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Abydos Dynasty

The Abydos Dynasty is hypothesized to have been a short-lived local dynasty ruling over parts of Middle and Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in Ancient Egypt. The Abydos Dynasty would have been contemporaneous with the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties, from approximately 1650 to 1600 BC.[1] It would have been based in or around Abydos and its royal necropolis might have been located at the foot of the Mountain of Anubis, a hill resembling a pyramid in the Abydene desert, close to a rock-cut tomb built for pharaoh Senusret III.

Abydos Dynasty
c. 1650 BC–c. 1600 BC
Map of Egypt during the Fifteenth, Abydos, and Sixteenth Dynasties
CapitalAbydos
Common languagesEgyptian language
Religion
Ancient Egyptian religion
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Historical eraBronze Age
• Established
c. 1650 BC
• Disestablished
c. 1600 BC

Debate over existence

Evidence in favor

 
The cartouche of pharaoh Woseribre Senebkay, inside the king's burial tomb.

The existence of an Abydos Dynasty was first proposed by Detlef Franke[2] and later elaborated on by Kim Ryholt in 1997. Ryholt observes that two attested kings of this period, Wepwawetemsaf (Wepwawet is his protection) and Pantjeny (He of Thinis), bore names in connection with Abydos: Wepwawet being an important Abydene god and Thinis being a prominent city, located a few miles north of Abydos. Additionally, Wepwawetemsaf, Pantjeny and Snaaib, another king of the period, are each known from single stelae discovered in Abydos, which could be a sign that this was their seat of power.[3] Finally, Ryholt argues that the existence of an Abydos Dynasty would explain 16 entries of the Turin canon at the end of the 16th Dynasty. The Abydos Dynasty may have come into existence in the time lapse between the fall of the 13th Dynasty with the conquest of Memphis by the Hyksos and the southward progression of the Hyksos to Thebes.[3]

The existence of the dynasty may have been vindicated in January 2014, when the tomb of the previously unknown pharaoh Senebkay was discovered in the southern part of Abydos, an area called "Anubis Mountain" in ancient times. If Senebkay indeed belongs to the Abydos Dynasty, his tomb might signal the royal necropolis of this dynasty, adjacent to the tombs of the Middle Kingdom rulers.[1] Since then, excavations have revealed no less than eight anonymous royal tombs dating to the Second Intermediate Period similar in style and size to Senebkay's burial, as well as two tombs, possibly pyramids, dating to the mid 13th-Dynasty, S9 and S10, which may belong to Neferhotep I and his brother Sobekhotep IV.[4]

Evidence against

The existence of an Abydos Dynasty is not agreed by all scholars. For example, Marcel Marėe observes that a workshop operating from Abydos and producing stelae for two kings associated with the Abydos Dynasty, Pantjeny and Wepwawetemsaf, also likely produced the stela of Rahotep of the 17th Dynasty. Thus if the Abydos Dynasty did exist, this workshop would have been producing stelae for two enemy dynasties, something which he judges to be rather unlikely.[5] It remains unclear, however, whether these two dynasties coexisted at any one time: for instance, in Ryholt's reconstruction of the Second Intermediate Period, they are separated by c. 20 years.[3]

Countering the argument in favor of the Abydos Dynasty based on the tomb of Senebkay, Alexander Ilin-Tomich argues that certain Middle Kingdom pharaohs, such as Senusret III and Sobekhotep IV, also have their tombs at Abydos, yet nobody places these kings into an Abydos-based dynasty. At the opposite, he wonders whether Senebkay might be a king of the Theban 16th Dynasty.[6]

Territory

 
In red, the possible extent of power of the Abydos Dynasty

If the Abydos Dynasty was indeed a dynasty, the seat of its power would probably have been either Abydos or Thinis. A possible graffito of Wepwawetemsaf was discovered by Karl Richard Lepsius in the tomb BH2 of the 12th Dynasty nomarch Amenemhat at Beni Hasan, about 250 km North of Abydos, in Middle Egypt. If the attribution of this graffito is correct and if Wepwawetemsaf did belong to the Abydos Dynasty, then its territory might have extended that far north.[3] Since the dynasty was contemporaneous with the 16th Dynasty, the territory under Abydene control could not have extended farther than Hu, 50 km south of Abydos.[3]

Rulers

The following 16 entries of the Turin canon are attributed to the Abydos Dynasty by Kim Ryholt:[3]

Pharaohs of the Abydos Dynasty
Prenomen of the King Entry of the Turin canon Transliteration
Woser[...]re Col 11. Line 16 Wsr-[...]-Rˁ
Woser[...]re Col 11. Line 17 Wsr-[...]-Rˁ
Eight kings lost Col 11. Lines 18-25
[...]hebre Col 11. Line 26 [...]-hb-[Rˁ]
Three kings lost Col 11. Lines 27-29
[...]hebre (uncertain) Col 11. Line 30 [...]-ḥb-[Rˁ]
[...]webenre Col 11. Line 31 [...]-wbn-[Rˁ]

Some of the above rulers may identify with the four attested kings tentatively attributable to the Abydos Dynasty, given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order:

Pharaohs of the Abydos Dynasty
Name of king Image Comment
Sekhemraneferkhau Wepwawetemsaf
 
May belong to the late 16th Dynasty[5]
Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny
 
May belong to the late 16th Dynasty[5]
Menkhaure Snaaib
 
May belong to the late 13th Dynasty[7][8][9]
Woseribre Senebkay
 
Perhaps identifiable with a Woser[...]re of the Turin canon
Khuiqer
 
Uncertain date and period of reign, attributed by Detlef Franke to the Abydos Dynasty[10]

References

  1. ^ a b "Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh". Penn Museum. January 2014. Retrieved 16 Jan 2014.
  2. ^ Detlef Franke: Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens, In Orientalia 57 (1988), p. 259
  3. ^ a b c d e f Ryholt, K.S.B. (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 164. ISBN 8772894210.
  4. ^ Josef W., Wegner (2015). "A royal necropolis at south Abydos: New Light on Egypt's Second Intermediate Period". Near Eastern Archaeology. 78 (2): 68–78. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.78.2.0068. S2CID 163519900.
  5. ^ a b c Marcel Marée: A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty, in: Marcel Marée (editor): The Second Intermediate period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties), Current Research, Future Prospects, Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA. 2010 ISBN 978-90-429-2228-0. p. 247, 268
  6. ^ Alexander Ilin-Tomich: The Theban Kingdom of Dynasty 16: Its Rise, Administration and Politics, in: Journal of Egyptian History 7 (2014), 146; Ilin-Tomich, Alexander, 2016, Second Intermediate Period. In Wolfram Grajetzki and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002k7jm9 p. 9-10
  7. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964
  8. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997
  9. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien 49, Mainz 1999.
  10. ^ Schneider, T. (2009). "Das Ende der kurzen Chronologie: Eine kritische Bilanz der Debatte zur absoluten Datierung des Mittleren Reiches und der Zweiten Zwischenzeit". Ägypten und Levante. 18: 275–314. doi:10.1553/aeundl18s275. ISSN 1015-5104.

abydos, dynasty, hypothesized, have, been, short, lived, local, dynasty, ruling, over, parts, middle, upper, egypt, during, second, intermediate, period, ancient, egypt, would, have, been, contemporaneous, with, fifteenth, sixteenth, dynasties, from, approxima. The Abydos Dynasty is hypothesized to have been a short lived local dynasty ruling over parts of Middle and Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in Ancient Egypt The Abydos Dynasty would have been contemporaneous with the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties from approximately 1650 to 1600 BC 1 It would have been based in or around Abydos and its royal necropolis might have been located at the foot of the Mountain of Anubis a hill resembling a pyramid in the Abydene desert close to a rock cut tomb built for pharaoh Senusret III Abydos Dynastyc 1650 BC c 1600 BCMap of Egypt during the Fifteenth Abydos and Sixteenth DynastiesCapitalAbydosCommon languagesEgyptian languageReligionAncient Egyptian religionGovernmentAbsolute monarchyHistorical eraBronze Age Establishedc 1650 BC Disestablishedc 1600 BCPreceded by Succeeded byThirteenth Dynasty of EgyptFourteenth Dynasty of Egypt Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt Contents 1 Debate over existence 1 1 Evidence in favor 1 2 Evidence against 2 Territory 3 Rulers 4 ReferencesDebate over existence EditEvidence in favor Edit The cartouche of pharaoh Woseribre Senebkay inside the king s burial tomb The existence of an Abydos Dynasty was first proposed by Detlef Franke 2 and later elaborated on by Kim Ryholt in 1997 Ryholt observes that two attested kings of this period Wepwawetemsaf Wepwawet is his protection and Pantjeny He of Thinis bore names in connection with Abydos Wepwawet being an important Abydene god and Thinis being a prominent city located a few miles north of Abydos Additionally Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny and Snaaib another king of the period are each known from single stelae discovered in Abydos which could be a sign that this was their seat of power 3 Finally Ryholt argues that the existence of an Abydos Dynasty would explain 16 entries of the Turin canon at the end of the 16th Dynasty The Abydos Dynasty may have come into existence in the time lapse between the fall of the 13th Dynasty with the conquest of Memphis by the Hyksos and the southward progression of the Hyksos to Thebes 3 The existence of the dynasty may have been vindicated in January 2014 when the tomb of the previously unknown pharaoh Senebkay was discovered in the southern part of Abydos an area called Anubis Mountain in ancient times If Senebkay indeed belongs to the Abydos Dynasty his tomb might signal the royal necropolis of this dynasty adjacent to the tombs of the Middle Kingdom rulers 1 Since then excavations have revealed no less than eight anonymous royal tombs dating to the Second Intermediate Period similar in style and size to Senebkay s burial as well as two tombs possibly pyramids dating to the mid 13th Dynasty S9 and S10 which may belong to Neferhotep I and his brother Sobekhotep IV 4 Evidence against Edit The existence of an Abydos Dynasty is not agreed by all scholars For example Marcel Maree observes that a workshop operating from Abydos and producing stelae for two kings associated with the Abydos Dynasty Pantjeny and Wepwawetemsaf also likely produced the stela of Rahotep of the 17th Dynasty Thus if the Abydos Dynasty did exist this workshop would have been producing stelae for two enemy dynasties something which he judges to be rather unlikely 5 It remains unclear however whether these two dynasties coexisted at any one time for instance in Ryholt s reconstruction of the Second Intermediate Period they are separated by c 20 years 3 Countering the argument in favor of the Abydos Dynasty based on the tomb of Senebkay Alexander Ilin Tomich argues that certain Middle Kingdom pharaohs such as Senusret III and Sobekhotep IV also have their tombs at Abydos yet nobody places these kings into an Abydos based dynasty At the opposite he wonders whether Senebkay might be a king of the Theban 16th Dynasty 6 Territory Edit In red the possible extent of power of the Abydos Dynasty If the Abydos Dynasty was indeed a dynasty the seat of its power would probably have been either Abydos or Thinis A possible graffito of Wepwawetemsaf was discovered by Karl Richard Lepsius in the tomb BH2 of the 12th Dynasty nomarch Amenemhat at Beni Hasan about 250 km North of Abydos in Middle Egypt If the attribution of this graffito is correct and if Wepwawetemsaf did belong to the Abydos Dynasty then its territory might have extended that far north 3 Since the dynasty was contemporaneous with the 16th Dynasty the territory under Abydene control could not have extended farther than Hu 50 km south of Abydos 3 Rulers EditThe following 16 entries of the Turin canon are attributed to the Abydos Dynasty by Kim Ryholt 3 Pharaohs of the Abydos Dynasty Prenomen of the King Entry of the Turin canon TransliterationWoser re Col 11 Line 16 Wsr RˁWoser re Col 11 Line 17 Wsr RˁEight kings lost Col 11 Lines 18 25 hebre Col 11 Line 26 hb Rˁ Three kings lost Col 11 Lines 27 29 hebre uncertain Col 11 Line 30 ḥb Rˁ webenre Col 11 Line 31 wbn Rˁ Some of the above rulers may identify with the four attested kings tentatively attributable to the Abydos Dynasty given here without regard for their unknown chronological order Pharaohs of the Abydos Dynasty Name of king Image CommentSekhemraneferkhau Wepwawetemsaf May belong to the late 16th Dynasty 5 Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny May belong to the late 16th Dynasty 5 Menkhaure Snaaib May belong to the late 13th Dynasty 7 8 9 Woseribre Senebkay Perhaps identifiable with a Woser re of the Turin canonKhuiqer Uncertain date and period of reign attributed by Detlef Franke to the Abydos Dynasty 10 References Edit a b Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh Penn Museum January 2014 Retrieved 16 Jan 2014 Detlef Franke Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches Teil II Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altagyptens In Orientalia 57 1988 p 259 a b c d e f Ryholt K S B 1997 The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period C 1800 1550 B C Museum Tusculanum Press p 164 ISBN 8772894210 Josef W Wegner 2015 A royal necropolis at south Abydos New Light on Egypt s Second Intermediate Period Near Eastern Archaeology 78 2 68 78 doi 10 5615 neareastarch 78 2 0068 S2CID 163519900 a b c Marcel Maree A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty in Marcel Maree editor The Second Intermediate period Thirteenth Seventeenth Dynasties Current Research Future Prospects Leuven Paris Walpole MA 2010 ISBN 978 90 429 2228 0 p 247 268 Alexander Ilin Tomich The Theban Kingdom of Dynasty 16 Its Rise Administration and Politics in Journal of Egyptian History 7 2014 146 Ilin Tomich Alexander 2016 Second Intermediate Period In Wolfram Grajetzki and Willeke Wendrich eds UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Los Angeles http digital2 library ucla edu viewItem do ark 21198 zz002k7jm9 p 9 10 Jurgen von Beckerath Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Agypten Gluckstadt 1964 Jurgen von Beckerath Chronologie des pharaonischen Agyptens Munchner Agyptologische Studien 46 Mainz am Rhein 1997 Jurgen von Beckerath Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen Munchner agyptologische Studien 49 Mainz 1999 Schneider T 2009 Das Ende der kurzen Chronologie Eine kritische Bilanz der Debatte zur absoluten Datierung des Mittleren Reiches und der Zweiten Zwischenzeit Agypten und Levante 18 275 314 doi 10 1553 aeundl18s275 ISSN 1015 5104 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Abydos Dynasty amp oldid 1118524297, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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