ALGOL W
ALGOL W is a programming language. It is based on a proposal for ALGOL X by Niklaus Wirth and Tony Hoare as a successor to ALGOL 60. ALGOL W is a relatively simple upgrade of the original ALGOL 60, adding string, bitstring, complex number and reference to record data types and call-by-result passing of parameters, introducing the while statement, replacing switch with the case statement, and generally tightening up the language.
| Paradigms | Multi-paradigm: procedural, imperative, structured |
|---|---|
| Family | ALGOL |
| Designed by | Niklaus Wirth, Tony Hoare |
| First appeared | 1966 |
| Typing discipline | Static, strong |
| Scope | Lexical |
| Implementation language | PL360 |
| Platform | IBM System/360 |
| OS | OS/360, MTS |
| Influenced by | |
| ALGOL 60 | |
| Influenced | |
| Pascal, Modula-2 | |
Wirth's entry was considered too little of an advance over ALGOL 60, and the more complex entry from Adriaan van Wijngaarden that would later become ALGOL 68 was selected in a highly contentious meeting. Wirth later published his version as A contribution to the development of ALGOL.[1] With a number of small additions, this eventually became ALGOL W.
Wirth supervised a high quality implementation for the IBM System/360 at Stanford University that was widely distributed.[2][3] The implementation was written in PL360, an ALGOL-like assembly language designed by Wirth. The implementation includes influential debugging and profiling abilities.
ALGOL W served as the basis for the Pascal language, and the syntax of ALGOL W will be immediately familiar to anyone with Pascal experience. The key differences are improvements to record handling in Pascal, and, oddly, the loss of ALGOL W's ability to define the length of an array at runtime, which is one of Pascal's most-complained-about features.
Syntax and semantics Edit
ALGOL W's syntax is built on a subset of the EBCDIC character encoding set. In ALGOL 60, reserved words are distinct lexical items, but in ALGOL W they are only sequences of characters, and do not need to be stropped. Reserved words and identifiers are separated by spaces.[2] In these ways ALGOL W's syntax resembles that of Pascal and later languages.
The ALGOL W Language Description[4] defines ALGOL W in an affix grammar that resembles Backus–Naur form (BNF). This formal grammar was a precursor of the Van Wijngaarden grammar.[1][5]
Much of ALGOL W's semantics is defined grammatically:[4]
- Identifiers are distinguished by their definition within the current scope. For example, a
⟨procedure identifier⟩is an identifier that has been defined by a procedure declaration, a⟨label identifier⟩is an identifier that is being used as a goto label. - The types of variables and expressions are represented by affixes. For example
⟨τ function identifier⟩is the syntactic entity for a function that returns a value of typeτ, if an identifier has been declared as an integer function in the current scope then that is expanded to⟨integer function identifier⟩. - Type errors are grammatical errors. For example,
⟨integer expression⟩ / ⟨integer expression⟩and⟨real expression⟩ / ⟨real expression⟩are valid but distinct syntactic entities that represent expressions, but⟨real expression⟩ DIV ⟨integer expression⟩(i.e., integer division performed on a floating-point value) is an invalid syntactic entity.
Example Edit
This demonstrates ALGOL W's record type facility.
RECORD PERSON ( STRING(20) NAME; INTEGER AGE; LOGICAL MALE; REFERENCE(PERSON) FATHER, MOTHER, YOUNGESTOFFSPRING, ELDERSIBLING ); REFERENCE(PERSON) PROCEDURE YOUNGESTUNCLE (REFERENCE(PERSON) R); BEGIN REFERENCE(PERSON) P, M; P := YOUNGESTOFFSPRING(FATHER(FATHER(R))); WHILE (P ¬= NULL) AND (¬ MALE(P)) OR (P = FATHER(R)) DO P := ELDERSIBLING(P); M := YOUNGESTOFFSPRING(MOTHER(MOTHER(R))); WHILE (M ¬= NULL) AND (¬ MALE(M)) DO M := ELDERSIBLING(M); IF P = NULL THEN M ELSE IF M = NULL THEN P ELSE IF AGE(P) < AGE(M) THEN P ELSE M END References Edit
- ^ a b Wirth, Niklaus; Hoare, C. A. R. (June 1966). "A contribution to the development of ALGOL". Communications of the ACM. 9 (6): 413–432. doi:10.1145/365696.365702. S2CID 11901135. Retrieved 7 October 2020 – via Association for Computing Machinery.
- ^ a b Bauer, Henry R.; Becker, Sheldon I.; Graham, Susan L.; Forsythe, George E.; Satterthwaite, Edwin H. (March 1968). Technical Report Number: CS-TR-68-89. Computer Science Department (Report). Stanford University. (Various documents for Stanford's 1972 implementation of ALGOL W; this report includes the ALGOL W Language Description.
- ^ Sites, Richard. "ALGOL W Reference Manual" (PDF). i.stanford.edu. Stanford University. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ a b Bauer, Henry R.; Becker, Sheldon I.; Graham, Susan L.; Satterthwaite, Edwin H.; Sites, Richard L. (June 1972). ALGOL W Language Description (PDF) (Report).
- ^ van Wijngaarden, Adriaan (22 October 1965). (PDF) (Report). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Mathematical Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2020 – via Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, University of Applied Sciences, Germany.
External links Edit
- – ALGOL W compiler for Linux
- awe – aw2c updated version
- ALGOL W @ Everything2 – informal but detailed description of the language by a former user, with sidebars extolling ALGOL W over Pascal as an educational programming language
- 1969 ALGOL W compiler listing at bitsavers.org
- The Michigan Terminal System Manuals, Volume 16: ALGOL W in MTS
- ALGOL W materials More than 200 ALGOL W programs and documentation