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A Glimpse of Hell (book)

November 28, 2023

A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up is a nonfiction book of investigative journalism, written by Charles C. Thompson II and published in 1999. The book describes the USS Iowa turret explosion that took place on April 19, 1989, and the subsequent investigations that tried to determine the cause. The explosion aboard the United States Navy battleship Iowa killed 47 of the turret's crewmen.

A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up
Cover of the book
AuthorCharles C. Thompson II
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
SubjectUSS Iowa turret explosion
Published1999 (W. W. Norton & Company)
Media typePrint (hardcover)
Pages430 pp
ISBN0-393-04714-8
OCLC39890431

Soon after the explosion, Thompson was informed by an Iowa crewman that the Navy was conducting a dishonest investigation into the cause of the tragedy. Thompson, a producer for the television newsmagazine 60 Minutes, later produced several television reports which disputed the Navy's conclusions as to what had caused the explosion.

Based on his work for the 60 Minutes reports plus further investigation on his own, Thompson wrote A Glimpse of Hell. The book was published by W. W. Norton & Company. Thompson's book was extremely critical of most of the Navy personnel involved in the investigation, concluding that the Navy had orchestrated a cover-up to conceal the true cause of the explosion.

Upon its publication, the book received favorable comments from book reviewers. Thompson later claimed that the Navy tried to suppress sales by banning the book from Navy exchange stores on Navy bases throughout the world. In 2001, five Navy servicemen named in Thompson's book sued Thompson, the book's publisher, and one of Thompson's sources for libel, false light privacy, and conspiracy. The suit was settled out-of-court in 2007 for undisclosed terms.

Background edit

Main article: USS Iowa turret explosion

On the morning of April 19, 1989, the United States Navy battleship USS Iowa, under the command of Captain Fred Moosally, was 260 nautical miles (480 km) northeast of Puerto Rico, steaming at 15 knots (17 mph; 28 km/h), and preparing to engage in a live-fire exercise with its 16-inch guns.[1] At 09:53, as the ship's 16-inch Turret Two loaded and prepared to fire its three guns, a fireball between 2500 and 3000 °F (1400 and 1650 °C) and traveling at 2,000 feet per second (600 m/s) with a pressure of 4,000 pounds per square inch (28 MPa) blew out from the turret's center gun's open breech. The fireball spread through all three of the turret's gun rooms and through much of the lower levels of the turret. All 47 crewmen inside the turret were killed.[2]

Soon after the fires in the turret were extinguished, Vice Admiral Joseph S. Donnell, commander of Surface Forces Atlantic, appointed Rear Admiral Richard Milligan to conduct an informal one-officer investigation into the explosion.[3] Milligan boarded Iowa with his staff on April 20 and began his investigation by interviewing Iowa crewmembers. Milligan's investigation continued after Iowa returned to its home port of Norfolk on April 23.[4]

Five days after the explosion, a gunner's mate who worked in Iowa's Turret One called Charles Thompson and told him that Milligan was conducting a dishonest investigation. "The news media is the only thing that can keep the Navy honest" said the caller.[5] Thompson, a producer for 60 Minutes, was a former US Navy officer and naval gunfire spotter who had served two tours of duty during the Vietnam War. After leaving the military and becoming a journalist, Thompson had produced numerous news stories about military subjects. Thompson discussed the phone call with his colleague and journalist Mike Wallace, also a former naval officer, who asked him to begin following news stories about the explosion and the Navy's investigation into its cause more closely.[6]

 
Iowa's Turret Two explodes on April 19, 1989.

On September 7, 1989, Milligan and Admiral Leon A. Edney, the Navy's Vice Chief of Naval Operations, announced the results of Milligan's investigation. Milligan's investigation report, endorsed by the top Navy leadership, concluded that the explosion was "most probably" a result of an intentional act committed by a Turret Two crewman named Clayton Hartwig. According to the Navy, Hartwig, who had died in the explosion, was a suicidal loner who had initiated the explosion with either an electronic or chemical timer.[7]

Robert Zelnick, an ABC News reporter, wrote an editorial for The New York Times on September 11, 1989, titled, "The Navy Scapegoats a Dead Seaman." In the editorial, Zelnick was sharply critical of the Navy's conclusions, stating that Hartwig had been subjected to a "process of guilt by fiat" and that the evidence against the sailor was very weak.[8] Mike Wallace read Zelnick's article and asked Thompson to produce a report for broadcast on the explosion and the Navy's investigation.[9]

With help from a team of ex-military officers, including Ed Snyder, a former commander of the battleship USS New Jersey, Thompson produced a story which aired on 60 Minutes in November 1989. The story, conducted by Mike Wallace, heavily criticized the findings of Milligan's investigation. The story contained an interview in which Milligan defended his conclusions, saying, "Mike, there is no other cause of this accident. We have looked at everything. We've ruled out everything. This was a deliberate act, most likely done by Petty Officer Hartwig."[10]

The Navy's conclusions were heavily criticised by the victim's families, the media, and congress. After a test found that an overram of the powder bags into the gun could have caused the explosion, the Navy reopened the investigation. On October 17, 1991, Frank Kelso, the new Navy Chief of Naval Operations, announced that the Navy could not determine who or what had caused the tragedy. Kelso apologized to Hartwig's family and closed the Navy's investigation.[11] An independent review of the Navy's investigation by Sandia National Laboratories concluded that the explosion had probably been caused by an overram of the powder bags into the center gun's breech, possibly because of a malfunction in the rammer mechanism or because the gun crew was inadequately trained.[12] Soon after, 60 Minutes broadcast an updated story on the Navy's investigation. The report, written and produced by Thompson and Wallace, included an interview with Kelso.[13]

After the Navy closed its investigation, Thompson continued his own research into the explosion and its aftermath. Thompson was assisted by Snyder and other former Navy personnel, including Iowa crewmen and Navy headquarters staff members. Family members of the victims as well as staff members of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees also helped Thompson. In addition, he obtained information via Freedom of Information Act requests to the Navy. Furthermore, Thompson accessed depositions taken from Navy leaders and investigators during a lawsuit against the Navy by Hartwig's family.[14]

Thompson's book was published on April 19, 1999, the tenth anniversary of the explosion. The book's publisher was W. W. Norton & Company, based in New York City.[15]

Content edit

The book begins by describing conditions aboard Iowa before the explosion. Thompson depicts Moosally, the ship's captain, as an inept seaman who gained command of the battleship through political connections. Under Moosally's leadership, or lack thereof, Iowa operated with severe training and safety deficiencies, especially with regard to operations with the ship's 16-inch guns. The book details how the ship's Master Chief Fire Controlman, Stephen Skelley, conducted illegal gunnery experiments with the 16-inch guns. Moosally apparently did not check to ensure that the experiments were authorized, or in some cases, appears not to have been aware that they were being carried out.[16]

The book describes the explosion on April 19, 1989, and the heroic efforts by the ship's crew to contain the fires and avoid a cataclysmic detonation of the turret's powder magazines. After the fires were contained, Moosally ordered the crew to immediately begin cleaning up the turret. The cleanup involved removing the bodies of the deceased turret crewman and disposing of the damaged turret equipment, all without photographing or otherwise recording the locations of the bodies or equipment which would have presumably assisted with the resulting investigation.[17]

 
Rear Admiral Richard Milligan

According to Thompson, the Navy immediately began efforts to cover up the cause of the explosion. Rear Admiral Richard Milligan, assigned to lead the investigation, soon focused his inquiry into trying to prove that one of the deceased turret's crewmembers, Clayton Hartwig, had intentionally caused the explosion. After learning that Hartwig had named another sailor and friend, Kendall Truitt, as a beneficiary of a life insurance policy on himself, Milligan enlisted the help of the Naval Investigative Service (NIS) (the predecessor of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS) to investigate Hartwig and Truitt.[18]

NIS investigators tried to prove, unsuccessfully, that Hartwig and Truitt had had a homosexual relationship with each other and that Hartwig had initiated the explosion after the relationship had soured. As the NIS investigation continued, information about the Navy's focus on the two sailors and innuendoes about their relationship were leaked to the media. The leaks were later said to have come from the NIS and from the Navy's headquarters. Thompson alleges that during its investigation, NIS agents lied or otherwise conducted themselves in an extremely unprofessional manner.[18]

Captain Joseph Miceli, assigned by the Navy to lead the technical investigation into the explosion, had supervised the preparation of powder and shells used in Iowa's 16-inch guns. Thus, according to Thompson, Miceli had a conflict of interest in ensuring that the powder, ammunition, or guns were not at fault in the explosion. After being briefed on the NIS's focus on Hartwig, Miceli directed his investigative team to determine how Hartwig had initiated the explosion using an electrical or chemical detonator.[19]

Throughout the investigation, according to Thompson, Admiral Leon A. Edney, the Navy's Vice Chief of Naval Operations, interfered with the investigation by sending suggestions to Milligan on avenues of inquiry and pushing for a finding that Hartwig or Truitt was responsible. Edney interfered with the investigation in order to prevent any findings that the Navy had knowingly operated an unsafe ship in an unsafe manner. Also, Edney feared that if the Iowa class battleships were found to be unsafe, the battleships would be decommissioned and the Navy would lose the associated admiral billets plus the other warships and support ships assigned to the battleship groups.[20]

In September 1989 the Navy announced that it had determined that Hartwig intentionally caused the explosion. The victim's family members, many in the media, and the United States Congress rejected the Navy's findings. Sandia National Laboratories, acting on a request from the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, determined that the explosion could have been an accident caused by overramming the powder bags into the gun's breech during the loading process. Forced by the revelation to reopen its investigation, the Navy inexplicably, according to Thompson, placed Miceli in charge of the new inquiry.[18]

Nineteen months later the Navy concluded that it could not determine who or what had caused the explosion, provided a partial apology to Hartwig's family, and closed its investigation.[21] In contrast, Sandia concluded that the explosion had probably been caused by an overram of the powder bags into the center gun's breech, possibly because of a malfunction in the rammer mechanism or because the gun crew was inadequately trained.[22]

Critical reception, Navy reaction, and movie edit

Upon its publication, the book received favorable reviews. Dan Blue, reviewing the book for the San Francisco Chronicle, stated that, "In its main outlines, it convinces" and "Beyond accuracy, Thompson's book provides a gripping read".[19] Steve Weinberg, in the Denver Post, wrote that, "Measured by its information gathering, this is a great book of investigative journalism."[23] The book was selected by the Book of the Month Club as its featured selection in March 1999.[24]

Thompson stated that after the book was published a previously scheduled invitation to speak at the US Navy's National Museum was rescinded, his book was banned from being sold in the museum's book store, and Navy exchange stores at bases throughout the world were forbidden from selling his book. Emails between Navy officials obtained by Thompson through a Freedom of Information Act request included one from a Navy public affairs officer dated April 15, 1999, saying with regard to Thompson, "I will call book wholesalers and tell them not to set up book signings with this author."[25]

The Navy denied that it attempted to suppress or censor Thompson's book, stating that it had simply refused permission for Thompson to hold book signings on any Navy bases.[26] In August 1999 Salon.com checked the bookstores at the United States Naval Academy, Naval Submarine Base New London, and Iowa's former home base Naval Station Norfolk and did not find the book available for sale at any of the locations.[24]

In 2001 the FX TV network broadcast a movie A Glimpse of Hell based on Thompson's book, starring James Caan and Robert Sean Leonard. The movie received a 3.3 household rating and drew 2.7 million viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research, enough to make the movie the most-watched program in FX's seven-year history.[27]

W. W. Norton does not appear to have released sales figures for the book. As of January 2009, Amazon.com lists the book at #997,726 in sales out of all books offered by the bookseller, and at No. 85 in books related to the State of Iowa.[28]

Lawsuit edit

In March 2001 Moosally, Miceli, and two other former Iowa officers filed suit against Thompson, W. W. Norton, and Dan Meyer, who the plaintiffs stated provided much of the information used in the book, for libel, false light privacy, and conspiracy. In April 2001, another former Iowa crewman filed a separate suit with the same attorney for the same causes of action. In response to the suits, Thompson stated that he stood "foursquare" behind his book's content.[29]

In April 2004 the South Carolina Supreme Court dismissed the suits against Thompson and Meyer, but allowed the suit against W. W. Norton to proceed. The court stated that South Carolina's long-arm jurisdiction did not apply to Thompson and Meyer, but did to W. W. Norton.[30]

In February 2007 the suits were settled out-of-court for undisclosed terms. Stephen F. DeAntonio, attorney for the plaintiffs, said that his clients felt "totally vindicated."[31] W. W. Norton did not publicly retract or repudiate any of the material in Thompson's book, however, instead sending a letter to the plaintiffs stating, in part, "To the extent you believe the book implies that any of you were engaged in a cover-up, were incompetent, committed criminal acts, violated Naval regulations or exhibited faulty seamanship or professional ineptitude, Norton regrets the emotional distress experienced by you or your family."[32]

References edit

  1. ^ Schwoebel, pp. 1–2, Thompson, pp. 15, 93–96.
  2. ^ Garzke, Dorsey, Diehl, p. 172, Bonner, p. 59, Schwoebel, pp. 7–8, 136, 232, 238, Thompson, Glimpse, pp. 97, 101–107, 152.
  3. ^ Garzke, Diehl, p. 172, Schwoebel, pp. 10–15, Thompson, Glimpse, pp. 135–139, 142, 161–165. The one-officer investigation was often referred to within the Navy as a "JAGMAN" and its rules and procedures were laid out in the Navy's Manual of the Judge Advocate General, Chapter 5, Part C (Schwoebel, p. 291).
  4. ^ Diehl, p. 172, Schwoebel, pp. 10–11, 65, 236, Thompson, Glimpse, p. 137.
  5. ^ Thompson, "Cover-up".
  6. ^ Weinberg, Thompson, "Cover-up", Thompson, Glimpse, pp. 9–10, 307.
  7. ^ Rosenthal, The New York Times, "Excerpts From Iowa Blast Findings", Garzke, Diehl, p. 174, Schwoebel, pp. xvii, 27, 39–42, 70, 244, Thompson, Glimpse, pp. 284–285, 288, 299–302, Bonner, p. 59.
  8. ^ Thompson, Glimpse, p. 307.
  9. ^ Thompson, Glimpse, pp. 307–308.
  10. ^ Thompson, Glimpse, pp. 308–312, 319–323, 327–332, 335–342.
  11. ^ Diehl, p. 175, Schwoebel, pp. xix–xx, 223–224, 284–287, Thompson, Glimpse, pp. 352, 372, 380–382.
  12. ^ Garzke, Vogel, Charles, Diehl, p. 175, Bonner, p. 59, Schwoebel, pp. xxi, 164, 216–222.
  13. ^ Weinberg, Thompson, Glimpse, pp. 378–384.
  14. ^ Weinberg, Thompson, "Cover-up".
  15. ^ Stein, Thompson, "Cover-up".
  16. ^ Stein, Vogel, Thompson, "Cover-up", Blue.
  17. ^ Weinberg, Blue.
  18. ^ a b c Stein, Weinberg, Blue.
  19. ^ a b Blue.
  20. ^ Stein, Blue, Vogel, Diehl, p. 172, Thompson, Glimpse, p. 135.
  21. ^ Diehl, p. 175, Schwoebel, pp. xix–xx, 223–224, 284–287, Thompson, pp. 352, 372, 380–382.
  22. ^ Stein, Garzke, Vogel, Charles, Diehl, p. 175, Bonner, p. 59, Schwoebel, pp. xxi, 164, 216–222.
  23. ^ Weinberg
  24. ^ a b Stein
  25. ^ Stein, Thompson, "Cover-up", Blue.
  26. ^ Stein, Thompson, "Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa"
  27. ^ IMDB.com (2001). "A Glimpse of Hell (2001) (TV)". Internet Movie Database. from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2008.; Broadcasting & Cable (March 26, 2001). "Hell sends FX ratings Heavenward". Reed Business Information. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  28. ^ Amazon.com (2009). A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the U.S. S. Iowa & Its Cover-Up (Hardcover). ISBN 978-0-393-04714-1.
  29. ^ Vogel, Supreme Court of South Carolina, Associated Press, "Defamation suit over USS Iowa book settled". The other plaintiffs with Moosally were John Morse, Bob Finney, and Joseph Dominick Miceli. Morse was Iowa's former executive officer, Finney Iowa's former operations officer, and Miceli led the Navy's technical investigation into the explosion. Dale Eugene Mortensen, a former gun chief for Iowa's Turret One, filed the separate suit.
  30. ^ Supreme Court of South Carolina.
  31. ^ Associated Press, "Defamation suit over USS Iowa book settled".
  32. ^ Associated Press, "Court allows Iowa officers to sue book publisher", Associated Press, "Defamation suit over USS Iowa book settled".

Further reading edit

  • Associated Press. . Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  • Bonner, Kit; Carolyn Bonner; Kermit Bonner (November 19, 1998). Great Naval Disasters: U.S. Naval Accidents in the 20th century. Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-0594-3.
  • Diehl, Alan E. (January 27, 2003). Silent Knights: Blowing the Whistle on Military Accidents and Their Cover-Ups. Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-544-8.
  • Schwoebel, Richard L. (2001). Explosion Aboard the Iowa. Diane Pub Co. ISBN 0-7567-6583-8.
  • Thompson II, Charles C. (1999). A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04714-8.
  • Vogel, Steve (March 18, 2001). "Deadly Blast Haunts Battleship's Skipper". The Washington Post..

External links edit

  • Associated Press (2007). . ABCmoney.co.uk. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
  • Blue, Dan (June 13, 1999). "Framed at Sea: How Navy officers tried blame 47 deaths on a sailor by calling him gay" (Newspaper book review). San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  • Dorsey, Jack (April 17, 1999). . Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original ((as reproduced at USSIowa.org)) on March 11, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  • Garzke, William H. Jr.; Robert O. Dulin, Jr. (1995). . Naval Institute Press: Annapolis, Maryland. Archived from the original on January 22, 2004. Retrieved November 20, 2006.
  • The New York Times (September 8, 1989). "Excerpts From Iowa Blast Findings" (Newspaper article). The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
  • Rosenthal, Andrew (July 20, 1989). "Discord Reported in Navy Over Iowa Blast Inquiry" (Newspaper article). The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
  • Stein, Jeff (August 18, 1999). . Salon.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  • Supreme Court of South Carolina. "Published opinion and orders". Supreme Court of South Carolina. Retrieved May 9, 2007.– Record of suit brought by Fred Moosally, Joseph Miceli, John Morse and Robert D. Finney against Charles C. Thompson, II, author of the book, A Glimpse of Hell.
  • Thompson, Charles (July 1999). "Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa". Investigative Reporters and Editors (BNET). 22 (5). ProQuest 200328637. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  • Weinberg, Steve (May 2, 1999). "Truth also a victim in Navy's tragedy report" (Newspaper book review). Denver Post. Retrieved January 14, 2009.

November 28, 2023
glimpse, hell, book, glimpse, hell, explosion, ussiowaand, cover, nonfiction, book, investigative, journalism, written, charles, thompson, published, 1999, book, describes, iowa, turret, explosion, that, took, place, april, 1989, subsequent, investigations, th. A Glimpse of Hell The Explosion on the USSIowaand Its Cover Up is a nonfiction book of investigative journalism written by Charles C Thompson II and published in 1999 The book describes the USS Iowa turret explosion that took place on April 19 1989 and the subsequent investigations that tried to determine the cause The explosion aboard the United States Navy battleship Iowa killed 47 of the turret s crewmen A Glimpse of Hell The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover UpCover of the bookAuthorCharles C Thompson IICountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSubjectUSS Iowa turret explosionPublished1999 W W Norton amp Company Media typePrint hardcover Pages430 ppISBN0 393 04714 8OCLC39890431Soon after the explosion Thompson was informed by an Iowa crewman that the Navy was conducting a dishonest investigation into the cause of the tragedy Thompson a producer for the television newsmagazine 60 Minutes later produced several television reports which disputed the Navy s conclusions as to what had caused the explosion Based on his work for the 60 Minutes reports plus further investigation on his own Thompson wrote A Glimpse of Hell The book was published by W W Norton amp Company Thompson s book was extremely critical of most of the Navy personnel involved in the investigation concluding that the Navy had orchestrated a cover up to conceal the true cause of the explosion Upon its publication the book received favorable comments from book reviewers Thompson later claimed that the Navy tried to suppress sales by banning the book from Navy exchange stores on Navy bases throughout the world In 2001 five Navy servicemen named in Thompson s book sued Thompson the book s publisher and one of Thompson s sources for libel false light privacy and conspiracy The suit was settled out of court in 2007 for undisclosed terms Contents 1 Background 2 Content 3 Critical reception Navy reaction and movie 4 Lawsuit 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksBackground editMain article USS Iowa turret explosion On the morning of April 19 1989 the United States Navy battleship USS Iowa under the command of Captain Fred Moosally was 260 nautical miles 480 km northeast of Puerto Rico steaming at 15 knots 17 mph 28 km h and preparing to engage in a live fire exercise with its 16 inch guns 1 At 09 53 as the ship s 16 inch Turret Two loaded and prepared to fire its three guns a fireball between 2500 and 3000 F 1400 and 1650 C and traveling at 2 000 feet per second 600 m s with a pressure of 4 000 pounds per square inch 28 MPa blew out from the turret s center gun s open breech The fireball spread through all three of the turret s gun rooms and through much of the lower levels of the turret All 47 crewmen inside the turret were killed 2 Soon after the fires in the turret were extinguished Vice Admiral Joseph S Donnell commander of Surface Forces Atlantic appointed Rear Admiral Richard Milligan to conduct an informal one officer investigation into the explosion 3 Milligan boarded Iowa with his staff on April 20 and began his investigation by interviewing Iowa crewmembers Milligan s investigation continued after Iowa returned to its home port of Norfolk on April 23 4 Five days after the explosion a gunner s mate who worked in Iowa s Turret One called Charles Thompson and told him that Milligan was conducting a dishonest investigation The news media is the only thing that can keep the Navy honest said the caller 5 Thompson a producer for 60 Minutes was a former US Navy officer and naval gunfire spotter who had served two tours of duty during the Vietnam War After leaving the military and becoming a journalist Thompson had produced numerous news stories about military subjects Thompson discussed the phone call with his colleague and journalist Mike Wallace also a former naval officer who asked him to begin following news stories about the explosion and the Navy s investigation into its cause more closely 6 nbsp Iowa s Turret Two explodes on April 19 1989 On September 7 1989 Milligan and Admiral Leon A Edney the Navy s Vice Chief of Naval Operations announced the results of Milligan s investigation Milligan s investigation report endorsed by the top Navy leadership concluded that the explosion was most probably a result of an intentional act committed by a Turret Two crewman named Clayton Hartwig According to the Navy Hartwig who had died in the explosion was a suicidal loner who had initiated the explosion with either an electronic or chemical timer 7 Robert Zelnick an ABC News reporter wrote an editorial for The New York Times on September 11 1989 titled The Navy Scapegoats a Dead Seaman In the editorial Zelnick was sharply critical of the Navy s conclusions stating that Hartwig had been subjected to a process of guilt by fiat and that the evidence against the sailor was very weak 8 Mike Wallace read Zelnick s article and asked Thompson to produce a report for broadcast on the explosion and the Navy s investigation 9 With help from a team of ex military officers including Ed Snyder a former commander of the battleship USS New Jersey Thompson produced a story which aired on 60 Minutes in November 1989 The story conducted by Mike Wallace heavily criticized the findings of Milligan s investigation The story contained an interview in which Milligan defended his conclusions saying Mike there is no other cause of this accident We have looked at everything We ve ruled out everything This was a deliberate act most likely done by Petty Officer Hartwig 10 The Navy s conclusions were heavily criticised by the victim s families the media and congress After a test found that an overram of the powder bags into the gun could have caused the explosion the Navy reopened the investigation On October 17 1991 Frank Kelso the new Navy Chief of Naval Operations announced that the Navy could not determine who or what had caused the tragedy Kelso apologized to Hartwig s family and closed the Navy s investigation 11 An independent review of the Navy s investigation by Sandia National Laboratories concluded that the explosion had probably been caused by an overram of the powder bags into the center gun s breech possibly because of a malfunction in the rammer mechanism or because the gun crew was inadequately trained 12 Soon after 60 Minutes broadcast an updated story on the Navy s investigation The report written and produced by Thompson and Wallace included an interview with Kelso 13 After the Navy closed its investigation Thompson continued his own research into the explosion and its aftermath Thompson was assisted by Snyder and other former Navy personnel including Iowa crewmen and Navy headquarters staff members Family members of the victims as well as staff members of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees also helped Thompson In addition he obtained information via Freedom of Information Act requests to the Navy Furthermore Thompson accessed depositions taken from Navy leaders and investigators during a lawsuit against the Navy by Hartwig s family 14 Thompson s book was published on April 19 1999 the tenth anniversary of the explosion The book s publisher was W W Norton amp Company based in New York City 15 Content editThe book begins by describing conditions aboard Iowa before the explosion Thompson depicts Moosally the ship s captain as an inept seaman who gained command of the battleship through political connections Under Moosally s leadership or lack thereof Iowa operated with severe training and safety deficiencies especially with regard to operations with the ship s 16 inch guns The book details how the ship s Master Chief Fire Controlman Stephen Skelley conducted illegal gunnery experiments with the 16 inch guns Moosally apparently did not check to ensure that the experiments were authorized or in some cases appears not to have been aware that they were being carried out 16 The book describes the explosion on April 19 1989 and the heroic efforts by the ship s crew to contain the fires and avoid a cataclysmic detonation of the turret s powder magazines After the fires were contained Moosally ordered the crew to immediately begin cleaning up the turret The cleanup involved removing the bodies of the deceased turret crewman and disposing of the damaged turret equipment all without photographing or otherwise recording the locations of the bodies or equipment which would have presumably assisted with the resulting investigation 17 nbsp Rear Admiral Richard MilliganAccording to Thompson the Navy immediately began efforts to cover up the cause of the explosion Rear Admiral Richard Milligan assigned to lead the investigation soon focused his inquiry into trying to prove that one of the deceased turret s crewmembers Clayton Hartwig had intentionally caused the explosion After learning that Hartwig had named another sailor and friend Kendall Truitt as a beneficiary of a life insurance policy on himself Milligan enlisted the help of the Naval Investigative Service NIS the predecessor of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS to investigate Hartwig and Truitt 18 NIS investigators tried to prove unsuccessfully that Hartwig and Truitt had had a homosexual relationship with each other and that Hartwig had initiated the explosion after the relationship had soured As the NIS investigation continued information about the Navy s focus on the two sailors and innuendoes about their relationship were leaked to the media The leaks were later said to have come from the NIS and from the Navy s headquarters Thompson alleges that during its investigation NIS agents lied or otherwise conducted themselves in an extremely unprofessional manner 18 Captain Joseph Miceli assigned by the Navy to lead the technical investigation into the explosion had supervised the preparation of powder and shells used in Iowa s 16 inch guns Thus according to Thompson Miceli had a conflict of interest in ensuring that the powder ammunition or guns were not at fault in the explosion After being briefed on the NIS s focus on Hartwig Miceli directed his investigative team to determine how Hartwig had initiated the explosion using an electrical or chemical detonator 19 Throughout the investigation according to Thompson Admiral Leon A Edney the Navy s Vice Chief of Naval Operations interfered with the investigation by sending suggestions to Milligan on avenues of inquiry and pushing for a finding that Hartwig or Truitt was responsible Edney interfered with the investigation in order to prevent any findings that the Navy had knowingly operated an unsafe ship in an unsafe manner Also Edney feared that if the Iowa class battleships were found to be unsafe the battleships would be decommissioned and the Navy would lose the associated admiral billets plus the other warships and support ships assigned to the battleship groups 20 In September 1989 the Navy announced that it had determined that Hartwig intentionally caused the explosion The victim s family members many in the media and the United States Congress rejected the Navy s findings Sandia National Laboratories acting on a request from the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services determined that the explosion could have been an accident caused by overramming the powder bags into the gun s breech during the loading process Forced by the revelation to reopen its investigation the Navy inexplicably according to Thompson placed Miceli in charge of the new inquiry 18 Nineteen months later the Navy concluded that it could not determine who or what had caused the explosion provided a partial apology to Hartwig s family and closed its investigation 21 In contrast Sandia concluded that the explosion had probably been caused by an overram of the powder bags into the center gun s breech possibly because of a malfunction in the rammer mechanism or because the gun crew was inadequately trained 22 Critical reception Navy reaction and movie editUpon its publication the book received favorable reviews Dan Blue reviewing the book for the San Francisco Chronicle stated that In its main outlines it convinces and Beyond accuracy Thompson s book provides a gripping read 19 Steve Weinberg in the Denver Post wrote that Measured by its information gathering this is a great book of investigative journalism 23 The book was selected by the Book of the Month Club as its featured selection in March 1999 24 Thompson stated that after the book was published a previously scheduled invitation to speak at the US Navy s National Museum was rescinded his book was banned from being sold in the museum s book store and Navy exchange stores at bases throughout the world were forbidden from selling his book Emails between Navy officials obtained by Thompson through a Freedom of Information Act request included one from a Navy public affairs officer dated April 15 1999 saying with regard to Thompson I will call book wholesalers and tell them not to set up book signings with this author 25 The Navy denied that it attempted to suppress or censor Thompson s book stating that it had simply refused permission for Thompson to hold book signings on any Navy bases 26 In August 1999 Salon com checked the bookstores at the United States Naval Academy Naval Submarine Base New London and Iowa s former home base Naval Station Norfolk and did not find the book available for sale at any of the locations 24 In 2001 the FX TV network broadcast a movie A Glimpse of Hell based on Thompson s book starring James Caan and Robert Sean Leonard The movie received a 3 3 household rating and drew 2 7 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research enough to make the movie the most watched program in FX s seven year history 27 W W Norton does not appear to have released sales figures for the book As of January 2009 Amazon com lists the book at 997 726 in sales out of all books offered by the bookseller and at No 85 in books related to the State of Iowa 28 Lawsuit editIn March 2001 Moosally Miceli and two other former Iowa officers filed suit against Thompson W W Norton and Dan Meyer who the plaintiffs stated provided much of the information used in the book for libel false light privacy and conspiracy In April 2001 another former Iowa crewman filed a separate suit with the same attorney for the same causes of action In response to the suits Thompson stated that he stood foursquare behind his book s content 29 In April 2004 the South Carolina Supreme Court dismissed the suits against Thompson and Meyer but allowed the suit against W W Norton to proceed The court stated that South Carolina s long arm jurisdiction did not apply to Thompson and Meyer but did to W W Norton 30 In February 2007 the suits were settled out of court for undisclosed terms Stephen F DeAntonio attorney for the plaintiffs said that his clients felt totally vindicated 31 W W Norton did not publicly retract or repudiate any of the material in Thompson s book however instead sending a letter to the plaintiffs stating in part To the extent you believe the book implies that any of you were engaged in a cover up were incompetent committed criminal acts violated Naval regulations or exhibited faulty seamanship or professional ineptitude Norton regrets the emotional distress experienced by you or your family 32 References edit Schwoebel pp 1 2 Thompson pp 15 93 96 Garzke Dorsey Diehl p 172 Bonner p 59 Schwoebel pp 7 8 136 232 238 Thompson Glimpse pp 97 101 107 152 Garzke Diehl p 172 Schwoebel pp 10 15 Thompson Glimpse pp 135 139 142 161 165 The one officer investigation was often referred to within the Navy as a JAGMAN and its rules and procedures were laid out in the Navy s Manual of the Judge Advocate General Chapter 5 Part C Schwoebel p 291 Diehl p 172 Schwoebel pp 10 11 65 236 Thompson Glimpse p 137 Thompson Cover up Weinberg Thompson Cover up Thompson Glimpse pp 9 10 307 Rosenthal The New York Times Excerpts From Iowa Blast Findings Garzke Diehl p 174 Schwoebel pp xvii 27 39 42 70 244 Thompson Glimpse pp 284 285 288 299 302 Bonner p 59 Thompson Glimpse p 307 Thompson Glimpse pp 307 308 Thompson Glimpse pp 308 312 319 323 327 332 335 342 Diehl p 175 Schwoebel pp xix xx 223 224 284 287 Thompson Glimpse pp 352 372 380 382 Garzke Vogel Charles Diehl p 175 Bonner p 59 Schwoebel pp xxi 164 216 222 Weinberg Thompson Glimpse pp 378 384 Weinberg Thompson Cover up Stein Thompson Cover up Stein Vogel Thompson Cover up Blue Weinberg Blue a b c Stein Weinberg Blue a b Blue Stein Blue Vogel Diehl p 172 Thompson Glimpse p 135 Diehl p 175 Schwoebel pp xix xx 223 224 284 287 Thompson pp 352 372 380 382 Stein Garzke Vogel Charles Diehl p 175 Bonner p 59 Schwoebel pp xxi 164 216 222 Weinberg a b Stein Stein Thompson Cover up Blue Stein Thompson Cover up aboard the USS Iowa IMDB com 2001 A Glimpse of Hell 2001 TV Internet Movie Database Archived from the original on January 11 2009 Retrieved December 26 2008 Broadcasting amp Cable March 26 2001 Hell sends FX ratings Heavenward Reed Business Information Retrieved December 26 2008 Amazon com 2009 A Glimpse of Hell The Explosion on the U S S Iowa amp Its Cover Up Hardcover ISBN 978 0 393 04714 1 Vogel Supreme Court of South Carolina Associated Press Defamation suit over USS Iowa book settled The other plaintiffs with Moosally were John Morse Bob Finney and Joseph Dominick Miceli Morse was Iowa s former executive officer Finney Iowa s former operations officer and Miceli led the Navy s technical investigation into the explosion Dale Eugene Mortensen a former gun chief for Iowa s Turret One filed the separate suit Supreme Court of South Carolina Associated Press Defamation suit over USS Iowa book settled Associated Press Court allows Iowa officers to sue book publisher Associated Press Defamation suit over USS Iowa book settled Further reading editAssociated Press Court allows Iowa officers to sue book publisher Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd Archived from the original on February 12 2013 Retrieved May 9 2007 Bonner Kit Carolyn Bonner Kermit Bonner November 19 1998 Great Naval Disasters U S Naval Accidents in the 20th century Zenith Press ISBN 0 7603 0594 3 Diehl Alan E January 27 2003 Silent Knights Blowing the Whistle on Military Accidents and Their Cover Ups Potomac Books ISBN 1 57488 544 8 Schwoebel Richard L 2001 Explosion Aboard the Iowa Diane Pub Co ISBN 0 7567 6583 8 Thompson II Charles C 1999 A Glimpse of Hell The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover Up W W Norton ISBN 0 393 04714 8 Vogel Steve March 18 2001 Deadly Blast Haunts Battleship s Skipper The Washington Post External links editAssociated Press 2007 Defamation suit over USS Iowa book settled ABCmoney co uk Archived from the original on April 13 2009 Retrieved December 9 2008 Blue Dan June 13 1999 Framed at Sea How Navy officers tried blame 47 deaths on a sailor by calling him gay Newspaper book review San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved November 19 2008 Dorsey Jack April 17 1999 Ten years after Iowa tragedy only evidence left is memories Virginian Pilot Archived from the original as reproduced at USSIowa org on March 11 2007 Retrieved May 9 2007 Garzke William H Jr Robert O Dulin Jr 1995 Battleships Naval Institute Press Annapolis Maryland Archived from the original on January 22 2004 Retrieved November 20 2006 The New York Times September 8 1989 Excerpts From Iowa Blast Findings Newspaper article The New York Times Retrieved January 2 2008 Rosenthal Andrew July 20 1989 Discord Reported in Navy Over Iowa Blast Inquiry Newspaper article The New York Times Retrieved January 2 2008 Stein Jeff August 18 1999 Uncle Sam wants you in the dark Salon com Archived from the original on January 24 2007 Retrieved May 9 2007 Supreme Court of South Carolina Published opinion and orders Supreme Court of South Carolina Retrieved May 9 2007 Record of suit brought by Fred Moosally Joseph Miceli John Morse and Robert D Finney against Charles C Thompson II author of the book A Glimpse of Hell Thompson Charles July 1999 Cover up aboard the USS Iowa Investigative Reporters and Editors BNET 22 5 ProQuest 200328637 Retrieved July 18 2021 Weinberg Steve May 2 1999 Truth also a victim in Navy s tragedy report Newspaper book review Denver Post Retrieved January 14 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title A Glimpse of Hell book amp oldid 1183967190, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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