Table of Ranks
The Table of Ranks (Russian: Табель о рангах, romanized: Tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a struggle with the existing hereditary nobility, or boyars. The Table of Ranks was formally abolished on 11 November 1917 by the newly established Bolshevik government. During the Vladimir Putin presidency a similar formalized structure has been reintroduced into many governmental departments, combined with formal uniforms and insignia: Local Government, Diplomatic Service, Prosecution Service, Investigative Committee.
Principles edit
The Table of Ranks re-organized the foundations of feudal Russian nobility (mestnichestvo) by recognizing service in the military, in the civil service, and at the imperial court as the basis of an aristocrat's standing in society. The table divided ranks in 14 grades, with all nobles regardless of birth or wealth (at least in theory) beginning at the bottom of the table and rising through their service (sluzhba) to the tsar.[1] While all grades were open by merit, promotion required qualification for the next rank, and grades 1 through 5 required the personal approval of the tsar himself. Despite initial resistance from noblemen, many of whom were still illiterate in the 18th century and who shunned the paper-pushing life of the civil servant, the eventual effect of the Table of Ranks was to create an educated class of noble bureaucrats.
Peter's intentions for a class of nobles bound to the tsar by their personal service to him were watered down by subsequent tsars. In 1762 Peter III abolished the compulsory 25-year military or civilian service for nobles.[2] In 1767 Catherine the Great bought the support of the bureaucracy by making promotion up the 14 ranks automatic after seven years regardless of position or merit. Thus the bureaucracy became populated with time servers.[3]
Achieving a certain level in the table automatically granted a certain level of nobility. A civil servant promoted to the 14th grade gained personal nobility (dvoryanstvo), and holding an office in the 8th grade endowed the office holder with hereditary nobility. Nicholas I raised this threshold to the 5th grade in 1845.[4] In 1856 the grades required for hereditary nobility were changed to the 4th grade for the civil service and to the 6th grade for military service. The father of Vladimir Lenin progressed in the management of education, reaching the 4th rank and becoming an "active state councillor" (действительный статский советник), which gave him the privilege of hereditary nobility.[5]
In practice, non-noble civil servants were frequently passed over from promotion to the eighth grade, creating a class of "eternal titular councillors" (Russian: вечный титулярный советник, romanized: vechny titulyarny sovetnik) who remained in this position for life. They were the subject of derision due to a supposed dullness and lack of creativity, and were satirized by authors such as Nikolai Gogol and Fyodor Dostoevsky.[6]
With occasional revisions, the Table of Ranks remained in effect until the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Table of Ranks edit
An abridged version of the Table of Ranks[7] with time expiration set for promotion is shown below:
| Class (K) | Civil (governmental) ranks | Military ranks | Court ranks | Period of time set for promotion[note 1] | Style of reference | Clergy ranks | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ... in the Army | ... in the Navy | |||||||
| K-1 |
| General field marshal | General admiral | none | Ваше высокопревосходительство (Vashe vysokoprevoskhoditel’stvo) | Metropolit | Black clergy | |
| K-2 |
|
| Admiral |
| not specified | Archbishop | ||
| K-3 | Privy Councillor (Tayny sovetnik) | Lieutenant general | Vice admiral |
| not specified | Ваше превосходительство (Vashe prevoskhoditel’stvo) | Bishop | |
| K-4 | Active State Councillor (Deystvitelny statsky sovetnik) | Major general | Rear admiral |
| not specified | Archimandrite | ||
| K-5 | State Councillor (Statsky sovetnik) | Brigadier (1722-1796) | Captain-commodore |
| not specified | Ваше высокородие (Vashe vysokorodie) | Hegumen | |
| Protopresbyter | White clergy | |||||||
| K-6 | Collegiate Councillor (Kollezhsky sovetnik) |
| Kapitan 1st rank |
| 4 years to K-5 | Ваше высокоблагородие (Vashe vysokoblagorodie) | Presbyter | |
| K-7 | Court councillor (1745-) (Nadvorny sovetnik) |
| Kapitan 2nd rank | none | 4 years to K-6 | Iereus | ||
| K-8 | Collegiate assessor (Kollezhsky assessor) |
|
| Titular Chamberlain (-1771) | 4 years to K-7 | Protodeacon | ||
| K-9 | Titular councillor (Tituljarny sovetnik) |
|
| 3 years to K-8 | Deacon | |||
| K-10 | Collegiate secretary (Kollezhsky sekretar) |
|
| none | 3 years to K-9 | Ваше благородие (Vashe blagorodie) | ||
| K-11 | Naval secretary (Korabelny sekretar)[note 3] | none | Naval secretary (Korabelny sekretar -1764) | none | ||||
| K-12 | District secretary (Gubernsky sekretar) |
|
| none | 3 years to K-10 | |||
| K-13 | Provincial registrar (Kabinetsky redistrator) |
| none | |||||
| K-14 |
|
| Michman (1732-1796) | none | 3 years to K-12 | |||
The table below contains the military ranks of the Guards (infantry and cavalry) 1722 until 1917.[8]
| Class | Infantry | Cavalry | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1722 | 1730 | 1748 | 1884–1917 | 1730 | 1748 | 1798 | 1884–1917 | |
| 1 | – not scheduled – | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | Colonel (Polkovnik) | Colonel | ||||||
| 4 | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel (Podpolkovnik) | Lieutenant colonel | |||||
| 5 | Lieutenant colonel | Prime major (Premer-mayor) | Prime major | |||||
| 6 | Major | Second major (Skund-mayor) | Colonel | Second major | Colonel | |||
| 7 | Captain (Kapitan) | Captain | Captain | Captain | Rittmeister (Rotmistr) | Rittmeister | Rittmeister | Rittmeister |
| 8 | Captain lieutenant (Kapitan-leytenant) | Captain poruchik (Kapitan-poruchik) | Stabskapitän (Stabs-kapitan) | Sekundrittmeister (Sekund-rotmistr) | Stabsrittmeister (Stabs-rotmistr) | |||
| 9 | Lieutenant (Leytenant) | Poruchik | Poruchik | |||||
| 10 | Unterleutnant (Unter-leytenant) | Podporuchik | Podporuchik | Cornet (Kornet) | ||||
| 11 | – not scheduled – | |||||||
| 12 | Fähnrich (Fendrik) | Praporshchik | Cornet | |||||
| 13 | – not scheduled – | |||||||
| 14 | ||||||||
Peter I stipulated that "princes related to us or married to our princesses always take precedence" and that when military officers of the army and navy were of the same rank, "the naval officer is superior at sea to the land officer; and on land the land officer is superior to the naval officer". He laid down that fines of two months' salary should be assessed against those falsely claiming a higher rank or gaining a rank without qualification. He stated that service with a foreign monarch would not automatically confer the rank until approved by the tsar, as "we do not grant any rank to anyone until he performs a useful service to us or to the state", while women were to "advance in rank with their husbands".
Style of address edit
In a way the government, court, military and clergy ranks represented the gentry class of the Russian Empire. Similarly to the noble titles, the rank holders each had their specific style of address:
| Class | Civil, court and military ranks | Clergy ranks | Class | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in Russian | English translation | in Russian[9] | English translation | |||
| K-1 | Ваше высокопревосходительство | Your High Excellency | Ваше высокопреосвященство, владыко | Your High Eminence, Lordship | Black | K-1 |
| K-2 | K-2 | |||||
| K-3 | Ваше превосходительство | Your Excellency | Ваше преосвященство, владыко | Your Eminence, Lordship | K-3 | |
| K-4 | Ваше высокопреподобие | Your High Reverence | K-4 | |||
| K-5 | Ваше высокородие | Your High Born | K-5 | |||
| Ваше высокоблагословение | Your High Blessedness | White | K-5 | |||
| K-6 | Ваше высокоблагородие | Your High Well Born | K-6 | |||
| K-7 | Ваше благословение | Your Blessedness | K-7 | |||
| K-8 | Ваше высокоблаговестие | Your High Evangelism | K-8 | |||
| K-9 | Ваше благородие | Your Well Born (Also applied to the lowest ranks of the nobility: Barons, the generic titles of Dvoryanin, Pomeshchik and landless nobles) | Ваше благовестие | Your Evangelism | K-9 | |
| K-10 | K-10 | |||||
| K-11 | K-11 | |||||
| K-12 | K-12 | |||||
| K-13 | K-13 | |||||
| K-14 | K-14 | |||||
Outside that table are the rank of Generalissimus, which was an honorary title and not a military rank and the title of Patriarch, which theoretically equaled the eminence of the Russian Emperor, but which Peter the Great kept vacant between 1700 and 1720 and eventually substituted for the collective board of the Most Holy Synod, effectively turning the Church into a department of the state.
First complete translation into English edit
The first complete translation into English of the original Table of Ranks promulgated by Peter the Great in 1722 was presented by Brazilian historian Angelo Segrillo in 2016.[10]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ In case of "His/Her Majesty's highest of all protégé", the period of time, set for promotion to the next higher rank, might be shortened by one year.
- ^ The Russian word "действительный" means "actual, valid, real, effective, true" and in this context is sometimes translated as "actual" or "acting" (which has the disadvantage of confusion with the English language concept of acting rank).
- ^ Naval secretary was a naval rank until 1764, and reappeared as a civil rank no earlier than 1790.
References edit
- ^ Catherine A. Schuler (1 May 2009). Theatre and Identity in Imperial Russia. University of Iowa Press. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-1-58729-847-9.
- ^ Marc Raeff (18 May 1966). Origins of the Russian intelligentsia: the eighteenth-century nobility. Harcourt, Brace & World. pp. 91–92.
- ^ Richard Pipes (1990). Russia Under the Old Regime. Penguin. p. 135. ISBN 9780297768449.
- ^ Geoffrey A. Hosking (1997). Russia: People and Empire, 1552-1917. Harvard University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-674-78119-1.
- ^ Louis Fischer (2001). The Life of Lenin. Phoenix. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84212-230-3.
- ^ Motov, Sergey (2007). Why Titular Councilors? A History of Russia’s Most Stubborn Literary Type (MA thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ Mark Conrad’s Russian Military History - Table of Ranks
- ^ Table of ranks, section infantry and cavalry 1722 to 1917, called, 7 May 2017.
- ^ "Табели о рангах"…. КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ЛАНДШАФТ (in Russian). 5 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ Segrillo, Angelo (November 2016). A First Complete Translation into English of Peter the Great's Original Table of Ranks: Observations on the Occurrence of a Black Hole in the Translation of Russian Historical Documents (PDF). São Paulo: LEA Working Paper Series, no. 1. pp. 6–9.
External links edit
- Waliszewski, Kazimierz. "The Social Reform — The Table of Ranks". Peter the Great: his life and work. Forgotten books. pp. 454–456. ISBN 9781440048227.
- (in Russian) Table of Ranks
- Peter I's original Table of Ranks