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ARM9

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with ARMv9.

ARM9 is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM Holdings for microcontroller use.[1] The ARM9 core family consists of ARM9TDMI, ARM940T, ARM9E-S, ARM966E-S, ARM920T, ARM922T, ARM946E-S, ARM9EJ-S, ARM926EJ-S, ARM968E-S, ARM996HS. Since ARM9 cores were released from 1998 to 2006, they are no longer recommended for new IC designs, instead ARM Cortex-A, ARM Cortex-M, ARM Cortex-R cores are preferred.[1]

ARM9T
General information
Designed byARM Holdings
Architecture and classification
MicroarchitectureARMv4T
Instruction setARM (32-bit),
Thumb (16-bit)
ARM9E
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate100 MHz to 600 MHz
Architecture and classification
MicroarchitectureARMv5TE
Instruction setARM (32-bit),
Thumb (16-bit)

Overview edit

See also: ARM architecture and List of ARM cores

With this design generation, ARM moved from a von Neumann architecture (Princeton architecture) to a (modified; meaning split cache) Harvard architecture with separate instruction and data buses (and caches), significantly increasing its potential speed.[2] Most silicon chips integrating these cores will package them as modified Harvard architecture chips, combining the two address buses on the other side of separated CPU caches and tightly coupled memories.

There are two subfamilies, implementing different ARM architecture versions.

Differences from ARM7 cores edit

Key improvements over ARM7 cores, enabled by spending more transistors, include:[3]

  • Decreased heat production and lower overheating risk.
  • Clock frequency improvements. Shifting from a three-stage pipeline to a five-stage one lets the clock speed be approximately doubled, on the same silicon fabrication process.
  • Cycle count improvements. Many unmodified ARM7 binaries were measured as taking about 30% fewer cycles to execute on ARM9 cores. Key improvements include:
    • Faster loads and stores; many instructions now cost just one cycle. This is helped by both the modified Harvard architecture (reducing bus and cache contention) and the new pipeline stages.
    • Exposing pipeline interlocks, enabling compiler optimizations to reduce blockage between stages.

Additionally, some ARM9 cores incorporate "Enhanced DSP" instructions, such as a multiply-accumulate, to support more efficient implementations of digital signal processing algorithms.

Switching from a von Neumann architecture entailed using a non-unified cache, so that instruction fetches do not evict data (and vice versa). ARM9 cores have separate data and address bus signals, which chip designers use in various ways. In most cases they connect at least part of the address space in von Neumann style, used for both instructions and data, usually to an AHB interconnect connecting to a DRAM interface and an External Bus Interface usable with NOR flash memory. Such hybrids are no longer pure Harvard architecture processors.

ARM license edit

ARM Holdings neither manufactures nor sells CPU devices based on its own designs, but rather licenses the processor architecture to interested parties. ARM offers a variety of licensing terms, varying in cost and deliverables. To all licensees, ARM provides an integratable hardware description of the ARM core, as well as complete software development toolset and the right to sell manufactured silicon containing the ARM CPU.

Silicon customization edit

Integrated device manufacturers (IDM) receive the ARM Processor IP as synthesizable RTL (written in Verilog). In this form, they have the ability to perform architectural level optimizations and extensions. This allows the manufacturer to achieve custom design goals, such as higher clock speed, very low power consumption, instruction set extensions, optimizations for size, debug support, etc. To determine which components have been included in a particular ARM CPU chip, consult the manufacturer datasheet and related documentation.

Cores edit

Year ARM9 Cores
1998 ARM9TDMI
1998 ARM940T
1999 ARM9E-S
1999 ARM966E-S
2000 ARM920T
2000 ARM922T
2000 ARM946E-S
2001 ARM9EJ-S
2001 ARM926EJ-S
2004 ARM968E-S
2006 ARM996HS

The ARM MPCore family of multicore processors support software written using either the asymmetric (AMP) or symmetric (SMP) multiprocessor programming paradigms. For AMP development, each central processing unit within the MPCore may be viewed as an independent processor and as such can follow traditional single processor development strategies.[4]

ARM9TDMI edit

ARM9TDMI is a successor to the popular ARM7TDMI core, and is also based on the ARMv4T architecture. Cores based on it support both 32-bit ARM and 16-bit Thumb instruction sets and include:

  • ARM920T with 16 KB each of I/D cache and an MMU
  • ARM922T with 8 KB each of I/D cache and an MMU
  • ARM940T with cache and a Memory Protection Unit (MPU)

ARM9E-S and ARM9EJ-S edit

ARM9E, and its ARM9EJ sibling, implement the basic ARM9TDMI pipeline, but add support for the ARMv5TE architecture, which includes some DSP-esque instruction set extensions. In addition, the multiplier unit width has been doubled, halving the time required for most multiplication operations. They support 32-bit, 16-bit, and sometimes 8-bit instruction sets.

  • ARM926EJ-S with ARM Jazelle technology, which enables the direct execution of 8-bit Java bytecode in hardware, and an MMU
  • ARM946
  • ARM966
  • ARM968

The TI-Nspire CX (2011) and CX II (2019) graphing calculators use an ARM926EJ-S processor, clocked at 132 and 396 MHz respectively.[5]

Chips edit

 
Nintendo DSi has a chip with an ARM9 and ARM7 core
 
Lego Mindstorms EV3 brick has an ARM9 TI Sitara AM1x
 
ARM946E-S baseband processor on a Samsung SGH-D900 phone
ARM920T
ARM922T
 
Samsung S3C2416XH-26
ARM925T
ARM926EJ-S
ARM940T
ARM946E-S
ARM966E-S
ARM968E-S
Unreferenced ARM9 core

Documentation edit

The amount of documentation for all ARM chips is daunting, especially for newcomers. The documentation for microcontrollers from past decades would easily be inclusive in a single document, but as chips have evolved so has the documentation grown. The total documentation is especially hard to grasp for all ARM chips since it consists of documents from the IC manufacturer and documents from CPU core vendor (ARM Holdings).

A typical top-down documentation tree is: high-level marketing slides, datasheet for the exact physical chip, a detailed reference manual that describes common peripherals and other aspects of physical chips within the same series, reference manual for the exact ARM core processor within the chip, reference manual for the ARM architecture of the core which includes detailed description of all instruction sets.

Documentation tree (top to bottom)
  1. IC manufacturer marketing slides.
  2. IC manufacturer datasheets.
  3. IC manufacturer reference manuals.
  4. ARM core reference manuals.
  5. ARM architecture reference manuals.

IC manufacturer has additional documents, including: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started with development software, software library documents, errata, and more.

See also edit

See also: List of ARM Cortex-M development tools

References edit

  1. ^ a b ARM9 Family Webpage; ARM Holdings.
  2. ^ Furber, Steve (2000). ARM System-on-Chip Architecture. p. 344. ISBN 0201675196.
  3. ^ "Performance of the ARM9TDMI and ARM9E-S cores compared to the ARM7TDMI core", Issue 1.0, dated 9 February 2000, ARM Ltd.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 11 April 2015.
  5. ^ "Teardown Tuesday: Graphing Calculator - News". www.allaboutcircuits.com. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  6. ^ a b Atmel Legacy ARM-Based Solutions; Atmel.
  7. ^ SAM9G ARM9 Microcontrollers; Atmel.
  8. ^ SAM9M ARM9 Microcontrollers; Microchip.
  9. ^ SAM9N/CN ARM9 Microcontrollers; Atmel.
  10. ^ SAM9R/RL ARM9 Microcontrollers; Atmel.
  11. ^ SAM9X ARM9 Microcontrollers; Atmel.
  12. ^ SAM9XE ARM9 Microcontrollers; Atmel.
  13. ^ "Hardware/Starlet". Wiibrew. from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  14. ^ i.MX28 Applications Processors; NXP.
  15. ^ "LPC3100/200 Series: Arm9-based microcontrollers|NXP". www.nxp.com. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
  16. ^ "iLO 4 Cryptographic Module FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy" (PDF). Hewlett Packard Enterprise. 10 February 2016.
  17. ^ "SPEAr ARM 926 Microprocessors - STMicroelectronics".
  18. ^ GBATEK - GBA/NDS Technical Info - ARM CP15 ID Codes; Martin Korth
  19. ^ STR9 ARM9 Microcontrollers; STMicroelectronics.
  20. ^ "NS9210/NS9215 32-bit NET+ARM Processor Family" (PDF). Digi International.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ARM9.
ARM9 official documents
  • ARM9 official website
  • Architecture Reference Manual: ARMv4/5/6
  • Core Reference Manuals: ARM9E-S, ARM9EJ-S,ARM9TDMI,ARM920T,ARM922T,ARM926EJ-S,ARM940T,ARM946E-S,ARM966E-S,ARM968E-S
  • Coprocessor Reference Manuals: VFP9-S (Floating-Point), MOVE (MPEG4)
Quick Reference Cards
  • Instructions: Thumb (1), ARM and Thumb-2 (2), Vector Floating Point (3)
  • Opcodes: Thumb (1, 2), ARM (3, 4), GNU Assembler Directives 5.

January 01, 1970
arm9, confused, with, armv9, group, risc, processor, cores, licensed, holdings, microcontroller, core, family, consists, tdmi, 26ej, 96hs, since, cores, were, released, from, 1998, 2006, they, longer, recommended, designs, instead, cortex, cortex, cortex, core. Not to be confused with ARMv9 ARM9 is a group of 32 bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM Holdings for microcontroller use 1 The ARM9 core family consists of ARM9TDMI ARM940T ARM9E S ARM966E S ARM920T ARM922T ARM946E S ARM9EJ S ARM926EJ S ARM968E S ARM996HS Since ARM9 cores were released from 1998 to 2006 they are no longer recommended for new IC designs instead ARM Cortex A ARM Cortex M ARM Cortex R cores are preferred 1 ARM9TGeneral informationDesigned byARM HoldingsArchitecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv4TInstruction setARM 32 bit Thumb 16 bit ARM9EPerformanceMax CPU clock rate100 MHz to 600 MHzArchitecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv5TEInstruction setARM 32 bit Thumb 16 bit ARM9EJArchitecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv5TEJInstruction setARM 32 bit Thumb 16 bit Jazelle 8 bit Contents 1 Overview 1 1 Differences from ARM7 cores 1 2 ARM license 1 3 Silicon customization 2 Cores 2 1 ARM9TDMI 2 2 ARM9E S and ARM9EJ S 3 Chips 4 Documentation 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksOverview editSee also ARM architecture and List of ARM cores With this design generation ARM moved from a von Neumann architecture Princeton architecture to a modified meaning split cache Harvard architecture with separate instruction and data buses and caches significantly increasing its potential speed 2 Most silicon chips integrating these cores will package them as modified Harvard architecture chips combining the two address buses on the other side of separated CPU caches and tightly coupled memories There are two subfamilies implementing different ARM architecture versions Differences from ARM7 cores edit Key improvements over ARM7 cores enabled by spending more transistors include 3 Decreased heat production and lower overheating risk Clock frequency improvements Shifting from a three stage pipeline to a five stage one lets the clock speed be approximately doubled on the same silicon fabrication process Cycle count improvements Many unmodified ARM7 binaries were measured as taking about 30 fewer cycles to execute on ARM9 cores Key improvements include Faster loads and stores many instructions now cost just one cycle This is helped by both the modified Harvard architecture reducing bus and cache contention and the new pipeline stages Exposing pipeline interlocks enabling compiler optimizations to reduce blockage between stages Additionally some ARM9 cores incorporate Enhanced DSP instructions such as a multiply accumulate to support more efficient implementations of digital signal processing algorithms Switching from a von Neumann architecture entailed using a non unified cache so that instruction fetches do not evict data and vice versa ARM9 cores have separate data and address bus signals which chip designers use in various ways In most cases they connect at least part of the address space in von Neumann style used for both instructions and data usually to an AHB interconnect connecting to a DRAM interface and an External Bus Interface usable with NOR flash memory Such hybrids are no longer pure Harvard architecture processors ARM license edit ARM Holdings neither manufactures nor sells CPU devices based on its own designs but rather licenses the processor architecture to interested parties ARM offers a variety of licensing terms varying in cost and deliverables To all licensees ARM provides an integratable hardware description of the ARM core as well as complete software development toolset and the right to sell manufactured silicon containing the ARM CPU Silicon customization edit Integrated device manufacturers IDM receive the ARM Processor IP as synthesizable RTL written in Verilog In this form they have the ability to perform architectural level optimizations and extensions This allows the manufacturer to achieve custom design goals such as higher clock speed very low power consumption instruction set extensions optimizations for size debug support etc To determine which components have been included in a particular ARM CPU chip consult the manufacturer datasheet and related documentation Cores editYear ARM9 Cores 1998 ARM9TDMI 1998 ARM940T 1999 ARM9E S 1999 ARM966E S 2000 ARM920T 2000 ARM922T 2000 ARM946E S 2001 ARM9EJ S 2001 ARM926EJ S 2004 ARM968E S 2006 ARM996HS The ARM MPCore family of multicore processors support software written using either the asymmetric AMP or symmetric SMP multiprocessor programming paradigms For AMP development each central processing unit within the MPCore may be viewed as an independent processor and as such can follow traditional single processor development strategies 4 ARM9TDMI edit ARM9TDMI is a successor to the popular ARM7TDMI core and is also based on the ARMv4T architecture Cores based on it support both 32 bit ARM and 16 bit Thumb instruction sets and include ARM920T with 16 KB each of I D cache and an MMU ARM922T with 8 KB each of I D cache and an MMU ARM940T with cache and a Memory Protection Unit MPU ARM9E S and ARM9EJ S edit ARM9E and its ARM9EJ sibling implement the basic ARM9TDMI pipeline but add support for the ARMv5TE architecture which includes some DSP esque instruction set extensions In addition the multiplier unit width has been doubled halving the time required for most multiplication operations They support 32 bit 16 bit and sometimes 8 bit instruction sets ARM926EJ S with ARM Jazelle technology which enables the direct execution of 8 bit Java bytecode in hardware and an MMU ARM946 ARM966 ARM968 The TI Nspire CX 2011 and CX II 2019 graphing calculators use an ARM926EJ S processor clocked at 132 and 396 MHz respectively 5 Chips edit nbsp Nintendo DSi has a chip with an ARM9 and ARM7 core nbsp Lego Mindstorms EV3 brick has an ARM9 TI Sitara AM1x nbsp ARM946E S baseband processor on a Samsung SGH D900 phone ARM920T Atmel AT91RM9200 6 Cirrus Logic EP9315 ARM9 CPU 200 MHz NXP i MX1 Samsung S3C2410 S3C2440 S3C2442 S3C2443 ARM922T nbsp Samsung S3C2416XH 26 Micrel Kendin KS8695 NXP LH7A4xx ARM925T Texas Instruments OMAP 1510 ARM926EJ S ASPEED AST2400 Cypress Semiconductor EZ USB FX3 Microchip Technology former Atmel AT91SAM9260 6 AT91SAM9G 7 AT91SAM9M 8 AT91SAM9N CN 9 AT91SAM9R RL 10 AT91SAM9X 11 AT91SAM9XE 12 see AT91SAM9 Nintendo Starlet Wii coprocessor 13 Nuvoton NUC900 NXP former Freescale Semiconductor i MX2 Series 14 see I MX LPC3100 and LPC3200 Series 15 Samsung S3C2412 S3C2416 S3C2450 STMicroelectronics Nomadik Texas Instruments OMAP 850 750 733 730 5912 also 5948 which is a customer specific version of it made for Bosch 1610 Texas Instruments Sitara AM1x OMAP L137 L138 Davinci DA830 DA850 DM355 DM365 HP iLO 4 16 baseboard management controller 5V Technologies 5VT1310 1312 1314 STMicroelectronics SPEAr300 600 17 VIA WonderMedia 8505 and 8650 ARM940T Conexant CX22490 STB SoC ARM946E S Nintendo NTR CPU Nintendo DS CPU TWL CPU Nintendo DSi CPU same as the DS but clocked at 133 MHz instead of 67 MHz 18 NXP Nexperia PNX5230 ARM966E S STMicroelectronics STR9 19 ARM968E S NXP Semiconductors LPC2900 Unreferenced ARM9 core Anyka AK32xx Atmel AT91CAP9 CSR Quatro 4300 Centrality Atlas III Digi NS9215 NS9210 20 HiSilicon Kirin K3V1 Infineon Technologies S GOLDlite PMB 8875 LeapFrog LF 1000 NXP Semiconductors former Freescale Semiconductor i MX1x MediaTek MT1000 MT6235 39 MT6268 MT6516 PRAGMATEC RABBITV3 ARM920T rev 0 v4l used in Karotz Qualcomm MSM6xxx Qualcomm Atheros AR6400 Texas Instruments TMS320DM365 TMS320DM368 ARM9EJ S Zilog Encore 32Documentation editThe amount of documentation for all ARM chips is daunting especially for newcomers The documentation for microcontrollers from past decades would easily be inclusive in a single document but as chips have evolved so has the documentation grown The total documentation is especially hard to grasp for all ARM chips since it consists of documents from the IC manufacturer and documents from CPU core vendor ARM Holdings A typical top down documentation tree is high level marketing slides datasheet for the exact physical chip a detailed reference manual that describes common peripherals and other aspects of physical chips within the same series reference manual for the exact ARM core processor within the chip reference manual for the ARM architecture of the core which includes detailed description of all instruction sets Documentation tree top to bottom IC manufacturer marketing slides IC manufacturer datasheets IC manufacturer reference manuals ARM core reference manuals ARM architecture reference manuals IC manufacturer has additional documents including evaluation board user manuals application notes getting started with development software software library documents errata and more See also edit nbsp Electronics portal See also List of ARM Cortex M development tools ARM architecture List of ARM architectures and cores JTAG Interrupt Interrupt handler Real time operating system Comparison of real time operating systemsReferences edit a b ARM9 Family Webpage ARM Holdings Furber Steve 2000 ARM System on Chip Architecture p 344 ISBN 0201675196 Performance of the ARM9TDMI and ARM9E S cores compared to the ARM7TDMI core Issue 1 0 dated 9 February 2000 ARM Ltd MPCore Sample Code Archived from the original on 11 April 2015 Teardown Tuesday Graphing Calculator News www allaboutcircuits com Retrieved 2021 07 12 a b Atmel Legacy ARM Based Solutions Atmel SAM9G ARM9 Microcontrollers Atmel SAM9M ARM9 Microcontrollers Microchip SAM9N CN ARM9 Microcontrollers Atmel SAM9R RL ARM9 Microcontrollers Atmel SAM9X ARM9 Microcontrollers Atmel SAM9XE ARM9 Microcontrollers Atmel Hardware Starlet Wiibrew Archived from the original on 16 May 2020 Retrieved 14 June 2020 i MX28 Applications Processors NXP LPC3100 200 Series Arm9 based microcontrollers NXP www nxp com Retrieved 2018 07 27 iLO 4 Cryptographic Module FIPS 140 2 Non Proprietary Security Policy PDF Hewlett Packard Enterprise 10 February 2016 SPEAr ARM 926 Microprocessors STMicroelectronics GBATEK GBA NDS Technical Info ARM CP15 ID Codes Martin Korth STR9 ARM9 Microcontrollers STMicroelectronics NS9210 NS9215 32 bit NET ARM Processor Family PDF Digi International External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to wbr ARM9 ARM9 official documents ARM9 official website Architecture Reference Manual ARMv4 5 6 Core Reference Manuals ARM9E S ARM9EJ S ARM9TDMI ARM920T ARM922T ARM926EJ S ARM940T ARM946E S ARM966E S ARM968E S Coprocessor Reference Manuals VFP9 S Floating Point MOVE MPEG4 Quick Reference Cards Instructions Thumb 1 ARM and Thumb 2 2 Vector Floating Point 3 Opcodes Thumb 1 2 ARM 3 4 GNU Assembler Directives 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title ARM9 amp oldid 1161455955 ARM946E, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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