Adamawa State

Not to be confused with Adamawa Region or Adamawa Emirate.

Adamawa state (Fula: 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤢𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤢, romanized: Leydi Adamaawa) is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria, bordered by Borno to the northwest, Gombe to the west for 95 km, and Taraba to the southwest for about 366 km, while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon across the Atlantica Mountains for about 712 km. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Adamawa, with the emirate's old capital of Yola, serving as the capital city of Adamawa state. The state is one of the most heterogeneous in Nigeria, with over 100 indigenous ethnic groups. It was formed in 1991, when the former Gongola state was divided into Adamawa and Taraba states.^[4][5] Since it was carved out of the old Gongola State in 1991 by the General Ibrahim Badamsi Babangida military regime, Adamawa State has had 10 men, both military and civilian, controlling the levers of power, who played crucial roles in transforming the state into what it is today.^[6]

Adamawa State 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤢 (Fula)
State
Flag Seal
Nickname:  Land of Beauty/UBA
Location of Adamawa State in Nigeria
Coordinates: 9°20′N 12°30′E / 9.333°N 12.500°E / 9.333; 12.500
Country	Nigeria
Established	August 27, 1991
Named for	Modibbo Adama
Capital	Yola
Government
• Body	Government of Adamawa State
• Governor	Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri (PDP)
• Deputy Governor	Kaletapwa Farauta (PDP)
• Legislature	State House of Assembly
• Senators	C: Iya Abbas (APC) N: Amos Yohanna (PDP) S: Binos Dauda Yaroe (PDP)
• Representatives	List
Area
• Total	36,917 km^2 (14,254 sq mi)
Highest elevation (Mount Dimlang)	2,042 m (6,699 ft)
Population  (2006)
• Total	3,178,950
• Estimate  (2022)	4,902,100^[1]
• Density	86/km^2 (220/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (GMT)
Postal code	640001
Dialing Code	+234
Geocode	NG-AD
GDP (2021)	₦2.66 trillion^[2]
HDI (2019)	0.488^[3] low · 27th of 37
Website	www.adamawastate.gov.ng

Of the 36 states in Nigeria, Adamawa state is the eighth largest in area, but the thirteenth least populous with an estimated population of about 4.25 million as of 2016.^[7] Geographically, the state is mainly composed of the highlands of mountains (the Atlantika, Mandara, and the Shebshi ranges) and the Adamawa Plateau, crossed by valleys and rivers, most notably the Benue and Gongola rivers. The lowlands of Adamawa are part of the West Sudanian savanna in the north and the wetter Guinean forest–savanna mosaic in parts of the south, while elevated areas are parts of the Mandara Plateau mosaic and Cameroonian Highlands forests ecoregions. In the extreme south of the state is part of the Gashaka Gumti National Park, a large wildlife park that contains large populations of bushbuck, African buffalo, patas monkey, black-and-white colobus, giant pangolin, and hippopotamus along with some of Nigeria's last remaining Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, African leopard, and African golden cat populations.^[8][9]

What is now Adamawa state has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Bwatiye (Bachama), Bali, Bata (Gbwata), Gudu, Mbula-Bwazza, and Nungurab (Lunguda) in the central region; the Kamwe in the north and central region; the Jibu in the far south; the Kilba, Marghi, Waga, and Wula in the north, and the Mumuye in the south, while the Fulani live throughout the state—often as nomadic herders. Adamawa state is also religiously diverse as about 50% of the population is Sunni Muslim and 40% is Christian (mainly Lutheran, EYN, ECWA, and Pentecostal), while the remaining 10% are adherents of traditional ethnic religions.^[10][11]

The Adamawa state, formed in the 1800s by the Fulani jihad, was divided between Germany and the British Empire in the Adamawa Wars. The British-controlled area was incorporated into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, which later became British Nigeria. In 1961, it became an independent state. The state's economy relies on livestock and crops, but the Boko Haram insurgency has impacted development. The state was merged with Nigeria in 1961.^[12]

Originally, modern-day Adamawa State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State. After the North-Eastern state was split in 1976, Gongola State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood, Gongola was split with the state's south becoming Taraba State while its north became Adamawa State.

As an agriculturally-based state, the Adamawa State economy mainly relies on livestock and crops, such as cotton, groundnuts, millet, cassava, guinea corn, and yams. Due to the Boko Haram insurgency affecting development in the state,^[12] Adamawa has the eleventh lowest Human Development Index in the country but as the insurgency has abated since 2016, development has renewed.^[3][13]

Geography

Adamawa is one of the largest states of Nigeria and occupies about 36,917 square kilometers.^[14] It is bordered by the states of Borno to the northwest, Gombe to the west and Taraba to the southwest. Its eastern border forms the national eastern border with Cameroon.^[15][16]

Topographically, it is a mountainous land crossed by the large river valleys – Benue, Gongola and Yedsarem. The valleys of the Mount Cameroon, Mandara Mountains^[17] and Adamawa Plateau form part of the landscape.

Climate

Climate data for Adamawa State (2010 – 2020)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	45.0 (113.0)	47.0 (116.6)	46.0 (114.8)	47.0 (116.6)	44.0 (111.2)	40.0 (104.0)	40.0 (104.0)	36.0 (96.8)	38.0 (100.4)	41.0 (105.8)	39.0 (102.2)	40.0 (104.0)	47.0 (116.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	36.5 (97.7)	39.62 (103.32)	41.49 (106.68)	40.85 (105.53)	37.56 (99.61)	34.66 (94.39)	31.77 (89.19)	30.27 (86.49)	31.57 (88.83)	37.08 (98.74)	34.33 (93.79)	35.82 (96.48)	35.96 (96.73)
Daily mean °C (°F)	29.28 (84.70)	32.13 (89.83)	34.79 (94.62)	35.48 (95.86)	33.27 (91.89)	30.46 (86.83)	28.05 (82.49)	26.71 (80.08)	24.55 (76.19)	31.88 (89.38)	29.99 (85.98)	29.82 (85.68)	30.81 (87.46)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	17.89 (64.20)	20.28 (68.50)	23.81 (74.86)	26.94 (80.49)	26.88 (80.38)	24.33 (75.79)	22.47 (72.45)	21.63 (70.93)	22.15 (71.87)	22.97 (73.35)	23.13 (73.63)	19.89 (67.80)	22.7 (72.9)
Record low °C (°F)	10.0 (50.0)	12.0 (53.6)	16.0 (60.8)	18.0 (64.4)	22.0 (71.6)	19.0 (66.2)	19.0 (66.2)	19.0 (66.2)	19.0 (66.2)	17.0 (62.6)	19.0 (66.2)	12.0 (53.6)	10.0 (50.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	0.0 (0.0)	0.77 (0.03)	5.49 (0.22)	44.27 (1.74)	155.28 (6.11)	174.13 (6.86)	255.25 (10.05)	378.61 (14.91)	249.93 (9.84)	4.56 (0.18)	116.35 (4.58)	0.0 (0.0)	115.39 (4.54)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	0.0	0.27	1.55	7.09	16.36	19.64	24.55	27.82	6.8	0.64	15.55	0.0	11.5
Average relative humidity (%)	19.68	16.98	20.25	33.23	51.02	63.35	72.67	78.62	76.13	30.22	60.92	21.54	45.38
Source: https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/adamawa

Climate Change

 

Global warming has had a negative impact on climate and weather patterns as is visible here with the River Gongola flooding some households and farmlands in Yola.

A study conducted on climate in 2012 in Nigeria's Adamawa state revealed monthly mean temperature rise in Gyawana, Yola, and Mubi, while annual rainfall declined. Delays in rainfall and reduced length of fall were observed in these areas.^[18][19]

Contrarily, in recent times, the humidity and temperature of Adamawa state, especially during the dry season, begins in November, which is usually very hot. The harmattan period is experienced between December and February every year.^[16]

In recent years, climate change in Adamawa state has begun to be more evident. Tropical wet and dry weather prevails in Adamawa State. The wet season lasts from April to October, whereas the dry season lasts for at least five months (November to March) yearly. An upsurge in rainfall in September in recent years is usually accompanied by floods.^[20] According to Dr. Sulieman Muhammad, the Executive Secretary of the Adamawa State Emergency Management Agency (ADSEMA), 25 people died in September 2022 due to floods brought on by both the overflow of water from the Lagdo Dam in Cameroon and severe rainfall.^[21]

In October 2022, additional flood claimed 37 lives and submerged 89,000 thousand hectares of farmlands with 58 others sustaining various degrees of injuries.^[4]

2023 Flood

The Adamawa State Emergency Management Agency (ADSEMA) reports that on September 1, 2023, flooding killed at least five people in various communities. The executive secretary of ADSEMA, Suleiman Muhammad, made this statement on Thursday in an interview in Yola, the state capital. Muhammad reported that the flood in the local government areas (LGA) of Fufore, Yola South, and Mubi South had destroyed a number of houses and infrastructure.^[22]

Economy

 

Mandara Mountains from Yola

Adamawa has vast arable land for agriculture, waterfalls and landscape, and solid minerals like limestone, tantalite and kaoline. The GDP of the state is estimated to be ₦2.66 trillion. It has the 18th largest economy among the 36 states of Nigeria and the largest in the North-East region. The total revenue of the state experienced a growth of 9.93% from around ₦700.602 billion in 2020 to ₦777.62 billion in 2021. However, the state heavily depends on federally distributed revenues, with 77.52% of its total revenue being Gross FAAC in 2021.^[23] Adamawa had an IGR of ₦8.65 billion in 2021. The state imported $25.02 million worth of goods between 2019 and 2021. It has a debt stock of ₦132.68 billion as of December 2021, ranking the 19th most indebted state in Nigeria and 2nd most indebted in the North-East.^[23]

The Dangote group operates a sugar production factory in Numan which has a sugar refining capacity of 3,000 tonnes of cane per day. The company announced plans to expand to factory to a capacity of 6,000tcd, 9,800tcd and to 15,000 tcd. They also plan to increase the size of the factory from 8,700 hectares in 2022 to about 24,200 hectares within seven years.^[24]

The markets found in state are incredibly important to its economic activity and to its inhabitants. These markets, especially its cattle markets, enhanced the development of economic activities in the state, cash crops like groundnut and beans are grown and crops like rice, maize and sorghum are grown as food crops. Around River Yedseram and its tributaries, vegetable gardening in dry season is practiced. Fishing is also very popular in the riverine areas. The breeds of cattle found in Adamawa are; Adamawa Gudali, Sokoto Gudali, White Fulani, Ambala, Red Sokoto and Red Fulani.^[25] The state has around 1.5 million cattle and 64 grazing reserves of which 30 are gazetted.^[26][27]

Adamawa state has a thriving livestock industry especially cattle-rearing. It has 2.5million heads of cattle produced in Nigeria. Traders come from all over the country and West Africa to buy and sell cattle in its markets such as the Mubi International cattle market in Mubi South. Despite the state's high level of cattle production, the markets are poorly developed with essential services like meat processing. Meaning, live animals have to be transported in trucks for 4 days before they reach cities with high demand in regions like the South-West, South-South or South-East Nigeria.^[25]

The development of many communities in the state can be traced to the colonial era when the Germans ruled a swath of territory known as the Northern and Southern Kameruns from Dikwa in the North to Victoria (Limbe) on the Atlantic coast in the 19th century. These were, however, handed over as United Nations Trust Territories to the British at the end of the World War I with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. After a series of referendums, the Northern Kameruns joined Nigeria to form the then Sardauna Province, and the Southern Kameruns formed a Confederation with French speaking Cameroon.^[28][29]

Natural resources

• Kaoline
• Bentonite
• Magnesite
• Gypsum

Source:^[30]

Transport

Federal Highways are:

• A4 north from Taraba State at Mayo Lane via Numan and Shellen to Borno State at Mada,
• A8 Numan Rd east from A4 at Numan 61 km to A13 at Yola Airport, and
• A13 north from A8 at Jimeta across the Benue River via Song, Wuro Hesso, Marraraba, Mubi, Amjawa, Gulak and Mararaba to Borno State near Wagga Lugere.

Other major roads include

• the Gombe-Yola Rd northwest from A4 at Ngbalang via Giwano, Boskeri and Lafia to Gombe State at Yolde,
• the Bambuka-Lafia Rd east from Taraba State near Sarkin Baka and northeast via Lamurde,
• the Visik-Marraraba-Sangere-Manga Rd north from Marraraba to Borno State at Hildi Hills,
• northeast from A13 at Jiberu via Yolde to Belel,
• the Mubi-Maiha-Bungel Rd north from Belel to A13 at Mubi,
• the Ngurore-Ganye Rd south from Wuro Yanka to Mayo Belwa, and
• the Zaridi-Mayo Belwa Rd west to Taraba State at Bisa [Google Maps].

Five roads to Cameroon:

• south from Mayo Belwa via Jada and Tungo at Kontcha,
• at Kojoli to Poli via Tchamba,
• east from Jimeta at Touruoa to Ngong,
• east from Belel via Demsa to Gaschiga on P1 north of Garoua, and
• from Mubi to Boukoula [Google Maps].

Airports:

Yola International near Jimeta.

Religion

Adamawa is a Muslim majority state in Nigeria, with a substantial Christian population.^[31] Historically, Adamawa is home to the major happenings of the Islamic Jihad, led by the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 1800s. Till today, the state of Adamawa is led traditionally by an Emir also known as Lamido, who is a descendant of the Islamic kings who conquered and ruled the area, prior to the amalgamation of Nigeria. Atiku Abubakar serves as the Waziri (Vizier) to the King of Adamawa. Adamawa is also home to the headquarters of two indigenous churches, the Church of the Brethren in Nigeria (EYN Church) with its headquarters in Mubi in the northern zone of the state, and the Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria (LCCN Church) with headquarters in Numan in the southern zone of the state.^[32] The Church of the Brethren in Nigeria (EYN church) was founded in Garkida Gombi Local Government of the state in March 1923 by American missionaries.^[33] The Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria (LCCN Church) was founded in Numan by Dutch missionaries in 1913.^[34] 4.5% Catholic with 192,767 followers (2020) in the Diocese of Yola (1950) with 39 parishes under Bishop Stephen Dami Mamza (2011) [1]. The Anglican Diocese of Yola (1990) with 39 parishes is led by Bisho Markus Ibrahim (2020), also the Archbishop of the Province of Jos Anglican Diocese of Yola.

History

Main article: Adamawa Emirate

 

Illustration by Edmund D. Morel titled "A Hausa from Yola" (1902)

Before it became a state in Nigeria, Adamawa was a subordinate kingdom of the Sultanate of Sokoto, which also included much of northern Cameroon. The rulers bear the title of emir ("lamido" in the local language, Fulfulde).^[35]

The name "Adamawa" came from the founder of the kingdom, Modibo Adama, a regional leader of the Fulani Jihad organized by Usman dan Fodio of Sokoto in 1804. Modibo Adama came from the region of Gurin (now just a small village) and in 1806, received a green flag for leading the jihad in his native country. In the following years, Adama conquered many lands and tribes. In 1838, he moved his capital to Ribadu, and in 1839, to Joboliwo. In 1841, he founded Yola, where he died in 1848. After the European colonization (first by Germany and then by Britain), the rulers remained as emirs and the line of succession has continued to the present day.

 

Dancers of Adamawa state in their cultural adornment

A measles outbreak was reported in an internally displaced persons camp, in January 2015.^[36]

Lamibe of Adamawa

Lamibe (Emirs) of Adamawa have included:

No	Name	Reign	Lineage
1	Modibbo Adama bin Hassan	1809 – 1848	son of Ardo Hassan
2	Lawalu bin Adama	1848 – 1872	son of Modibbo Adama
3	Sanda bin Adama	1872 – 1890	son of Modibbo Adama
4	Zubayru bin Adama	1890 – 1901	son of Modibbo Adama
5	Bobbo Ahmadu bin Adama	1901 – 1909	son of Modibbo Adama
6	Iya Bin Sanda	1909 – 1910	son of Lamido Sanda
7	Muhammadu Abba	1910 – 1924	son of Lamido Bobbo Ahmadu
8	Muhammad Bello "Maigari" bin Ahmadu "Babbawa"	1924 – 1928	great-grandson of Adama
9	Mustafa bin Muhammadu Abba	1928 – 1946	son of Lamido Muhammadu Abba
10	Ahmadu bin Muhammadu Bello	1946 – 1953	son of Lamido Maigari
11	Aliyu Mustafa	1953 – 2010	son of Lamido Mustafa
12	Muhammadu Barkindo Aliyu Musdafa	2011 – present	son of Lamido Aliyu

Boko Haram insurgency

Adamawa State has been badly impacted by the Boko Haram insurgency. In January 2012, Boko Haram attacked Gombi, Mubi and Yola. By 2014, the state became home to camps housing an estimated 35,000 internally displaced people, fleeing violence from Boko Haram in locations including Mubi, Madagali, Askira Uba, Bama and Gwoza in the states of Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe. In 2014, an estimate placed the number of IDPs around Yola at 400,000.^[37] An attack occurred in Chakawa in 2014. A suicide bombing in Yola in 2015 killed over 30 people.^[38] A double suicide bombing in Madagali in 2016 killed over 50 people. Mubi is the worst affected place in Adamawa State, suffering major attacks in 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2018.

Organizations serving the community include the Adamawa Peace Initiative (API)- a group of business, religious, and community leaders - and the Adamawa Muslim Council. The United States Agency for International Development has pledged to provide continuing humanitarian assistance.^[37]

On 21–22 February 2020, Boko Haram terrorists launched an attack on homes and churches in Garkida, killing three soldiers and wounding civilians.^[39][40]

Education

 

Adamawa State University in Mubi

 

Library in the American University of Nigeria

Tertiary institutions in Adamawa state include:

• Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola^[41]
• Adamawa State University^[42]
• American University of Nigeria, Yola^[43]
• Federal College of Education, Yola^[44]
• Federal Polytechnic, Mubi^[45]
• Modibbo Adama University, Yola^[46]

Healthcare

Adamawa state has many healthcare sectors that are of different levels, these levels are federal, state and local(grassroot) levels, these include:^[47]

Primary Healthcares

• Basha Health clinic
• Dowaya Health Post
• Gweda Malam Primary Health care center
• Numan maternal and child primary health care
• Sabon fegi primary health care center
• Wayam primary health clinic
• Gbalapun primary health clinic
• Vulpi primary health care center
• Wisdom primary health care
• Bakta primary health care center

State Healthcares

• General Hospital Numan^[48]

Sites of interest

 

Gashaka-Gumti National Park

 

The Three Sisters rock in Song, Adamawa State

 

 

Sukur World Heritage site

• Sukur World Heritage Site in Madagali
• Mandara Mountains at Nigeria-Cameroon border in Maiha
• Kiri Dam in Shelleng
• Ruwan Zafi Spring in Lamurde
• Lamido Muhammadu Barkindo's Palace in Yola
• Mambilla Plateau at the Adamawa-Taraba border in Toungo
• Gashaka Gumti National Park in Toungo
• Shebshi Mountains and Mount Dimlang at the Adamawa-Taraba border in Ganye
• Kamale Mountain Peak in Michika
• Three Sisters Rock in Song
• Sassa Waterfalls in Sassa Village, Toungo
• Yadim Waterfalls in Yadim Village, Fufore
• Fombina Palace Museum in Yola
• The confluence of Rivers Benue and Gongola in Numan Uba under Mubi (Valanyi)

Local Government Areas

See also: List of villages in Adamawa State

Adamawa State consists of twenty-one Local Government Areas (LGAs):

• Demsa
• Fufore
• Ganye
• Girei
• Gombi
• Guyuk
• Hong
• Jada
• Lamurde
• Madagali
• Maiha
• Mayo-Belwa
• Michika
• Mubi North
• Mubi South
• Numan
• Shelleng
• Song
• Toungo
• Yola North (State capital)
• Yola South

Languages

Adamawa state is home to many languages due to the state's ethnic diversity. Inter-ethnic communication is mostly done using Fulfulde, Hausa or English. Many of the state's languages are at danger of extinction due to economic, social, political, religious, and contextual factors. Less and less people are using their ethnic languages in homes.^[49]

Languages of Adamawa State listed by LGA:^[50]

LGA	Languages
Demsa	Bali, Bata, Bille, Mbula-Bwazza
Fufore	Fulfulde, Bata
Ganye	Fulfulde, Peere, Chamba Daka
Girei	Fulfulde, Bata, Tambo
Gombi	Bura-Pabir, Ga'anda, Hwana, Lala-Roba, Ngwaba
Guyuk	Longuda
Hong	Kilba, Marghi
Jada	Fulfulde, Chamba, Koma
Lamurde	Kwa, Bacama
Madagali	Marghi, Mafa, Sukur Language
Maiha	Nzanyi
Mayo-Belwa	Fulfulde, Yangdang
Michika	Higgi
Mubi North	Fali
Mubi South	Gude, Mafa
Numan	Bachama, Waaja, Kaan
Shelleng	Kanakuru
Song	Mboi, Yungur
Toungo	Chamba
Yola North	Lakka
Yola South	Fulfulde, Vere

Government

The Governor of Adamawa State is the Executive, the State Legislature, Adamawa State House of Assembly, is located in Yola, the state capital.

Electoral System

The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.^[51]

Notable people

• Atiku Abubakar^[52]
• Iya Abubakar^[53]
• Jibril Aminu^[54]
• Alex Badeh^[55]
• Mohammed Bello
• Aisha Buhari^[56]
• Done P. Dabale
• Aisha Dahiru Binani^[57]
• Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri^[58]
• Binta Masi Garba^[59]
• Boni Haruna^[60]
• Bindo Jibrilla
• Muhammadu Gambo Jimeta^[61]
• Aliyu Kama
• Babachir David Lawal^[62]
• Tahir Mamman^[63][64]
• Buba Marwa^[65][66][67]
• Abubakar Saleh Michika^[68][69]
• Boss Mustapha^[70]
• Murtala Nyako^[71]
• Bamanga Tukur^[72][73]
• Mahmud Tukur
• Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo
• Nuhu Ribadu
• Ibrahim Lamorde
• Ahmed Joda
• Mahmud Modibbo Tukur
• Muhammadu Ribadu
• Aliyu Mai-Bornu

Overview of the October 2023 flooding

On Saturday, 7 October 2023 The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) gave a caution over the danger of fast flooding along the Stream Niger and Stream Benue Bowl, attributable to the arrival of water from the Lagdo Dam in the Republic of Cameroon, requiring the prompt actuation of a crisis reaction plan in the accompanying states: Adamawa, Benue, Taraba, Nasarawa, Kogi, Anambra, Edo, Delta, Streams, and Bayelsa. In Adamawa State, water levels began ascending on Thursday, October 5 October 2023, prompting extreme flooding that caused huge framework harm, including streets, cover offices, wellbeing offices, IDP destinations, schools, and other local area offices across 14 out of 21 LGAs in Adamawa State. As per the most recent Adamawa State Emergency Management Agency (ADSEMA) report, the floods have caused an enormous scope dislodging of in excess of 8,504 families (51,043 people), most of whom are ladies, youngsters, and the old, presently living in 11 transitory settlements across Yola South, Yola North, Lamude, Madagali, and Demsa LGAs. 33 losses were accounted for. The genuine size of the calamity is as yet unusual, as the circumstance is still intently being checked. The flood exacerbated philanthropic necessities, with people, principally ladies and youngsters, being presented to undignified everyday environments and snoozing open or swarmed spaces, presenting them to security and wellbeing gambles^[74]

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External links

• Adamawa.com - Articles, photographs, and art from Adamawa State

9°20′N 12°30′E / 9.333°N 12.500°E / 9.333; 12.500