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Athlon 64

January 01, 1970

The Athlon 64 is a ninth-generation, AMD64-architecture microprocessor produced by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), released on September 23, 2003.[1] It is the third processor to bear the name Athlon, and the immediate successor to the Athlon XP.[2] The Athlon 64 was the second processor to implement the AMD64 architecture (after the Opteron) and the first 64-bit processor targeted at the average consumer.[3] Variants of the Athlon 64 have been produced for Socket 754, Socket 939, Socket 940, and Socket AM2. It was AMD's primary consumer CPU, and primarily competed with Intel's Pentium 4, especially the Prescott and Cedar Mill core revisions.

Athlon 64
Original logo
General information
LaunchedSeptember 23, 2003
Discontinued2009
Common manufacturer(s)
  • AMD
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate1.0 GHz to 3.2 GHz
HyperTransport speeds800 MT/s to 1000 MT/s
Architecture and classification
Technology node130nm to 65nm
MicroarchitectureK8
Instruction setMMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, x86-64, 3DNow!
Physical specifications
Cores
  • 1
Socket(s)
History
Predecessor(s)Athlon
Successor(s)Athlon 64 X2

The Athlon 64 is AMD's first K8, eighth-generation processor core for desktop and mobile computers.[4] Despite being natively 64-bit, the AMD64 architecture is backward-compatible with 32-bit x86 instructions.[5] The Athlon 64 line was succeeded by the dual-core Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon X2 lines.

Background edit

 
The K8 architecture

The Athlon 64 was originally codenamed ClawHammer by AMD,[3] and was referred to as such internally and in press releases. The first Athlon 64 FX was based on the first Opteron core, SledgeHammer. Both cores, produced on a 130 nanometer process, were first introduced on September 23, 2003. The models first available were the FX-51, fitting Socket 940, and the 3200+, fitting Socket 754.[6] Like the Opteron, on which it was based, the Athlon FX-51 required buffered random-access memory (RAM), increasing the final cost of an upgrade.[7] The week of the Athlon 64's launch, Intel released the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, a CPU designed to compete with the Athlon 64 FX.[8] The Extreme Edition was widely considered a marketing ploy to draw publicity away from AMD, and was quickly nicknamed among some circles the "Emergency Edition".[9] Despite a very strong demand for the chip, AMD experienced early manufacturing difficulties that made it difficult to deliver Athlon 64s in quantity. In the early months of the Athlon 64 lifespan, AMD could only produce 100,000 chips per month.[10] However, it was very competitive in terms of performance to the Pentium 4, with magazine PC World calling it the "fastest yet".[11] The Athlon FX-51 also outperforming the Pentium 4 3.2C in Quake III Arena and Unreal Tournament 2003 Benchmark, According to Maximum PC.[12] "Newcastle" was released soon after ClawHammer, with half the Level 2 cache.[13]

Single-core Athlon 64 edit

 
AMD Athlon 64 3200+ (2.0 GHz) Clawhammer, Socket 754. It is one of the first x86-64 processors available to the general consumer market.

All the 64-bit processors sold by AMD so far have their genesis in the K8 or Hammer project. On June 1, 2004, AMD released new versions of both the ClawHammer and Newcastle core revisions for the newly introduced Socket 939, an altered Socket 940 without the need for buffered memory.[14] Socket 939 offered two main improvements over Socket 754: the memory controller was altered with dual-channel architecture,[15] doubling peak memory bandwidth, and the HyperTransport bus was increased in speed from 800 MHz to 1000 MHz.[16] Socket 939 also was introduced in the FX series in the form of the FX-55.[17] At the same time, AMD also began to ship the "Winchester" core, based on a 90 nanometer process.

Core revisions "Venice" and "San Diego" succeeded all prior revisions on April 15, 2005. Venice, the lower-end part, was produced for both Sockets 754 and 939, and included 512 kB of L2 cache.[18] San Diego, the higher-end chip, was produced only for Socket 939 and doubled Venice's L2 cache to 1 MB.[19] Both were produced on the 90 nm fabrication process.[20] Both also included support for the SSE3 instruction set,[21] a new feature that had been included in the rival Pentium 4 since the release of the Prescott core in February 2004.[22] In addition, AMD overhauled the memory controller for this revision, resulting in performance improvements as well as support for newer DDR RAM.[23]

Dual-core Athlon 64 edit

Main article: Athlon 64 X2

On April 21, 2005, less than a week after the release of Venice and San Diego, AMD announced its next addition to the Athlon 64 line, the Athlon 64 X2.[24] Released on May 31, 2005,[25] it also initially had two different core revisions available to the public, Manchester and Toledo, the only appreciable difference between them being the amount of L2 cache.[26] Both were released only for Socket 939.[27] The Athlon 64 X2 was received very well by reviewers and the general public, with a general consensus emerging that AMD's implementation of multi-core was superior to that of the competing Pentium D.[28][29] Some felt initially that the X2 would cause market confusion with regard to price points since the new processor was targeted at the same "enthusiast," US$350 and above market[30] already occupied by AMD's existing socket 939 Athlon 64s.[31] AMD's official breakdown of the chips placed the Athlon X2 aimed at a segment they called the "prosumer", along with digital media fans.[25] The Athlon 64 was targeted at the mainstream consumer, and the Athlon FX at gamers. The Sempron budget processor was targeted at value-conscious consumers.[32] Following the launch of the Athlon 64 X2, AMD surpassed Intel in US retail sales for a period of time, although Intel retained overall market leadership because of its exclusive relationships with direct sellers such as Dell.[33]

DDR2 edit

The Athlon 64 had been maligned by some critics for some time because of its lack of support for DDR2 SDRAM, an at the time emerging technology that had been adopted much earlier by Intel.[34] AMD's official position was that the CAS latency on DDR2 had not progressed to a point where it would be advantageous for the consumer to adopt it.[35] AMD finally remedied this gap with the "Orleans" core revision, the first Athlon 64 to fit Socket AM2, released on May 23, 2006.[36] "Windsor", an Athlon 64 X2 revision for Socket AM2, was released concurrently. Both Orleans and Windsor have either 512 kB or 1 MB of L2 cache per core.[37] The Athlon 64 FX-62 was also released concurrently on the Socket AM2 platform.[38] Socket AM2 also uses less power than prior platforms, and supports AMD-V.[39]

The memory controller used in all DDR2 SDRAM capable processors (Socket AM2), has extended column address range of 11 columns instead of conventional 10 columns, and the support of 16 kB page size, with at most 2048 individual entries supported. An OCZ unbuffered DDR2 kit, optimized for 64-bit operating systems, was released to exploit the functionality provided by the memory controller in socket AM2 processors, allowing the memory controller to stay longer on the same page, thus benefitting graphics intensive applications.[40]

Moving to the subnotebook space edit

The Athlon architecture was further extended with the release of Athlon Neo processors on January 9, 2009. Based on the same architecture as the other Athlon 64 variants, the new processor features a small package footprint targeting Ultra-portable notebook market.

AMD Athlon 64 processor family
Logo Desktop Logo Laptop
Code-named Core Date released Code-named Core Date released
  ClawHammer
Newcastle
Winchester
Venice
Manchester*
San Diego
Toledo* 		130 nm
130 nm
90 nm
90 nm
90 nm
90 nm
90 nm 		Dec 2003
Dec 2003
Oct 2004
April 2005
May 2005
May 2005
May 2005 		  ClawHammer
Odessa
Oakville
Newark 		130 nm
130 nm
90 nm
90 nm 		Dec 2003
Feb 2004
Aug 2004
Apr 2005
  SledgeHammer
ClawHammer
San Diego 		130 nm
130 nm
90 nm 		Sep 2003
Jun 2004
Jun 2005
  Orleans
Lima 		65 nm
65 nm 		May 2006
Feb 2007 		  Huron 65 nm Jan 2009
* Athlon X2 with one core disabled
List of AMD Athlon 64 processors

Features edit

There are four variants: Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Mobile Athlon 64 (later renamed "Turion 64") and the dual-core Athlon 64 X2.[41] Common among the Athlon 64 line are a variety of instruction sets including MMX, 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, and SSE3.[42] All Athlon 64s also support the NX bit, a security feature named "Enhanced Virus Protection" by AMD.[43] And as implementations of the AMD64 architecture, all Athlon 64 variants are able to run 16 bit, 32 bit x86, and AMD64 code, through two different modes the processor can run in: "Legacy mode" and "long mode". Legacy mode runs 16-bit and 32-bit programs natively, and long mode runs 64-bit programs natively, but also allows for 32-bit programs running inside a 64-bit operating system.[44] All Athlon 64 processors feature 128 Kilobytes of level 1 cache, and at least 512 kB of level 2 cache.[42]

On-die memory controller edit

The Athlon 64 features an on-die memory controller,[5] a feature formerly seen on only the Transmeta Crusoe. This means the controller runs at the same clock rate as the CPU, and that the electrical signals have a shorter physical distance to travel compared to the old northbridge interfaces.[45] The result is a significant reduction in latency (response time) for access requests to main memory.[46] The lower latency was often cited as one of the advantages of the Athlon 64's architecture over those of its competitors at the time.[47]

Memory and HT Northbridge buses edit

As the memory controller is integrated onto the CPU die, there is no FSB for the system memory to base its speed upon.[48] Instead, system memory speed is obtained by using the following formula (using the ceiling function):[49]

 

In simpler terms, the memory is always running at a set fraction of the CPU speed, with the divisor being a whole number. An 'FSB' figure is still used to determine the CPU speed, but the RAM speed is no longer directly related to this 'FSB' figure (known otherwise as the LDT).

A second bus, the northbridge, connected the CPU to the chipset and device attachment bus (PCIe, AGP, PCI). This was implemented using a new high-performance standard, HyperTransport. AMD attempted, with some success, to make this an industry standard. It was also useful in building multi-processor systems without additional glue chips.

Translation lookaside buffers edit

Translation lookaside buffers (TLBs) have also been enlarged (40 4k/2M/4M entries in L1 cache, 512 4k entries),[50] with reduced latencies and improved branch prediction, with four times the number of bimodal counters in the global history counter.[44] This and other architectural enhancements, especially as regards SSE implementation, improve instructions per cycle (|IPC) performance over the prior Athlon XP generation.[44] To make this easier for consumers to understand, AMD has chosen to market the Athlon 64 using a PR (Performance Rating) system, where the numbers roughly map to Pentium 4 performance equivalents, rather than actual clock speed.[51]

Cool'n'Quiet edit

Athlon 64 also features CPU speed throttling technology branded Cool'n'Quiet, a feature similar to Intel's SpeedStep that can throttle the processor's clock speed back to facilitate lower power use and heat output.[52] When the user is running undemanding applications and the load on the processor is light, the processor clock speed and voltage are reduced. This in turn reduces its peak power use (max thermal design power (TDP) set at 89 W by AMD) to as low as 32 W (stepping level C0, clock speed reduced to 800 MHz) or 22W (stepping CG, clock speed reduced to 1 GHz). The Athlon 64 also has an integrated heat spreader (IHS) which prevents the CPU die from being damaged accidentally when mounting and unmounting heat sinks. With prior AMD CPUs, a CPU shim could be used by people worried about damaging the die.

NX bit edit

The No Execute bit (NX bit) supported by Windows XP Service Pack 2 and future versions of Windows, Linux 2.6.8 and higher and FreeBSD 5.3 and higher is also included, for improved protection from malicious buffer overflow security threats. Hardware-set permission levels make it much more difficult for malicious code to take control of the system. It is intended to make 64-bit computing a more secure environment.

Semiconductor Technology edit

The Athlon 64 CPUs have been produced with 130 and 90 nm silicon on insulator (SOI) process technologies.[53] All of the latest chips (Winchester, Venice, and San Diego models) are on 90 nm. The Venice and San Diego models also incorporate dual stress liner technology[54] (an amalgam of strained silicon and 'squeezed silicon', the latter of which is not actually a technology) co-developed with IBM.[55]

Processor cores edit

Athlon 64 FX edit

The Athlon 64 FX is positioned as a hardware enthusiast product, marketed by AMD especially toward gamers.[56] Unlike the standard Athlon 64, all of the Athlon 64 FX processors have their multipliers completely unlocked.[57] Starting with the FX-60, the FX line became dual-core.[58] The FX always has the highest clock speed of all Athlons at its release.[59] From FX-70 onwards, the line of processors will also support dual-processor setup with NUMA, named AMD Quad FX platform.

Athlon 64 X2 edit

Main article: Athlon 64 X2

The Athlon 64 X2 is the first dual-core desktop CPU manufactured by AMD. In 2007, AMD released two final Athlon 64 X2 versions: the AMD Athlon 64 X2 6400+ and 5000+ Black Editions. Both processors feature an unlocked multiplier, which allows for a large range of overclocked settings. The 6400+ is based on a 90 nm Windsor core (3.2 GHz, 2x1 MB L2, 125 W TDP) while the 5000+ is based on a 65 nm Brisbane core (2.6 GHz, 2 x 512 kB L2, 65 W TDP). These Black Edition processors are available at retail, but AMD does not include heatsinks in the retail package.

Turion 64 (formerly Mobile Athlon 64) edit

Main article: Turion 64
 
Model MT-34
 
MT-34 (bottom)

Formerly introduced as Mobile Athlon 64, Turion 64 is now the brand name AMD applies to its 64-bit low-power use (mobile) processors. The Turion 64 and Turion 64 X2 processors compete with Intel's mobile processors, initially the Pentium M and later the Intel Core and Intel Core 2 processors.

Earlier Turion 64 processors are compatible with AMD's Socket 754. The newer "Richmond" models are designed for AMD's Socket S1. They are equipped with 512 or 1024 kB of L2 cache, a 64-bit single channel on-die memory controller, and an 800 MHz HyperTransport bus. Battery saving features, like PowerNow!, are central to the marketing and usefulness of these CPUs.

Model naming methodology edit

The model naming scheme does not make it obvious how to compare one Turion with another, or even an Athlon 64. The model name is two letters, a dash, and a two digit number (for example, ML-34). The two letters together designate a processor class, while the number represents a PR rating. The first letter is M for single core processors and T for dual core Turion 64 X2 processors. The later in the alphabet that the second letter appears, the more the model has been designed for mobility (low power use). Take for example, an MT-30 and an ML-34. Since the T in the MT-30 is later in the alphabet than the L in ML-34, the MT-30 uses less power than the ML-34. But since 34 is greater than 30, the ML-34 is faster than the MT-30.

Athlon Neo edit

With 27 mm × 27 mm in size and 2.5 mm in thickness, the Athlon Neo processors utilize a new package called "ASB1", essentially a BGA package, for smaller footprint to allow smaller designs for notebooks and lowering the cost. The clock of the processors is significantly lower than desktop and other mobile counterparts to reach a low TDP, at 15W maximum for a single core x86-64 CPU at 1.6 GHz. The Athlon Neo processors are equipped with 512 kB of L2 cache and HyperTransport 1.0 running at 800 MHz frequency.

Sockets edit

At the introduction of Athlon 64 in September 2003, only Socket 754 and Socket 940 (Opteron) were ready and available. The onboard memory controller was not capable of running unbuffered (non-registered) memory in dual-channel mode at the time of release; as a stopgap measure, they introduced the Athlon 64 on Socket 754, and brought out a non-multiprocessor version of the Opteron called the Athlon 64 FX, as a multiplier unlocked enthusiast part for Socket 940, comparable to Intel's Pentium 4 Extreme Edition for the high end market.

In June 2004, AMD released Socket 939 as the mainstream Athlon 64 with dual-channel memory interface, leaving Socket 940 solely for the server market (Opterons), and relegating Socket 754 as a value/budget line, for Semprons and slower versions of the Athlon 64. Eventually Socket 754 replaced Socket A for Semprons.

In May 2006, AMD released Socket AM2, which provided support for the DDR2 memory interface. Also, this marked the release of AMD-V.

In August 2006, AMD released Socket F for Opteron server CPU which uses the LGA chip form factor.

In November 2006, AMD released a specialized version of Socket F, called 1207 FX, for dual-socket, dual-core Athlon FX processors on the Quad FX platform. While Socket F Opterons already allowed for four processor cores, Quad FX allowed unbuffered RAM and expanded CPU/chipset configuration in the BIOS. Consequentially, Socket F and F 1207 FX are incompatible and require different processors, chipsets, and motherboards.

Athlon 64 FX models edit

Sledgehammer (130 nm SOI) edit

Clawhammer (130 nm SOI) edit

San Diego (90 nm SOI) edit

Toledo (90 nm SOI) edit

Dual-core CPU

Windsor (90 nm SOI) edit

Dual-core CPU

Windsor (90 nm SOI) - Quad FX platform edit

Main article: AMD Quad FX platform

Dual-core, dual CPUs (four cores total)

Athlon 64 models edit

Clawhammer (130 nm SOI) edit

Newcastle (130 nm SOI) edit

Also possible: ClawHammer-512 (Clawhammer with partially disabled L2 cache)

Winchester (90 nm SOI) edit

Venice (90 nm SOI) edit

San Diego (90 nm SOI) edit

Manchester (90 nm SOI) edit

Orleans (90 nm SOI) edit

Lima (65 nm SOI) edit

Athlon Neo edit

Huron (65 nm SOI) edit

Athlon X2 Dual Core Processor L310 edit

Athlon X2 Dual Core Processor L335 edit

Turion Neo X2 Dual Core Processor L625 edit

Successors edit

The Athlon 64 was succeeded by the K10 architecture in 2007, including but not limited to the Phenom and Phenom II processors. These successors feature higher core counts per CPU, and implement Hypertransport 3.0 and Socket AM2+/AM3.

As of February 2012, Athlon 64 X2 processors were still available for sale.[61]

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

  • Facts & Assumptions about the Architecture of AMD Opteron and Athlon 64
  • Inside AMD's Hammer: the 64-bit architecture behind the Opteron and Athlon 64
  • xBitLabs article about AMD's move to 90 nm[permanent dead link]
  • Athlon 64 for Quiet Power 2007-12-15 at the Wayback Machine

January 01, 1970
athlon, ninth, generation, amd64, architecture, microprocessor, produced, advanced, micro, devices, released, september, 2003, third, processor, bear, name, athlon, immediate, successor, athlon, second, processor, implement, amd64, architecture, after, opteron. The Athlon 64 is a ninth generation AMD64 architecture microprocessor produced by Advanced Micro Devices AMD released on September 23 2003 1 It is the third processor to bear the name Athlon and the immediate successor to the Athlon XP 2 The Athlon 64 was the second processor to implement the AMD64 architecture after the Opteron and the first 64 bit processor targeted at the average consumer 3 Variants of the Athlon 64 have been produced for Socket 754 Socket 939 Socket 940 and Socket AM2 It was AMD s primary consumer CPU and primarily competed with Intel s Pentium 4 especially the Prescott and Cedar Mill core revisions Athlon 64Original logoGeneral informationLaunchedSeptember 23 2003Discontinued2009Common manufacturer s AMDPerformanceMax CPU clock rate1 0 GHz to 3 2 GHzHyperTransport speeds800 MT s to 1000 MT sArchitecture and classificationTechnology node130nm to 65nmMicroarchitectureK8Instruction setMMX SSE SSE2 SSE3 x86 64 3DNow Physical specificationsCores1Socket s Socket 754 Socket 939 Socket 940 AM2 AM2 Socket FHistoryPredecessor s AthlonSuccessor s Athlon 64 X2 The Athlon 64 is AMD s first K8 eighth generation processor core for desktop and mobile computers 4 Despite being natively 64 bit the AMD64 architecture is backward compatible with 32 bit x86 instructions 5 The Athlon 64 line was succeeded by the dual core Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon X2 lines Contents 1 Background 1 1 Single core Athlon 64 1 2 Dual core Athlon 64 1 3 DDR2 1 4 Moving to the subnotebook space 2 Features 2 1 On die memory controller 2 2 Memory and HT Northbridge buses 2 3 Translation lookaside buffers 2 4 Cool n Quiet 2 5 NX bit 2 6 Semiconductor Technology 3 Processor cores 3 1 Athlon 64 FX 3 2 Athlon 64 X2 3 3 Turion 64 formerly Mobile Athlon 64 3 3 1 Model naming methodology 3 4 Athlon Neo 4 Sockets 5 Athlon 64 FX models 5 1 Sledgehammer 130 nm SOI 5 2 Clawhammer 130 nm SOI 5 3 San Diego 90 nm SOI 5 4 Toledo 90 nm SOI 5 5 Windsor 90 nm SOI 5 6 Windsor 90 nm SOI Quad FX platform 6 Athlon 64 models 6 1 Clawhammer 130 nm SOI 6 2 Newcastle 130 nm SOI 6 3 Winchester 90 nm SOI 6 4 Venice 90 nm SOI 6 5 San Diego 90 nm SOI 6 6 Manchester 90 nm SOI 6 7 Orleans 90 nm SOI 6 8 Lima 65 nm SOI 7 Athlon Neo 7 1 Huron 65 nm SOI 7 2 Athlon X2 Dual Core Processor L310 7 3 Athlon X2 Dual Core Processor L335 7 4 Turion Neo X2 Dual Core Processor L625 8 Successors 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksBackground edit nbsp The K8 architecture The Athlon 64 was originally codenamed ClawHammer by AMD 3 and was referred to as such internally and in press releases The first Athlon 64 FX was based on the first Opteron core SledgeHammer Both cores produced on a 130 nanometer process were first introduced on September 23 2003 The models first available were the FX 51 fitting Socket 940 and the 3200 fitting Socket 754 6 Like the Opteron on which it was based the Athlon FX 51 required buffered random access memory RAM increasing the final cost of an upgrade 7 The week of the Athlon 64 s launch Intel released the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition a CPU designed to compete with the Athlon 64 FX 8 The Extreme Edition was widely considered a marketing ploy to draw publicity away from AMD and was quickly nicknamed among some circles the Emergency Edition 9 Despite a very strong demand for the chip AMD experienced early manufacturing difficulties that made it difficult to deliver Athlon 64s in quantity In the early months of the Athlon 64 lifespan AMD could only produce 100 000 chips per month 10 However it was very competitive in terms of performance to the Pentium 4 with magazine PC World calling it the fastest yet 11 The Athlon FX 51 also outperforming the Pentium 4 3 2C in Quake III Arena and Unreal Tournament 2003 Benchmark According to Maximum PC 12 Newcastle was released soon after ClawHammer with half the Level 2 cache 13 Single core Athlon 64 edit nbsp AMD Athlon 64 3200 2 0 GHz Clawhammer Socket 754 It is one of the first x86 64 processors available to the general consumer market All the 64 bit processors sold by AMD so far have their genesis in the K8 or Hammer project On June 1 2004 AMD released new versions of both the ClawHammer and Newcastle core revisions for the newly introduced Socket 939 an altered Socket 940 without the need for buffered memory 14 Socket 939 offered two main improvements over Socket 754 the memory controller was altered with dual channel architecture 15 doubling peak memory bandwidth and the HyperTransport bus was increased in speed from 800 MHz to 1000 MHz 16 Socket 939 also was introduced in the FX series in the form of the FX 55 17 At the same time AMD also began to ship the Winchester core based on a 90 nanometer process Core revisions Venice and San Diego succeeded all prior revisions on April 15 2005 Venice the lower end part was produced for both Sockets 754 and 939 and included 512 kB of L2 cache 18 San Diego the higher end chip was produced only for Socket 939 and doubled Venice s L2 cache to 1 MB 19 Both were produced on the 90 nm fabrication process 20 Both also included support for the SSE3 instruction set 21 a new feature that had been included in the rival Pentium 4 since the release of the Prescott core in February 2004 22 In addition AMD overhauled the memory controller for this revision resulting in performance improvements as well as support for newer DDR RAM 23 Dual core Athlon 64 edit Main article Athlon 64 X2 On April 21 2005 less than a week after the release of Venice and San Diego AMD announced its next addition to the Athlon 64 line the Athlon 64 X2 24 Released on May 31 2005 25 it also initially had two different core revisions available to the public Manchester and Toledo the only appreciable difference between them being the amount of L2 cache 26 Both were released only for Socket 939 27 The Athlon 64 X2 was received very well by reviewers and the general public with a general consensus emerging that AMD s implementation of multi core was superior to that of the competing Pentium D 28 29 Some felt initially that the X2 would cause market confusion with regard to price points since the new processor was targeted at the same enthusiast US 350 and above market 30 already occupied by AMD s existing socket 939 Athlon 64s 31 AMD s official breakdown of the chips placed the Athlon X2 aimed at a segment they called the prosumer along with digital media fans 25 The Athlon 64 was targeted at the mainstream consumer and the Athlon FX at gamers The Sempron budget processor was targeted at value conscious consumers 32 Following the launch of the Athlon 64 X2 AMD surpassed Intel in US retail sales for a period of time although Intel retained overall market leadership because of its exclusive relationships with direct sellers such as Dell 33 DDR2 edit The Athlon 64 had been maligned by some critics for some time because of its lack of support for DDR2 SDRAM an at the time emerging technology that had been adopted much earlier by Intel 34 AMD s official position was that the CAS latency on DDR2 had not progressed to a point where it would be advantageous for the consumer to adopt it 35 AMD finally remedied this gap with the Orleans core revision the first Athlon 64 to fit Socket AM2 released on May 23 2006 36 Windsor an Athlon 64 X2 revision for Socket AM2 was released concurrently Both Orleans and Windsor have either 512 kB or 1 MB of L2 cache per core 37 The Athlon 64 FX 62 was also released concurrently on the Socket AM2 platform 38 Socket AM2 also uses less power than prior platforms and supports AMD V 39 The memory controller used in all DDR2 SDRAM capable processors Socket AM2 has extended column address range of 11 columns instead of conventional 10 columns and the support of 16 kB page size with at most 2048 individual entries supported An OCZ unbuffered DDR2 kit optimized for 64 bit operating systems was released to exploit the functionality provided by the memory controller in socket AM2 processors allowing the memory controller to stay longer on the same page thus benefitting graphics intensive applications 40 Moving to the subnotebook space edit The Athlon architecture was further extended with the release of Athlon Neo processors on January 9 2009 Based on the same architecture as the other Athlon 64 variants the new processor features a small package footprint targeting Ultra portable notebook market AMD Athlon 64 processor family Logo Desktop Logo Laptop Code named Core Date released Code named Core Date released nbsp ClawHammerNewcastleWinchesterVeniceManchester San DiegoToledo 130 nm130 nm90 nm90 nm90 nm90 nm90 nm Dec 2003Dec 2003Oct 2004April 2005May 2005May 2005May 2005 nbsp ClawHammerOdessaOakvilleNewark 130 nm130 nm90 nm90 nm Dec 2003Feb 2004Aug 2004Apr 2005 nbsp SledgeHammerClawHammerSan Diego 130 nm130 nm90 nm Sep 2003Jun 2004Jun 2005 nbsp OrleansLima 65 nm65 nm May 2006Feb 2007 nbsp Huron 65 nm Jan 2009 Athlon X2 with one core disabledList of AMD Athlon 64 processorsFeatures editThere are four variants Athlon 64 Athlon 64 FX Mobile Athlon 64 later renamed Turion 64 and the dual core Athlon 64 X2 41 Common among the Athlon 64 line are a variety of instruction sets including MMX 3DNow SSE SSE2 and SSE3 42 All Athlon 64s also support the NX bit a security feature named Enhanced Virus Protection by AMD 43 And as implementations of the AMD64 architecture all Athlon 64 variants are able to run 16 bit 32 bit x86 and AMD64 code through two different modes the processor can run in Legacy mode and long mode Legacy mode runs 16 bit and 32 bit programs natively and long mode runs 64 bit programs natively but also allows for 32 bit programs running inside a 64 bit operating system 44 All Athlon 64 processors feature 128 Kilobytes of level 1 cache and at least 512 kB of level 2 cache 42 On die memory controller edit The Athlon 64 features an on die memory controller 5 a feature formerly seen on only the Transmeta Crusoe This means the controller runs at the same clock rate as the CPU and that the electrical signals have a shorter physical distance to travel compared to the old northbridge interfaces 45 The result is a significant reduction in latency response time for access requests to main memory 46 The lower latency was often cited as one of the advantages of the Athlon 64 s architecture over those of its competitors at the time 47 Memory and HT Northbridge buses edit As the memory controller is integrated onto the CPU die there is no FSB for the system memory to base its speed upon 48 Instead system memory speed is obtained by using the following formula using the ceiling function 49 C P U s p e e d C P U m u l t i p l i e r D R A M d i v i d e r D R A M s p e e d displaystyle frac mathrm CPU speed left lceil frac mathrm CPU multiplier mathrm DRAM divider right rceil mathrm DRAM speed nbsp In simpler terms the memory is always running at a set fraction of the CPU speed with the divisor being a whole number An FSB figure is still used to determine the CPU speed but the RAM speed is no longer directly related to this FSB figure known otherwise as the LDT A second bus the northbridge connected the CPU to the chipset and device attachment bus PCIe AGP PCI This was implemented using a new high performance standard HyperTransport AMD attempted with some success to make this an industry standard It was also useful in building multi processor systems without additional glue chips Translation lookaside buffers edit Translation lookaside buffers TLBs have also been enlarged 40 4k 2M 4M entries in L1 cache 512 4k entries 50 with reduced latencies and improved branch prediction with four times the number of bimodal counters in the global history counter 44 This and other architectural enhancements especially as regards SSE implementation improve instructions per cycle IPC performance over the prior Athlon XP generation 44 To make this easier for consumers to understand AMD has chosen to market the Athlon 64 using a PR Performance Rating system where the numbers roughly map to Pentium 4 performance equivalents rather than actual clock speed 51 Cool n Quiet edit Athlon 64 also features CPU speed throttling technology branded Cool n Quiet a feature similar to Intel s SpeedStep that can throttle the processor s clock speed back to facilitate lower power use and heat output 52 When the user is running undemanding applications and the load on the processor is light the processor clock speed and voltage are reduced This in turn reduces its peak power use max thermal design power TDP set at 89 W by AMD to as low as 32 W stepping level C0 clock speed reduced to 800 MHz or 22W stepping CG clock speed reduced to 1 GHz The Athlon 64 also has an integrated heat spreader IHS which prevents the CPU die from being damaged accidentally when mounting and unmounting heat sinks With prior AMD CPUs a CPU shim could be used by people worried about damaging the die NX bit edit The No Execute bit NX bit supported by Windows XP Service Pack 2 and future versions of Windows Linux 2 6 8 and higher and FreeBSD 5 3 and higher is also included for improved protection from malicious buffer overflow security threats Hardware set permission levels make it much more difficult for malicious code to take control of the system It is intended to make 64 bit computing a more secure environment Semiconductor Technology edit The Athlon 64 CPUs have been produced with 130 and 90 nm silicon on insulator SOI process technologies 53 All of the latest chips Winchester Venice and San Diego models are on 90 nm The Venice and San Diego models also incorporate dual stress liner technology 54 an amalgam of strained silicon and squeezed silicon the latter of which is not actually a technology co developed with IBM 55 Processor cores editAthlon 64 FX edit The Athlon 64 FX is positioned as a hardware enthusiast product marketed by AMD especially toward gamers 56 Unlike the standard Athlon 64 all of the Athlon 64 FX processors have their multipliers completely unlocked 57 Starting with the FX 60 the FX line became dual core 58 The FX always has the highest clock speed of all Athlons at its release 59 From FX 70 onwards the line of processors will also support dual processor setup with NUMA named AMD Quad FX platform Athlon 64 X2 edit Main article Athlon 64 X2 The Athlon 64 X2 is the first dual core desktop CPU manufactured by AMD In 2007 AMD released two final Athlon 64 X2 versions the AMD Athlon 64 X2 6400 and 5000 Black Editions Both processors feature an unlocked multiplier which allows for a large range of overclocked settings The 6400 is based on a 90 nm Windsor core 3 2 GHz 2x1 MB L2 125 W TDP while the 5000 is based on a 65 nm Brisbane core 2 6 GHz 2 x 512 kB L2 65 W TDP These Black Edition processors are available at retail but AMD does not include heatsinks in the retail package Turion 64 formerly Mobile Athlon 64 edit Main article Turion 64 nbsp Model MT 34 nbsp MT 34 bottom Formerly introduced as Mobile Athlon 64 Turion 64 is now the brand name AMD applies to its 64 bit low power use mobile processors The Turion 64 and Turion 64 X2 processors compete with Intel s mobile processors initially the Pentium M and later the Intel Core and Intel Core 2 processors Earlier Turion 64 processors are compatible with AMD s Socket 754 The newer Richmond models are designed for AMD s Socket S1 They are equipped with 512 or 1024 kB of L2 cache a 64 bit single channel on die memory controller and an 800 MHz HyperTransport bus Battery saving features like PowerNow are central to the marketing and usefulness of these CPUs Model naming methodology edit The model naming scheme does not make it obvious how to compare one Turion with another or even an Athlon 64 The model name is two letters a dash and a two digit number for example ML 34 The two letters together designate a processor class while the number represents a PR rating The first letter is M for single core processors and T for dual core Turion 64 X2 processors The later in the alphabet that the second letter appears the more the model has been designed for mobility low power use Take for example an MT 30 and an ML 34 Since the T in the MT 30 is later in the alphabet than the L in ML 34 the MT 30 uses less power than the ML 34 But since 34 is greater than 30 the ML 34 is faster than the MT 30 Athlon Neo edit With 27 mm 27 mm in size and 2 5 mm in thickness the Athlon Neo processors utilize a new package called ASB1 essentially a BGA package for smaller footprint to allow smaller designs for notebooks and lowering the cost The clock of the processors is significantly lower than desktop and other mobile counterparts to reach a low TDP at 15W maximum for a single core x86 64 CPU at 1 6 GHz The Athlon Neo processors are equipped with 512 kB of L2 cache and HyperTransport 1 0 running at 800 MHz frequency Sockets editSocket 754 The Athlon 64 value budget line 64 bit memory interface Single Channel Socket 939 Athlon 64 performance line Athlon 64 X2s and newer Athlon 64 FXs Opteron 128 bit memory interface Dual channel Socket 940 Opteron and old Athlon 64 FX 128 bit memory interface requires registered DDR memory Socket AM2 Athlon 64 Athlon 64 FX Athlon 64 X2 Sempron 940 Pins Not compatible with Socket 940 the first AMD socket to use DDR2 SDRAM Socket F Opteron 1207 Pins Socket F 1207 FX Athlon 64 FX on AMD Quad FX platform also compatible for dual processor Opteron 2200 series 60 At the introduction of Athlon 64 in September 2003 only Socket 754 and Socket 940 Opteron were ready and available The onboard memory controller was not capable of running unbuffered non registered memory in dual channel mode at the time of release as a stopgap measure they introduced the Athlon 64 on Socket 754 and brought out a non multiprocessor version of the Opteron called the Athlon 64 FX as a multiplier unlocked enthusiast part for Socket 940 comparable to Intel s Pentium 4 Extreme Edition for the high end market In June 2004 AMD released Socket 939 as the mainstream Athlon 64 with dual channel memory interface leaving Socket 940 solely for the server market Opterons and relegating Socket 754 as a value budget line for Semprons and slower versions of the Athlon 64 Eventually Socket 754 replaced Socket A for Semprons In May 2006 AMD released Socket AM2 which provided support for the DDR2 memory interface Also this marked the release of AMD V In August 2006 AMD released Socket F for Opteron server CPU which uses the LGA chip form factor In November 2006 AMD released a specialized version of Socket F called 1207 FX for dual socket dual core Athlon FX processors on the Quad FX platform While Socket F Opterons already allowed for four processor cores Quad FX allowed unbuffered RAM and expanded CPU chipset configuration in the BIOS Consequentially Socket F and F 1207 FX are incompatible and require different processors chipsets and motherboards Athlon 64 FX models editSledgehammer 130 nm SOI edit Stepping level C0 CG L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 1024 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 AMD64 Socket 940 800 MHz HyperTransport HT800 Registered DDR SDRAM required CPU core voltage VCore 1 50 or 1 55 Volts Power use TDP 89 Watt max First release September 23 2003 Clock rate 2200 MHz FX 51 C0 2400 MHz FX 53 C0 and CG Clawhammer 130 nm SOI edit Stepping level CG L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 1024 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 AMD64 Socket 939 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 50 Volts Power use TDP 89 Watt FX 55 104 Watt First release June 1 2004 Clock rate 2400 MHz FX 53 2600 MHz FX 55 San Diego 90 nm SOI edit Stepping level E4 E6 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 1024 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit Socket 939 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 35 or 1 40 Volts Power use TDP 104 Watt max First release April 15 2005 Clock rate 2600 MHz FX 55 2800 MHz FX 57 Toledo 90 nm SOI edit Dual core CPU Stepping level E6 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions per core L2 cache 1024 kB full speed per core MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit Socket 939 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 30 or 1 35 Volts Power use TDP 110 Watt max First release January 10 2006 Clock rate 2600 MHz FX 60 Windsor 90 nm SOI edit Dual core CPU Stepping level F2 F3 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions per core L2 cache 512 1024 kB full speed per core MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit AMD V Socket AM2 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 30 V or 1 40 Volts Power use TDP 125 Watt max First release May 23 2006 Clock rate 2000 3200 MHz 6400 2800 MHz FX 62 Windsor 90 nm SOI Quad FX platform edit Main article AMD Quad FX platform Dual core dual CPUs four cores total Stepping level F3 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions per core L2 cache 1024 kB full speed per core MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit AMD V Socket F 1207 FX 2000 MHz HyperTransport HT2000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 35 or 1 40 Volts Power use TDP 125 Watt max per CPU First release November 30 2006 Clock rate 2600 MHz FX 70 2800 MHz FX 72 3000 MHz FX 74 Athlon 64 models editClawhammer 130 nm SOI edit Stepping level C0 CG L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 1024 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit only CG Socket 754 800 MHz HyperTransport HT800 Socket 939 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 50 Volts Power use TDP 89 Watt max First release September 23 2003 Clock rate 2000 2600 MHz Newcastle 130 nm SOI edit Also possible ClawHammer 512 Clawhammer with partially disabled L2 cache Stepping level CG L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 512 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit Socket 754 800 MHz HyperTransport HT800 Socket 939 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 50 Volts Power use TDP 89 Watt max First release 2004 Clock rate 1800 2400 MHz Winchester 90 nm SOI edit Stepping level D0 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 512 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit Socket 939 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 40 Volts Power use TDP 67 Watt max First release 2004 Clock rate 1800 2200 MHz Venice 90 nm SOI edit Stepping level E3 E6 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 512 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit Socket 754 800 MHz HyperTransport HT800 Socket 939 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 35 or 1 40 Volts Power use TDP 89 Watt max First release April 4 2005 Clock rate 1800 2400 MHz San Diego 90 nm SOI edit Stepping level E4 E6 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 1024 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit Socket 939 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 35 or 1 40 Volts Power use TDP 89 Watt max First release April 15 2005 Clock rate 2200 2600 MHz Manchester 90 nm SOI edit Stepping level F1 L1 cache 2 x 64 2 x 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 2 x 512 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit Socket 939 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 35 Volts Power use TDP 89 Watt max First release April 15 2005 Clock rate 2200 2600 MHz Orleans 90 nm SOI edit Stepping level F2 F3 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 512 kB 1 MB MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit AMD V Socket AM2 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 25 or 1 40 Volts Power use TDP 62 Watt max First release May 23 2006 Clock rate 1800 2600 MHz Lima 65 nm SOI edit Stepping level G1 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 512 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit AMD V Socket AM2 1000 MHz HyperTransport HT1000 CPU core voltage VCore 1 25 1 35 or 1 40 Volts Power use TDP 45 Watt max First release February 20 2007 Clock rate 2000 2800 MHzAthlon Neo editHuron 65 nm SOI edit Stepping level G2 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 512 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit AMD V ASB1 package BGA 800 MHz HyperTransport HT800 CPU core voltage VCore 1 1 Volts Power use TDP 15 Watt max First release January 8 2009 Clock rate 1600 MHz Athlon X2 Dual Core Processor L310 edit Generation K8 65 nm SOI Stepping level G L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 512 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 NX bit AMD V ASB1 package BGA 800 MHz HyperTransport HT800 Power use TDP 13 Watt max PowerNow No P States 1 Clock rate 1200 MHz Athlon X2 Dual Core Processor L335 edit Generation K8 65 nm SOI Stepping level G L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 2 256 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit AMD V ASB1 package BGA 800 MHz HyperTransport HT800 Power use TDP 18 Watt max PowerNow Yes Clock rate 1600 MHz Turion Neo X2 Dual Core Processor L625 edit Generation K8 65 nm SOI Stepping level G2 L1 cache 64 64 kB data instructions L2 cache 2 512 kB full speed MMX Extended 3DNow SSE SSE2 SSE3 AMD64 Cool n Quiet NX bit AMD V ASB1 package BGA 800 MHz HyperTransport HT800 Power use TDP 18 Watt max PowerNow Yes Clock rate 1600 MHzSuccessors editThe Athlon 64 was succeeded by the K10 architecture in 2007 including but not limited to the Phenom and Phenom II processors These successors feature higher core counts per CPU and implement Hypertransport 3 0 and Socket AM2 AM3 As of February 2012 Athlon 64 X2 processors were still available for sale 61 See also editJim Keller 64 bit List of AMD Athlon 64 processors List of AMD Sempron processors List of AMD Turion processorsReferences edit AMD Ushers in Era of Cinematic Computing with the AMD Athlon 64 FX Processor 2003 09 23 Retrieved 2006 07 04 Wasson Scott 2003 09 23 AMD s Athlon 64 Processor Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 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