into agreements to manage Ethiopia s Nechisar National Park and Omo National Park in 2004 and 2005 respectively 23 37 38 However the organization announced plans to terminate these two agreements in December 2007 39 and stopped managing parks in Ethiopia in 2008 40 African Parks had also entered into agreements to manage Garamba 41 as well as two Sudanese marine parks in Dungonab Bay and Sanganeb Atoll These agreements did not give the organization full long term control like most of their other contracts 24 More internal changes were made to African Parks after Fentener van Vlissingen died in 2006 The organization s headquarters returned in Africa and African representation returned to the board 24 The organization began managing Akagera with the Rwanda Development Board in 2009 26 42 Zakouma in 2010 43 4 and Chinko in 2014 11 African Parks entered into a memorandum of understanding with Chad s government in February 2015 to establish Ennedi as a protected area which became a Natural and Cultural Reserve 44 Malawi s government entered into agreements for African Parks to start managing Liwonde and Nkhotakota in August 2015 5 45 The Wyss Foundation funded African Parks lion reintroduction project in Akagera in 2015 2 29 During 2016 2017 African Parks worked to relocate 500 elephants and other animals from Liwonde and Majete to Nkhotakota 46 47 48 Prince Harry assisted with the translocation 8 which was done in partnership with the Malawian Department of National Parks and Wildlife and funded largely by the Nationale Postcode Loterij 1 5 In March 2017 African Parks received 65 million from the Wyss Foundation to fund conservation efforts in Malawi s Liwonde National Park and Majete and Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserves as well as Rwanda s Akagera National Park and supported the addition of up to five other protected areas to African Parks management portfolio 2 African Parks entered into a ten year agreement in mid 2017 to help manage Benin s Pendjari National Park 10 then agreed to manage Mozambique s Bazaruto Archipelago National Park in December 16 In 2018 the organization signed an agreement to manage Ennedi Natural and Cultural Reserve 13 Allegations of abuse editSee also Fortress conservation African Parks has been at the forefront of militarizing the front line campaign against poaching with training from South African French and Israeli military personnel Rangers have been accused of abuses against indigenous people living in the parks 49 References edit a b Dasgupta Shreya 21 July 2016 Massive relocation of 500 elephants begins in Malawi Mongabay Retrieved 24 January 2018 a b c d African Parks gets 65M for conservation in Rwanda and Malawi Mongabay 5 March 2017 Retrieved 19 January 2018 a b Leithead Alastair 27 December 2017 The country that brought its elephants back from the brink BBC News Retrieved 19 January 2018 a b c d Russo Christina 27 September 2013 African Parks Partners With Chad to Combat Elephant Poaching National Geographic Archived from the original on 30 December 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2018 a b c d e f g Glowczewska Klara 3 January 2017 Prince Harry Joins a Pioneering Conservation Outfit in the Fight to Save Africa s Wild Animals Town amp Country Hearst Communications ISSN 0040 9952 Retrieved 19 January 2018 a b Glowczewska Klara 6 January 2017 How a Pioneering Conservation Outfit Is Helping to Save Africa s Wild Places Town amp Country Retrieved 24 January 2018 a b c van der Duim Rene Lamers Machiel van Wijk Jakomijn 16 November 2014 Institutional Arrangements for Conservation Development and Tourism in Eastern and Southern Africa A Dynamic Perspective Springer p 7 ISBN 9789401795296 Retrieved 22 January 2018 a b c d e f Prince Harry to help Africa s wildlife parks The Times Johannesburg 27 December 2017 Retrieved 19 January 2018 RDB targets more MICE revenue in 2018 The New Times 31 December 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2018 a b Conservation group African Parks to look after West African wildlife Mongabay 5 June 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2018 a b Chinko project in Central African Republic Fondation Segre Retrieved 24 January 2018 Fay J Michael 9 March 2017 Heart of Africa Expedition Positions for Final Trek Lions Observed From UltraLite National Geographic Archived from the original on 31 October 2018 Retrieved 24 January 2018 a b The Government of the Republic of Chad Signs New Agreement with African Parks to Manage Ennedi a Spectacular World Heritage Site in Chad African Parks Retrieved 21 February 2018 African Parks continue Malawi s Wildlife Transformation through 2018 Malawi Tourism 17 April 2018 Retrieved 18 May 2018 permanent dead link The Malawian Government Signs Agreement with African Parks to Manage Mangochi Forest Reserve the Fifteenth Park to Come Under Their Management in Africa African Parks Retrieved 18 May 2018 a b African Parks backs marine reserve brimming with wildlife in Mozambique Mongabay 14 December 2017 Retrieved 19 January 2018 Damon Arwa Swails Brent 6 January 2014 Poachers are the prey in a park in the Republic of Congo CNN Retrieved 24 January 2018 Cannon John C 31 October 2016 Brazzaville issued mining permits dip into Congo s flagship park Mongabay Retrieved 24 January 2018 Boyes Steve 7 December 2012 Working for Water The Bangweulu Wetlands and Africa s Shoebill National Geographic Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 Retrieved 24 January 2018 a b Sieff Kevin 18 May 2018 Saving Africa s wildlife Retrieved 18 May 2018 Fight Club Should there be a trade in rhino horn The Times London News UK 30 November 2011 ISSN 0140 0460 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Boynton Graham 13 December 2012 Is this the End of the Wild Rhino Conde Nast Traveler ISSN 0893 9683 Retrieved 24 January 2018 a b Plaut Martin 20 February 2004 S African money for Ethiopian game park BBC News Retrieved 24 January 2018 a b c d Child Brian Suich Helen Anna Spenceley 4 May 2012 Evolution and Innovation in Wildlife Conservation Parks and Game Ranches to Transfrontier Conservation Areas Routledge pp 422 424 ISBN 9781136566097 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Mavuso Msimang African Parks Retrieved 4 July 2021 a b Neme Laurel 8 June 2017 Triumphant Rhino Transfer Ends in Tragic Conservator Death National Geographic Archived from the original on 11 June 2017 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Partnership Will Secure Rehabilitate Benin s Pendjari National Park Philanthropy News Digest 2 February 2018 Retrieved 16 May 2018 Child Brian Suich Helen Anna Spenceley 4 May 2012 Evolution and Innovation in Wildlife Conservation Parks and Game Ranches to Transfrontier Conservation Areas Routledge p 421 ISBN 9781136566103 Retrieved 16 May 2018 a b Wyss Foundation Commits 65 Million to Conservation in Africa Philanthropy News Digest Foundation Center 1 March 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2018 Torchia Christopher 23 September 2015 Wildlife park in Rwanda recovers 2 decades after genocide The Seattle Times Retrieved 21 February 2018 African Parks Annual Report 2016 PDF African Parks p 81 Retrieved 21 February 2018 a b c Macleod Fiona 10 June 2003 Makro king in parks rescue plan Mail amp Guardian Retrieved 24 January 2018 Naidu Edwin 29 June 2003 Parks Board CEO quits for greener pastures Independent Online Retrieved 24 January 2018 van der Vat Dan 6 September 2006 Obituary Paul van Vlissingen The Guardian Retrieved 25 January 2018 Plaut Martin 16 June 2003 Africa s wildlife to be privatised BBC News Retrieved 24 January 2018 Buur L Kyed H 26 November 2007 State Recognition and Democratization in Sub Saharan Africa A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities Springer p 225 ISBN 9780230609716 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Plaut Martin 26 September 2005 People problems for Ethiopian game park BBC News Retrieved 25 January 2018 Adams William M Hutton Jon M January 2008 Parks and Poverty The Political Ecology of Conservation Current Conservation Retrieved 25 January 2018 via ResearchGate African Parks to give up its management of the Omo National Park Mursi org Oxford Department of International Development Retrieved 24 January 2018 Uhlig Siegbert Appleyard David Bausi Alessandro Hahn Wolfgang Kaplan Steven 2017 Ethiopia History Culture and Challenges LIT Verlag Munster p 313 ISBN 9783643908926 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Nicolon Thomas 9 May 2017 DRC s Garamba National Park The last giraffes of the Congo Mongabay Retrieved 25 January 2018 Kimenyi Bryan 8 June 2017 Ecologist killed by rhinoceros at Akagera Park The New Times Retrieved 24 January 2018 Nuwer Rachel 28 January 2017 The Rare African Park Where Elephants Are Thriving National Geographic Archived from the original on 28 January 2017 Retrieved 19 January 2018 African Parks Concludes Memorandum of Understanding with Government of Chad on Ennedi African Parks 4 February 2015 Retrieved 29 January 2018 Dasgupta Shreya 29 May 2017 Cheetahs return to Malawi after decades Mongabay Retrieved 24 January 2018 Morlin Yron Sophie 21 July 2016 Malawi is moving 500 elephants across the country CNN Retrieved 19 January 2018 500 elephants relocated in massive man made African animal migration Chicago Tribune Tronc 19 July 2016 ISSN 1085 6706 OCLC 60639020 Retrieved 22 January 2018 McKenzie David Swails Brent 29 June 2017 The big move Relocating 500 elephants one family at a time CNN Retrieved 22 January 2018 Conservation Protected Areas are a disaster for Indigenous People Foreign Policy Magazine 1 July 2022 Retrieved 1 August 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title African Parks amp oldid 1187777178, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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