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Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War

December 02, 2023

Abraham Lincoln served as a volunteer in the Illinois Militia April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832, during the Black Hawk War. Lincoln never saw combat during his tour but was elected captain of his first company. He was also present in the aftermath of two of the war's battles, where he helped to bury the militia dead. He was mustered in and out of service during the war, going from captain to private and finishing his service in an independent spy company commanded by Captain Jacob Early.

Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln in 1860
Nickname(s)Honest Abe
BornFebruary 12, 1809
Hardin County, Kentucky
DiedApril 15, 1865 (aged 56)
Washington, D.C.
AllegianceUnited States
Service/branchIllinois Militia
Years of serviceApril 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832
Rank
  • Private (May 28, 1832 – July 10, 1832)
  • Captain (April 21, 1832 – May 27, 1832)

Discharged from his command and re-enlisted as a private.

Commands heldRifle company of the 31st Regiment of Militia of Sangamon County, 1st Division
Battles/warsBlack Hawk War

aftermath of

Other workIllinois State Representative
United States Congressman
President of the United States

Lincoln's service had a lasting impression on him, and he related tales about it later in life with modesty and a bit of humor. Through his service he was able to forge lifelong political connections. In addition, he received a land grant from the U.S. government for his military service during the war. Though Lincoln had no military experience when he assumed command of his company, he is generally characterized as an able and competent leader.

Background edit

Main article: Black Hawk War

Angered by the loss of his birthplace via prior disputed treaties, and against the best interests of other tribes affected, Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River beginning in 1830. Each time, he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British, he again moved his "British Band"[1] into Illinois.[2]

On April 5, 1832, Black Hawk and around 1,000 warriors and civilians recrossed the Mississippi River into Illinois in an attempt to reclaim their land. About half of Black Hawk's band were combatants and the rest were a combination of women, children, and elderly. The band consisted of Sauk, Fox, some Potawatomi, and some Kickapoo; in addition, some members of the Ho-Chunk nation were sympathetic to Black Hawk.[3][4][5]

Black Hawk's reasons for crossing into Illinois were to reclaim lost lands, and perhaps create a confederacy of Native Americans to stand against white settlement.[5][6] Promises of aid from other Illinois tribes were made to the British Band, and Black Hawk believed that promises of assistance were made by the British in Canada.[5]

Map of Black Hawk War sites
  Battle (with name)   Fort / settlement   Native village
Symbols are wikilinked to article

Despite this, Black Hawk found no allies, and he attempted to return to Iowa, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run.[7] A number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.

At the time of Black Hawk's incursion into Illinois, Lincoln was living in New Salem, where he had lived for two years. Prior to the Black Hawk War, in March 1832, Lincoln announced his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives, but the election was several months away.[8] One month later, he responded to the governor's call for volunteer militia.[9]

Enlistment and election as captain edit

On April 21, 1832, Lincoln and the other volunteers gathered at the property of Dallas Scott.[10] Lincoln rode a horse from New Salem to Richland Creek, where neighbors had gathered to form a company of volunteer militia near Beardstown, Illinois.[11][12] The men were officially sworn in and began the process of electing a company commander who would hold the rank of captain.[10] In the choice between Lincoln and William Kirkpatrick, Lincoln received three-fourths of the votes.[11] Many years later, Lincoln said this election as captain was "a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since."[13]

Lincoln was commissioned as a captain in Sangamon County's 31st Regiment, a unit of the militia's 1st Division. By April 30, he had been placed in charge of a rifle company in the 4th Regiment of Mounted Volunteers, a unit of Samuel Whiteside's Brigade.[10][14][15]

The men spent time in Beardstown, where they drew provisions and weapons (as many of the men, including Lincoln, owned no weapons).[12] Other downtime in Beardstown was occupied by inter-company rivalry. An incident occurred on April 22, when Lincoln was challenged for a prime camping spot. Lincoln and his challenger wrestled for the spot and Lincoln was beaten before a crowd of fellow soldiers.[12] After the wrestling match, Lincoln and the other commanders spent April 23–26 conducting light drills and drawing supplies.[14] On April 28, Lincoln's company was enrolled into state service by Colonel John J. Hardin, and Lincoln drew further supplies (including whiskey, food staples, and tin pans).[14] The volunteers marched to Rushville, a distance of 10 miles (16 km), on April 30, 1832.[14]

Following their arrival in Rushville, the troops continued marching for several days toward the mouth of the Rock River.[16] Much of the rest of early May was spent marching and resupplying.[17] General Samuel Whiteside, the brigade commander, moved the volunteers to the Prophet's Village, which they burned on May 11,[17] and then continued the men toward Dixon's Ferry, another 40 miles (64 km) upstream.[16] The men reached Dixon's Ferry on May 12, and the next day, Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey led their troops toward Old Man's Creek, where it was rumored that Black Hawk and his men were encamped.[17]

War edit

Stillman's Run edit

 
This image is the earliest known photograph of Abraham Lincoln and dates to around 1847, 15 years after the war.
See also: Battle of Stillman's Run

Lincoln engaged in no combat during the Black Hawk War,[18][19] as Lincoln's own recollections of this time attest.[20] He did, however, see scalped corpses and witness the results of the war's atrocities.[18] Lincoln was 23 years old at the time of the Black Hawk War, and his experience in the volunteer militia was his only military experience prior to becoming president.[18]

Various sources, many compiled at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, document the movements of Lincoln's company after the outbreak of hostilities at the Battle of Stillman's Run.[17] On May 15, 1832, Lincoln's company set out under the command of Whiteside and reached the site of Stillman's Run by sunset. According to letters from Whiteside to militia commander Henry Atkinson, the soldiers, including Lincoln, arrived to find militia men dead, scalped, and mangled.[17]

In a 2006 article, author Scott Dyer asserted that Whiteside's men, including Captain Lincoln, "paraded" the area the morning after, and buried the dead from Stillman's Run. Their movements were in an unsuccessful effort to draw out the Sauk, after which they returned to Dixon's Ferry.[21] Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run was still under investigation as of 2003.[22][23][24]

 
An inscription on the monument in Stillman Valley concerning Lincoln's role in the aftermath of the battle.

The marble facade on the Stillman Valley monument, erected in 1901, commemorating the battle, includes the reference to Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run, "The presence of soldier, statesman, martyr, Abraham Lincoln assisting in the burial of these honored dead has made this spot more sacred."[25]

Still, other sources assert that it was General Whiteside who originally buried the dead in a common grave on a ridge south of the battlefield, marked with a rudimentary wooden memorial. These sources make no mention of Lincoln.[26][27]

From captain to private edit

 
When Lincoln was mustered out of command on May 27 he re-enlisted and was reduced in rank to private under the command of Captain Elijah Iles.

Two days after Stillman's Run, Lincoln and his company drew 10 quarts of meal and 10 pounds of pork from supply at Dixon's Ferry, Illinois.[17] After a 20-mile (32 km) march on May 25, Lincoln's company camped near Paw Paw Grove.[17] The next day, Lincoln and his company marched another 20 miles (32 km) and camped two miles (3 km) above the mouth of the Fox River.[17] On May 27, Lincoln's company was mustered out of service.[17] Lincoln was discharged from his command, and he re-enlisted as a private in the company of Captain Elijah Iles in Ottawa, Illinois.[10]

Henry Atkinson, a militia commander, arrived in Ottawa on May 28, and on May 29 Lieutenant Robert Anderson formally mustered Lincoln and a hodgepodge of 71 other former officers into a company of mounted volunteers under Iles.[17] Atkinson left and met with Governor Reynolds; Atkinson then returned to Ottawa on May 30 and decided not to pursue Black Hawk until further militia reinforcements arrived on June 15.[17] On June 6, 1832, Captain Iles' company, including Lincoln, began the march to Dixon's Ferry; they arrived during the afternoon of June 7.[28]

From June 8 to June 10, the company moved on orders toward Galena; on June 8, the group camped 20 miles (32 km) from Dixon's Ferry, and on June 9 near the Apple River Fort. The company found the people in Galena demoralized and was ordered to return to Dixon's Ferry on June 11. On the march back, the group made camp at the same campsites it used on its march toward Galena.[28] The men arrived back in Dixon's Ferry on June 13, and on June 16, Anderson mustered them out of service at Fort Wilbourn.[28]

From June 16 until July 10, Lincoln served as a private in Captain Jacob Early's independent company.[10] Early's company was known as an "independent spy company", which was ordered into federal service by Atkinson and meant to operate separately from the other brigades.[29]

Later, Lincoln told William Herndon, "I was out of work and there being no danger of more fighting, I could do nothing better than enlist again."[10] Early's company was officially mustered into service on June 20, and two days later it was ordered to report to General Hugh Brady at Dixon's Ferry. The company remained at Dixon's Ferry through June 25, 1832.[28] Early's company was then dispatched to Kellogg's Grove at 4 p.m. on June 25.[28]

Kellogg's Grove edit

See also: Battle of Kellogg's Grove and Kellogg's Grove
 
The plaque at the site of the Battle of Kellogg's Grove mentions Lincoln's presence there

A number of sources assert that on June 26, 1832, the morning after the Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove, members of Early's company arrived at Kellogg's Grove to help bury the dead. Lincoln assisted with the burial, and later made a statement about his experience connected with the battles of both Kellogg's Grove and Stillman's Run.[23][24][25]

I remember just how those men looked as we rode up the little hill where their camp was. The red light of the morning sun was streaming upon them as they lay head towards us on the ground. And every man had a round red spot on top of his head, about as big as a dollar where the redskins had taken his scalp. It was frightful, but it was grotesque, and the red sunlight seemed to paint everything all over. I remember one man had on buckskin breeches.

The Lincoln quote appeared both in William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Wiek's Life of Lincoln and in Carl Sandburg's Lincoln biography, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years.[24] Documentation for the U.S. National Register of Historic Places listing for Kellogg's Grove cites Lincoln's presence as part of its historic significance.[24]

The same day, on June 16, Captain Early wrote to General Atkinson, describing the situation in his own words.

I arrived here by day brake this morning [26th] & found Gen. Posey's men encamped here The circumstances connected with the attack on Maj. Dement's Bat[talion].are as well as I can gather substantially these Yesterday morning the Maj. ordered out a small party for the purpose of examining a trail leading to the Mississippi The detachment had not proceeded more than half a mile when they discovered a few Indians at a small distance from them the men rushed on them in a disorderly manner till they came to the main body of Indians where they were secreted in a thicket on seeing the Indians the men wheeled & fled precipitately & all the efforts of Maj. Dement to rally them were unavailing (for at the time the men commenced retreating before the Indians Maj. Dement came up with a reinforcement from the garrison The Maj. stated to me that his force on the field was equal in numbers to that of the enemy After the men retreated to the fort the Indians surrounded the house & commenced killing the Horses, they kept up a constant fire on the House & Horses for 2 or 3 hours. Major Dement Lost 5 killed & several wounded but none mortally when the Indians left the ground they retreated toward their encampment on the 4 lakes

When Gen Posey came up about an hour by sun he sent a regiment in the direction in which the Indians had retired. When they had proceeded about ½ mile the Indians showed themselves from a thick wood which skirted the praeria ... they [regiment] retired to their camps without engaging the enemy. The trail spoken of above has not yet been examined. Gen Posey says he will send a detachment with me to examine it. As soon as I see it you shall have the best information in my power to give you.[28]

 
An honorable discharge signed by Lincoln for a private under his command.

Early's company, including Lincoln, remained at Kellogg's Grove until June 28, when they began their march back to Dixon's Ferry. They arrived sometime around 6 a.m. on June 29.[28]

Mustered out edit

On July 10, 1832, Atkinson decided he had too many men and mustered Early's company, including Lincoln, out of service. Lincoln's military career ended less than three months after it began.[29] In his last duty as a soldier, Lincoln wrote out the company roll for Lieutenant Robert Anderson,[30] the man who had mustered him into service in his second company under Iles.[10][31]

Lincoln's horse, along with a comrade's, was stolen the night before he was discharged from service; thus they made their way back to New Salem mostly on foot and occasionally on another comrade's horse.[29][32] Once in Peoria, Lincoln and his wartime compatriot bought a canoe and made their way down the Illinois River to Havana.[33] At Havana, they disembarked and made the final 23-mile (37 km) jaunt on foot.[29][33]

Lincoln's military ability edit

 
Lincoln depicted protecting a Native American from his own men in a scene often related about Lincoln's war-time service

Lincoln had no military experience when he was elected captain of his company, but a large number of sources have described him as a capable commander and a popular leader.[10] Lincoln himself expressed a desire to get into combat, though his company has been described as wild and the outcome of such a fight may not have been positive for Lincoln.[34] John Todd Stuart noted that during Lincoln's Black Hawk War service, he stood out for his great strength and athletic ability, as well as his kind manner and as a story teller.[34]

One popularly repeated[35][36] story from Lincoln's Black Hawk War service illustrates Lincoln's qualities of honesty, and courageous, competent leadership. It involves a Potawotami who wandered into Captain Lincoln's camp. Lincoln's men assumed him a spy and wanted to kill him. The story goes that Lincoln threw himself between the Native American and the men's muskets, knocking their weapons upward and protecting the Potawotami. The militia men backed down after a few heated seconds.[37]

Another popularly repeated[38][39][40] story about Lincoln's leadership during the war illustrates his inexperience as a military commander. The story goes that Lincoln was marching his company and encountered an open gate, through which his formation needed to pass.[39] Unable to remember the proper command to direct his men through the gate, Lincoln called "Halt!" and ordered the men to fall out for two minutes and then reform on the other side of the gate.[40]

Other negative accounts of Lincoln's ability as a military leader came in the 1870s, when J. F. Snyder interviewed several of Lincoln's men from the Black Hawk War days. Snyder claimed the men, "never spoke of malice of Lincoln but always in a spirit of ridicule" and that they characterized Lincoln as "indolent and vulgar", "a joke, an absurdity", and the men "had serious doubts about his courage".[10]

Legacy and influence on Lincoln edit

On April 16, 1852, by act of Congress from 1850, Lincoln received a 40-acre (160,000 m2) land-grant in Iowa for his service during the Black Hawk War.[41] Soldiers in the Indian Wars often received land grants in exchange for their service.[42] Lincoln received 160 acres (0.65 km2) in total, with the other 120 acres (0.49 km2) given to him in 1856.[41] Besides the tangible rewards, Lincoln's service during the Black Hawk War helped him cultivate political connections throughout Illinois.[10] David Herbert Donald stated in his 1996 work Lincoln:[43]

Meeting volunteers from different parts of the state was useful to him politically, for it extended his reputation. While he was in the army, he came into contact with a number of rising young political leaders of the state, like Orville Hickman Browning,[44] a cautious, conservative Quincy lawyer, who would become one of his most influential and critical friends. More important was his acquaintance with John Todd Stuart,[45] a Springfield lawyer, who served as major in the same battalion as Lincoln.

Later, in 1859,[9] Lincoln referred to his service during the Black Hawk War fondly,[11] noting his election as captain as one of the proudest moments in his life.[46] His Black Hawk War service has been referred to as a "shaping circumstance in his life",[47] as well as something he later referred to with modesty and self-depreciation.[48] Lincoln made one tongue-in-cheek remark concerning his Black Hawk War service during an 1848 speech before the U.S. Congress in which he referenced his Black Hawk War service, mentioning the Battle of Stillman's Run by name.

By the way Mr. Speaker, did you know that I am a military hero? Yes sir, in the days of the Black Hawk War I fought, bled and came away ... I was not at Stillman's defeat, but I was about as near it as Cass was Hull's surrender, and, like him, I saw the place very soon afterwards ... If he saw any live, fighting Indians, it was more than I did; but I had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, and although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I can truly say I was often very hungry.[9][39]

Some have regarded Lincoln's brief stint in the militia as important to his presidential leadership later on, during the American Civil War.[48] The 2002 essay collection, Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln, described Lincoln's familiarity with military affairs during the Civil War as "alien", noting that he regarded his own military service as a subject suited to mockery.[49]

While he was campaigning for president, the story of how Lincoln stopped his men from killing the Potawatomi they encountered before the outbreak of the war made its way into a campaign biography.[18] Reporting by The New York Times during the campaign of 1860 noted Lincoln's war time service as a captain.[50] The same article implies that his bravery during the Black Hawk War may have led to his post-war appointment as postmaster in New Salem.[50][51] Following Lincoln's assassination, Ralph Waldo Emerson gave a speech in Concord, Massachusetts, which highlighted Lincoln's Black Hawk War service.[52]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The group was referred to as the "British Band", because of their earlier support to the British during the War of 1812 and continued reliance on British trade, as well as flying a British flag in their camp in defiance of American authority. See Lewis, "Background."
  2. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832 2009-08-15 at the Wayback Machine," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
  3. ^ Lewis, James. "Introduction 2009-04-20 at the Wayback Machine," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
  4. ^ Harmet, p. 13.
  5. ^ a b c "April 6: The U.S. suspects Black Hawk is crossing the Mississippi 2009-01-26 at the Wayback Machine," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
  6. ^ Lewis, James. "Background 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
  7. ^ "May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run 2007-08-14 at the Wayback Machine," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
  8. ^ McGovern, George S. et al. Abraham Lincoln, (Google Books), Macmillan, 2008, p. 21, (ISBN 0-8050-8345-6).
  9. ^ a b c "April 21: Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine", Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society, accessed April 12, 2009.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "", Illinois State Military Museum, Illinois National Guard, accessed April 12, 2009.
  11. ^ a b c Sandburg, Carl and Goodman, Edward C. Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years, (Google Books), Illustrated and abridged edition, Sterling Publishing Company, 2007 p. 30, (ISBN 1-4027-4288-6).
  12. ^ a b c Jung, The Black Hawk War of 1832, pp. 79-85.
  13. ^ Donald, David Herbert (1995). Lincoln. New York: Touchstone. p. 44.
  14. ^ a b c d "April, 1832 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine", The Lincoln Log.
  15. ^ Lincoln Company was part of the formation in the lineage of the 130th Infantry Regiment (United States)
  16. ^ a b Holland, Josiah Gilbert. Holland's Life of Abraham Lincoln, (Google Books), University of Nebraska Press, 1998, p. 50-51, (ISBN 0-8032-7303-7).
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "June 1832". The Lincoln Log (The Papers of Abraham Lincoln). Retrieved Jun 4, 2013.
  18. ^ a b c d "NIU-produced Lincoln documentary, local history Web site debut April 28 2009-03-16 at the Wayback Machine", (Press release), Northern Illinois University, April 19, 2005, accessed April 12, 2009.
  19. ^ Monroe, R.D. "Indian Fighting and Politics in New Salem, 1831–1836 2009-02-09 at the Wayback Machine", Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University libraries, accessed April 12, 2009.
  20. ^ Tripp, C.A. and Gannett, Lewis. The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln, (Google Books), Simon and Schuster, 2005, p. 54, (ISBN 0-7432-6639-0).
  21. ^ Dyar, Scott D. "Stillman's Run: Militia's Foulest Hour," Military History, March 2006, pp. 38–44, 72.
  22. ^ Braun, Robert A. "Abraham Lincoln's Military Service During the Black Hawk War: An Introduction, November 2002 and March 2003, Old Lead Historical Society. Retrieved August 11, 2007. 2009-10-24.
  23. ^ a b Davis, William. Lincoln's Men (Google Books), Simon and Schuster: 1999, p. 12, (ISBN 0-684-82351-9). Retrieved August 11, 2007.
  24. ^ a b c d Dameier, Evelyn. "Kellogg's Grove 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine", (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, January 18, 1978, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  25. ^ a b "Stillman's Run Memorial 2009-03-21 at the Wayback Machine", Historic Places, Abraham Lincoln Online. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
  26. ^ Ford, Thomas and Shields, James. A History of Illinois, from Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847, (Google Books), Ivison & Phinney: 1854, p. 123. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  27. ^ The Lakeside Classics, (Google Books), R.R. Donnelley and Sons, Co: 1903, p. 179. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g "June 1832". The Lincoln Log (Papers of Abraham Lincoln). Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  29. ^ a b c d Jung, The Black Hawk War of 1832, pp. 116–135.
  30. ^ Lieutenant Robert Anderson later defended Fort Sumter in the opening volley of the American Civil War under President Lincoln's orders. See Jung, The Black Hawk War of 1832, p. 101.
  31. ^ Jung, The Black Hawk War of 1832, pp. 100–109.
  32. ^ Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years, (Google Books), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, p. 32, (ISBN 0-15-602752-6).
  33. ^ a b Angle, Paul M. The Lincoln Reader, (Google Books[permanent dead link]), Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p. 45, (ISBN 1-4191-4062-0).
  34. ^ a b Guelzo, Allen C. Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President, (Google Books), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, pp. 66–67, (ISBN 0-8028-4293-3).
  35. ^ Whipple, Wayne. The Heart of Lincoln: : The Soul of the Man as Revealed in Story and Anecdote, (Google Books), G.W. Jacobs & Company, 1915, p. 30.
  36. ^ Boritt, G.S. and Forness, Norman O. The Historian's Lincoln: Pseudohistory, Psychohistory, and History, (Google Books), University of Illinois Press, 1996, p. 171, (ISBN 0-252-06544-1).
  37. ^ Arnold, Isaac N. The Life of Abraham Lincoln, (Google Books), Digital Scanning Inc, 2008, pp. 34–35, (ISBN 1-58218-759-2).
  38. ^ Herndon, William H. and Weik, Jesse William. Herndon's Life of Lincoln: The History and Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, (Google Books[permanent dead link]), Da Capo Press, 1983, pp. 77–78, (ISBN 0-306-80195-7).
  39. ^ a b c Browne, Frances Fisher. The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln, Browne & Howell Company: 1913, pp. 37–40. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
  40. ^ a b "Black Hawk; His Stormy Career and Final Capture -- Jefferson Davis, Taylor, and Lincoln in the Strife", The New York Times, August 15, 1903.
  41. ^ a b Collections – State Historical Society of Wisconsin, (Google Books), State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1898, vol. 14, pp. 132–33.
  42. ^ Schwieder, Dorothy. Iowa: The Middle Land, (Google Books), University of Iowa Press, 1996, pp. 43–44, (ISBN 1-58729-549-0).
  43. ^ Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln, (Google Books), Simon and Schuster, 1996, p. 45, ISBN 068482535X.
  44. ^ See also: Orville Hickman Browning.
  45. ^ See also: John Todd Stuart.
  46. ^ Thompson, David Decamp. Abraham Lincoln, The First American, (Internet Archive), Cranston & Curts, 1895, p. 31.
  47. ^ Ritter, Charles F. and Wakelyn, Jon L. Leaders of the American Civil War A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary, (Google Books), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, p. 236, (ISBN 0-313-29560-3).
  48. ^ a b Polelle, Mark Robert. Leadership: Fifty Great Leaders and the Worlds They Made, (Google Books), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 14, (ISBN 0-313-34814-6).
  49. ^ Simon, John Y., Holzer, Harold, and Ruark, Dawn. The Lincoln Forum: Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln, (Google Books), Fordham University Press, 2002, pp. 88–89, (ISBN 0-8232-2215-2).
  50. ^ a b "The Candidates; Sketch of the Career of the Hon. Abraham Lincoln", The New York Times, May 19, 1860, accessed April 13, 2009.
  51. ^ "Lincoln's New Salem 1830–1837", Lincoln Home National Historic Site, nps.gov, accessed April 13, 2009.
  52. ^ Emerson, Ralph W. "Our Late President; Character of President Lincoln", The New York Times, May 4, 1865, accessed April 13, 2009.

References edit

  • Harmet, A. Richard. ", (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, March 31, 1997, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
  • Jung, Patrick J. The Black Hawk War of 1832, (Google Books), University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, (ISBN 0-8061-3994-3).
  • The Lincoln Log: A Daily Chronology of the Life of Abraham Lincoln website

Further reading edit

  • Efflandt, Lloyd H. Lincoln and the Black Hawk War, (Google Books), Rock Island Arsenal Historical Society, 1992. (ISBN 0-9617938-2-1).
  • "Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War", The New York Times, December 6, 1868, accessed April 13, 2009.
  • Lanigan, Kelly "", VFW Magazine, February 2009, accessed April 13, 2009.

External links edit

  • , National Guard, Presidential Series Paintings, (), accessed April 13, 2009.

December 02, 2023
abraham, lincoln, black, hawk, abraham, lincoln, served, volunteer, illinois, militia, april, 1832, july, 1832, during, black, hawk, lincoln, never, combat, during, tour, elected, captain, first, company, also, present, aftermath, battles, where, helped, bury,. Abraham Lincoln served as a volunteer in the Illinois Militia April 21 1832 July 10 1832 during the Black Hawk War Lincoln never saw combat during his tour but was elected captain of his first company He was also present in the aftermath of two of the war s battles where he helped to bury the militia dead He was mustered in and out of service during the war going from captain to private and finishing his service in an independent spy company commanded by Captain Jacob Early Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln in 1860Nickname s Honest AbeBornFebruary 12 1809Hardin County KentuckyDiedApril 15 1865 aged 56 Washington D C AllegianceUnited StatesService wbr branchIllinois MilitiaYears of serviceApril 21 1832 July 10 1832RankPrivate May 28 1832 July 10 1832 Captain April 21 1832 May 27 1832 Discharged from his command and re enlisted as a private Commands heldRifle company of the 31st Regiment of Militia of Sangamon County 1st DivisionBattles warsBlack Hawk War aftermath of Battle of Kellogg s Grove Battle of Stillman s RunOther workIllinois State RepresentativeUnited States CongressmanPresident of the United StatesLincoln s service had a lasting impression on him and he related tales about it later in life with modesty and a bit of humor Through his service he was able to forge lifelong political connections In addition he received a land grant from the U S government for his military service during the war Though Lincoln had no military experience when he assumed command of his company he is generally characterized as an able and competent leader Contents 1 Background 2 Enlistment and election as captain 3 War 3 1 Stillman s Run 3 2 From captain to private 3 3 Kellogg s Grove 3 4 Mustered out 4 Lincoln s military ability 5 Legacy and influence on Lincoln 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksBackground editMain article Black Hawk War Angered by the loss of his birthplace via prior disputed treaties and against the best interests of other tribes affected Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River beginning in 1830 Each time he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed In April 1832 encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British he again moved his British Band 1 into Illinois 2 On April 5 1832 Black Hawk and around 1 000 warriors and civilians recrossed the Mississippi River into Illinois in an attempt to reclaim their land About half of Black Hawk s band were combatants and the rest were a combination of women children and elderly The band consisted of Sauk Fox some Potawatomi and some Kickapoo in addition some members of the Ho Chunk nation were sympathetic to Black Hawk 3 4 5 Black Hawk s reasons for crossing into Illinois were to reclaim lost lands and perhaps create a confederacy of Native Americans to stand against white settlement 5 6 Promises of aid from other Illinois tribes were made to the British Band and Black Hawk believed that promises of assistance were made by the British in Canada 5 nbsp Stillman s Run nbsp Buffalo Grove nbsp Plum River nbsp Indian Creek nbsp St Vrain nbsp Fort Blue Mounds nbsp Spafford Farm nbsp Horseshoe Bend nbsp Waddams Grove nbsp Kellogg s Grove nbsp Ament s Cabin nbsp Apple River Fort nbsp Sinsinawa Mound nbsp Wisconsin Heights nbsp Bad Axe nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Michigan Territory Wisconsin Illinois Unorganized Territory Iowa nbsp Map of Black Hawk War sites nbsp Battle with name nbsp Fort settlement nbsp Native villageSymbols are wikilinked to articleDespite this Black Hawk found no allies and he attempted to return to Iowa but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman s Run 7 A number of other engagements followed and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk s band The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War At the time of Black Hawk s incursion into Illinois Lincoln was living in New Salem where he had lived for two years Prior to the Black Hawk War in March 1832 Lincoln announced his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives but the election was several months away 8 One month later he responded to the governor s call for volunteer militia 9 Enlistment and election as captain editOn April 21 1832 Lincoln and the other volunteers gathered at the property of Dallas Scott 10 Lincoln rode a horse from New Salem to Richland Creek where neighbors had gathered to form a company of volunteer militia near Beardstown Illinois 11 12 The men were officially sworn in and began the process of electing a company commander who would hold the rank of captain 10 In the choice between Lincoln and William Kirkpatrick Lincoln received three fourths of the votes 11 Many years later Lincoln said this election as captain was a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since 13 Lincoln was commissioned as a captain in Sangamon County s 31st Regiment a unit of the militia s 1st Division By April 30 he had been placed in charge of a rifle company in the 4th Regiment of Mounted Volunteers a unit of Samuel Whiteside s Brigade 10 14 15 The men spent time in Beardstown where they drew provisions and weapons as many of the men including Lincoln owned no weapons 12 Other downtime in Beardstown was occupied by inter company rivalry An incident occurred on April 22 when Lincoln was challenged for a prime camping spot Lincoln and his challenger wrestled for the spot and Lincoln was beaten before a crowd of fellow soldiers 12 After the wrestling match Lincoln and the other commanders spent April 23 26 conducting light drills and drawing supplies 14 On April 28 Lincoln s company was enrolled into state service by Colonel John J Hardin and Lincoln drew further supplies including whiskey food staples and tin pans 14 The volunteers marched to Rushville a distance of 10 miles 16 km on April 30 1832 14 Following their arrival in Rushville the troops continued marching for several days toward the mouth of the Rock River 16 Much of the rest of early May was spent marching and resupplying 17 General Samuel Whiteside the brigade commander moved the volunteers to the Prophet s Village which they burned on May 11 17 and then continued the men toward Dixon s Ferry another 40 miles 64 km upstream 16 The men reached Dixon s Ferry on May 12 and the next day Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey led their troops toward Old Man s Creek where it was rumored that Black Hawk and his men were encamped 17 War editStillman s Run edit nbsp This image is the earliest known photograph of Abraham Lincoln and dates to around 1847 15 years after the war See also Battle of Stillman s Run Lincoln engaged in no combat during the Black Hawk War 18 19 as Lincoln s own recollections of this time attest 20 He did however see scalped corpses and witness the results of the war s atrocities 18 Lincoln was 23 years old at the time of the Black Hawk War and his experience in the volunteer militia was his only military experience prior to becoming president 18 Various sources many compiled at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum document the movements of Lincoln s company after the outbreak of hostilities at the Battle of Stillman s Run 17 On May 15 1832 Lincoln s company set out under the command of Whiteside and reached the site of Stillman s Run by sunset According to letters from Whiteside to militia commander Henry Atkinson the soldiers including Lincoln arrived to find militia men dead scalped and mangled 17 In a 2006 article author Scott Dyer asserted that Whiteside s men including Captain Lincoln paraded the area the morning after and buried the dead from Stillman s Run Their movements were in an unsuccessful effort to draw out the Sauk after which they returned to Dixon s Ferry 21 Lincoln s presence at Stillman s Run was still under investigation as of 2003 update 22 23 24 nbsp An inscription on the monument in Stillman Valley concerning Lincoln s role in the aftermath of the battle The marble facade on the Stillman Valley monument erected in 1901 commemorating the battle includes the reference to Lincoln s presence at Stillman s Run The presence of soldier statesman martyr Abraham Lincoln assisting in the burial of these honored dead has made this spot more sacred 25 Still other sources assert that it was General Whiteside who originally buried the dead in a common grave on a ridge south of the battlefield marked with a rudimentary wooden memorial These sources make no mention of Lincoln 26 27 From captain to private edit nbsp When Lincoln was mustered out of command on May 27 he re enlisted and was reduced in rank to private under the command of Captain Elijah Iles Two days after Stillman s Run Lincoln and his company drew 10 quarts of meal and 10 pounds of pork from supply at Dixon s Ferry Illinois 17 After a 20 mile 32 km march on May 25 Lincoln s company camped near Paw Paw Grove 17 The next day Lincoln and his company marched another 20 miles 32 km and camped two miles 3 km above the mouth of the Fox River 17 On May 27 Lincoln s company was mustered out of service 17 Lincoln was discharged from his command and he re enlisted as a private in the company of Captain Elijah Iles in Ottawa Illinois 10 Henry Atkinson a militia commander arrived in Ottawa on May 28 and on May 29 Lieutenant Robert Anderson formally mustered Lincoln and a hodgepodge of 71 other former officers into a company of mounted volunteers under Iles 17 Atkinson left and met with Governor Reynolds Atkinson then returned to Ottawa on May 30 and decided not to pursue Black Hawk until further militia reinforcements arrived on June 15 17 On June 6 1832 Captain Iles company including Lincoln began the march to Dixon s Ferry they arrived during the afternoon of June 7 28 From June 8 to June 10 the company moved on orders toward Galena on June 8 the group camped 20 miles 32 km from Dixon s Ferry and on June 9 near the Apple River Fort The company found the people in Galena demoralized and was ordered to return to Dixon s Ferry on June 11 On the march back the group made camp at the same campsites it used on its march toward Galena 28 The men arrived back in Dixon s Ferry on June 13 and on June 16 Anderson mustered them out of service at Fort Wilbourn 28 From June 16 until July 10 Lincoln served as a private in Captain Jacob Early s independent company 10 Early s company was known as an independent spy company which was ordered into federal service by Atkinson and meant to operate separately from the other brigades 29 Later Lincoln told William Herndon I was out of work and there being no danger of more fighting I could do nothing better than enlist again 10 Early s company was officially mustered into service on June 20 and two days later it was ordered to report to General Hugh Brady at Dixon s Ferry The company remained at Dixon s Ferry through June 25 1832 28 Early s company was then dispatched to Kellogg s Grove at 4 p m on June 25 28 Kellogg s Grove edit See also Battle of Kellogg s Grove and Kellogg s Grove nbsp The plaque at the site of the Battle of Kellogg s Grove mentions Lincoln s presence thereA number of sources assert that on June 26 1832 the morning after the Second Battle of Kellogg s Grove members of Early s company arrived at Kellogg s Grove to help bury the dead Lincoln assisted with the burial and later made a statement about his experience connected with the battles of both Kellogg s Grove and Stillman s Run 23 24 25 I remember just how those men looked as we rode up the little hill where their camp was The red light of the morning sun was streaming upon them as they lay head towards us on the ground And every man had a round red spot on top of his head about as big as a dollar where the redskins had taken his scalp It was frightful but it was grotesque and the red sunlight seemed to paint everything all over I remember one man had on buckskin breeches The Lincoln quote appeared both in William H Herndon and Jesse W Wiek s Life of Lincoln and in Carl Sandburg s Lincoln biography Abraham Lincoln The Prairie Years 24 Documentation for the U S National Register of Historic Places listing for Kellogg s Grove cites Lincoln s presence as part of its historic significance 24 The same day on June 16 Captain Early wrote to General Atkinson describing the situation in his own words I arrived here by day brake this morning 26th amp found Gen Posey s men encamped here The circumstances connected with the attack on Maj Dement s Bat talion are as well as I can gather substantially these Yesterday morning the Maj ordered out a small party for the purpose of examining a trail leading to the Mississippi The detachment had not proceeded more than half a mile when they discovered a few Indians at a small distance from them the men rushed on them in a disorderly manner till they came to the main body of Indians where they were secreted in a thicket on seeing the Indians the men wheeled amp fled precipitately amp all the efforts of Maj Dement to rally them were unavailing for at the time the men commenced retreating before the Indians Maj Dement came up with a reinforcement from the garrison The Maj stated to me that his force on the field was equal in numbers to that of the enemy After the men retreated to the fort the Indians surrounded the house amp commenced killing the Horses they kept up a constant fire on the House amp Horses for 2 or 3 hours Major Dement Lost 5 killed amp several wounded but none mortally when the Indians left the ground they retreated toward their encampment on the 4 lakes When Gen Posey came up about an hour by sun he sent a regiment in the direction in which the Indians had retired When they had proceeded about mile the Indians showed themselves from a thick wood which skirted the praeria they regiment retired to their camps without engaging the enemy The trail spoken of above has not yet been examined Gen Posey says he will send a detachment with me to examine it As soon as I see it you shall have the best information in my power to give you 28 nbsp An honorable discharge signed by Lincoln for a private under his command Early s company including Lincoln remained at Kellogg s Grove until June 28 when they began their march back to Dixon s Ferry They arrived sometime around 6 a m on June 29 28 Mustered out edit On July 10 1832 Atkinson decided he had too many men and mustered Early s company including Lincoln out of service Lincoln s military career ended less than three months after it began 29 In his last duty as a soldier Lincoln wrote out the company roll for Lieutenant Robert Anderson 30 the man who had mustered him into service in his second company under Iles 10 31 Lincoln s horse along with a comrade s was stolen the night before he was discharged from service thus they made their way back to New Salem mostly on foot and occasionally on another comrade s horse 29 32 Once in Peoria Lincoln and his wartime compatriot bought a canoe and made their way down the Illinois River to Havana 33 At Havana they disembarked and made the final 23 mile 37 km jaunt on foot 29 33 Lincoln s military ability edit nbsp Lincoln depicted protecting a Native American from his own men in a scene often related about Lincoln s war time serviceLincoln had no military experience when he was elected captain of his company but a large number of sources have described him as a capable commander and a popular leader 10 Lincoln himself expressed a desire to get into combat though his company has been described as wild and the outcome of such a fight may not have been positive for Lincoln 34 John Todd Stuart noted that during Lincoln s Black Hawk War service he stood out for his great strength and athletic ability as well as his kind manner and as a story teller 34 One popularly repeated 35 36 story from Lincoln s Black Hawk War service illustrates Lincoln s qualities of honesty and courageous competent leadership It involves a Potawotami who wandered into Captain Lincoln s camp Lincoln s men assumed him a spy and wanted to kill him The story goes that Lincoln threw himself between the Native American and the men s muskets knocking their weapons upward and protecting the Potawotami The militia men backed down after a few heated seconds 37 Another popularly repeated 38 39 40 story about Lincoln s leadership during the war illustrates his inexperience as a military commander The story goes that Lincoln was marching his company and encountered an open gate through which his formation needed to pass 39 Unable to remember the proper command to direct his men through the gate Lincoln called Halt and ordered the men to fall out for two minutes and then reform on the other side of the gate 40 Other negative accounts of Lincoln s ability as a military leader came in the 1870s when J F Snyder interviewed several of Lincoln s men from the Black Hawk War days Snyder claimed the men never spoke of malice of Lincoln but always in a spirit of ridicule and that they characterized Lincoln as indolent and vulgar a joke an absurdity and the men had serious doubts about his courage 10 Legacy and influence on Lincoln editOn April 16 1852 by act of Congress from 1850 Lincoln received a 40 acre 160 000 m2 land grant in Iowa for his service during the Black Hawk War 41 Soldiers in the Indian Wars often received land grants in exchange for their service 42 Lincoln received 160 acres 0 65 km2 in total with the other 120 acres 0 49 km2 given to him in 1856 41 Besides the tangible rewards Lincoln s service during the Black Hawk War helped him cultivate political connections throughout Illinois 10 David Herbert Donald stated in his 1996 work Lincoln 43 Meeting volunteers from different parts of the state was useful to him politically for it extended his reputation While he was in the army he came into contact with a number of rising young political leaders of the state like Orville Hickman Browning 44 a cautious conservative Quincy lawyer who would become one of his most influential and critical friends More important was his acquaintance with John Todd Stuart 45 a Springfield lawyer who served as major in the same battalion as Lincoln Later in 1859 9 Lincoln referred to his service during the Black Hawk War fondly 11 noting his election as captain as one of the proudest moments in his life 46 His Black Hawk War service has been referred to as a shaping circumstance in his life 47 as well as something he later referred to with modesty and self depreciation 48 Lincoln made one tongue in cheek remark concerning his Black Hawk War service during an 1848 speech before the U S Congress in which he referenced his Black Hawk War service mentioning the Battle of Stillman s Run by name By the way Mr Speaker did you know that I am a military hero Yes sir in the days of the Black Hawk War I fought bled and came away I was not at Stillman s defeat but I was about as near it as Cass was Hull s surrender and like him I saw the place very soon afterwards If he saw any live fighting Indians it was more than I did but I had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes and although I never fainted from the loss of blood I can truly say I was often very hungry 9 39 Some have regarded Lincoln s brief stint in the militia as important to his presidential leadership later on during the American Civil War 48 The 2002 essay collection Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln described Lincoln s familiarity with military affairs during the Civil War as alien noting that he regarded his own military service as a subject suited to mockery 49 While he was campaigning for president the story of how Lincoln stopped his men from killing the Potawatomi they encountered before the outbreak of the war made its way into a campaign biography 18 Reporting by The New York Times during the campaign of 1860 noted Lincoln s war time service as a captain 50 The same article implies that his bravery during the Black Hawk War may have led to his post war appointment as postmaster in New Salem 50 51 Following Lincoln s assassination Ralph Waldo Emerson gave a speech in Concord Massachusetts which highlighted Lincoln s Black Hawk War service 52 See also editEarly life and career of Abraham LincolnNotes edit The group was referred to as the British Band because of their earlier support to the British during the War of 1812 and continued reliance on British trade as well as flying a British flag in their camp in defiance of American authority See Lewis Background Lewis James The Black Hawk War of 1832 Archived 2009 08 15 at the Wayback Machine Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project Northern Illinois University Retrieved August 1 2007 Lewis James Introduction Archived 2009 04 20 at the Wayback Machine The Black Hawk War of 1832 Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project Northern Illinois University Retrieved August 1 2007 Harmet p 13 a b c April 6 The U S suspects Black Hawk is crossing the Mississippi Archived 2009 01 26 at the Wayback Machine Historic Diaries The Black Hawk War Wisconsin State Historical Society Retrieved August 1 2007 Lewis James Background Archived 2008 05 16 at the Wayback Machine The Black Hawk War of 1832 Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project Northern Illinois University Retrieved August 1 2007 May 14 Black Hawk s Victory at the Battle of Stillman s Run Archived 2007 08 14 at the Wayback Machine Historic Diaries The Black Hawk War Wisconsin State Historical Society Retrieved August 6 2007 McGovern George S et al Abraham Lincoln Google Books Macmillan 2008 p 21 ISBN 0 8050 8345 6 a b c April 21 Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War Archived 2008 12 03 at the Wayback Machine Historic Diaries Black Hawk War Wisconsin Historical Society accessed April 12 2009 a b c d e f g h i j Captain Abraham Lincoln Illinois State Military Museum Illinois National Guard accessed April 12 2009 a b c Sandburg Carl and Goodman Edward C Abraham Lincoln The Prairie Years and the War Years Google Books Illustrated and abridged edition Sterling Publishing Company 2007 p 30 ISBN 1 4027 4288 6 a b c Jung The Black Hawk War of 1832 pp 79 85 Donald David Herbert 1995 Lincoln New York Touchstone p 44 a b c d April 1832 Archived 2008 10 12 at the Wayback Machine The Lincoln Log Lincoln Company was part of the formation in the lineage of the 130th Infantry Regiment United States a b Holland Josiah Gilbert Holland s Life of Abraham Lincoln Google Books University of Nebraska Press 1998 p 50 51 ISBN 0 8032 7303 7 a b c d e f g h i j k June 1832 The Lincoln Log The Papers of Abraham Lincoln Retrieved Jun 4 2013 a b c d NIU produced Lincoln documentary local history Web site debut April 28 Archived 2009 03 16 at the Wayback Machine Press release Northern Illinois University April 19 2005 accessed April 12 2009 Monroe R D Indian Fighting and Politics in New Salem 1831 1836 Archived 2009 02 09 at the Wayback Machine Lincoln Net Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project Northern Illinois University libraries accessed April 12 2009 Tripp C A and Gannett Lewis The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln Google Books Simon and Schuster 2005 p 54 ISBN 0 7432 6639 0 Dyar Scott D Stillman s Run Militia s Foulest Hour Military History March 2006 pp 38 44 72 Braun Robert A Abraham Lincoln s Military Service During the Black Hawk War An Introduction November 2002 and March 2003 Old Lead Historical Society Retrieved August 11 2007 Archived 2009 10 24 a b Davis William Lincoln s Men Google Books Simon and Schuster 1999 p 12 ISBN 0 684 82351 9 Retrieved August 11 2007 a b c d Dameier Evelyn Kellogg s Grove Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine PDF National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form January 18 1978 HAARGIS Database Illinois Historic Preservation Agency Retrieved July 26 2007 a b Stillman s Run Memorial Archived 2009 03 21 at the Wayback Machine Historic Places Abraham Lincoln Online Retrieved August 11 2007 Ford Thomas and Shields James A History of Illinois from Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847 Google Books Ivison amp Phinney 1854 p 123 Retrieved August 12 2007 The Lakeside Classics Google Books R R Donnelley and Sons Co 1903 p 179 Retrieved August 12 2007 a b c d e f g June 1832 The Lincoln Log Papers of Abraham Lincoln Retrieved June 4 2013 a b c d Jung The Black Hawk War of 1832 pp 116 135 Lieutenant Robert Anderson later defended Fort Sumter in the opening volley of the American Civil War under President Lincoln s orders See Jung The Black Hawk War of 1832 p 101 Jung The Black Hawk War of 1832 pp 100 109 Sandburg Carl Abraham Lincoln The Prairie Years and The War Years Google Books Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2002 p 32 ISBN 0 15 602752 6 a b Angle Paul M The Lincoln Reader Google Books permanent dead link Kessinger Publishing 2005 p 45 ISBN 1 4191 4062 0 a b Guelzo Allen C Abraham Lincoln Redeemer President Google Books Wm B Eerdmans Publishing 2003 pp 66 67 ISBN 0 8028 4293 3 Whipple Wayne The Heart of Lincoln The Soul of the Man as Revealed in Story and Anecdote Google Books G W Jacobs amp Company 1915 p 30 Boritt G S and Forness Norman O The Historian s Lincoln Pseudohistory Psychohistory and History Google Books University of Illinois Press 1996 p 171 ISBN 0 252 06544 1 Arnold Isaac N The Life of Abraham Lincoln Google Books Digital Scanning Inc 2008 pp 34 35 ISBN 1 58218 759 2 Herndon William H and Weik Jesse William Herndon s Life of Lincoln The History and Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln Google Books permanent dead link Da Capo Press 1983 pp 77 78 ISBN 0 306 80195 7 a b c Browne Frances Fisher The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln Browne amp Howell Company 1913 pp 37 40 Retrieved August 11 2007 a b Black Hawk His Stormy Career and Final Capture Jefferson Davis Taylor and Lincoln in the Strife The New York Times August 15 1903 a b Collections State Historical Society of Wisconsin Google Books State Historical Society of Wisconsin 1898 vol 14 pp 132 33 Schwieder Dorothy Iowa The Middle Land Google Books University of Iowa Press 1996 pp 43 44 ISBN 1 58729 549 0 Donald David Herbert Lincoln Google Books Simon and Schuster 1996 p 45 ISBN 068482535X See also Orville Hickman Browning See also John Todd Stuart Thompson David Decamp Abraham Lincoln The First American Internet Archive Cranston amp Curts 1895 p 31 Ritter Charles F and Wakelyn Jon L Leaders of the American Civil War A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary Google Books Greenwood Publishing Group 1998 p 236 ISBN 0 313 29560 3 a b Polelle Mark Robert Leadership Fifty Great Leaders and the Worlds They Made Google Books Greenwood Publishing Group 2008 p 14 ISBN 0 313 34814 6 Simon John Y Holzer Harold and Ruark Dawn The Lincoln Forum Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln Google Books Fordham University Press 2002 pp 88 89 ISBN 0 8232 2215 2 a b The Candidates Sketch of the Career of the Hon Abraham Lincoln The New York Times May 19 1860 accessed April 13 2009 Lincoln s New Salem 1830 1837 Lincoln Home National Historic Site nps gov accessed April 13 2009 Emerson Ralph W Our Late President Character of President Lincoln The New York Times May 4 1865 accessed April 13 2009 References editHarmet A Richard Apple River Fort Site PDF National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form March 31 1997 HAARGIS Database Illinois Historic Preservation Agency Retrieved August 13 2007 Jung Patrick J The Black Hawk War of 1832 Google Books University of Oklahoma Press 2008 ISBN 0 8061 3994 3 The Lincoln Log A Daily Chronology of the Life of Abraham Lincoln websiteFurther reading editEfflandt Lloyd H Lincoln and the Black Hawk War Google Books Rock Island Arsenal Historical Society 1992 ISBN 0 9617938 2 1 Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War The New York Times December 6 1868 accessed April 13 2009 Lanigan Kelly Abraham Lincoln First Experience as a Leader of Men VFW Magazine February 2009 accessed April 13 2009 External links editCaptain Abraham Lincoln National Guard Presidential Series Paintings link accessed April 13 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War amp oldid 1182356439, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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