Ashmyany
Ashmyany or Oshmyany (Belarusian: Ашмяны, romanized: Ašmiany;[a] Russian: Ошмяны; Lithuanian: Ašmena; Polish: Oszmiana; Yiddish: אָשמענע, romanized: Oshmene) is a city in Grodno Region, Belarus.[2] It is located 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Vilnius in Lithuania, and serves as the administrative center of Ashmyany District.[1][2] The river Ashmyanka passes through the city. As of 2024, it has a population of 16,787.[1]
Ashmyany Oshmyany | |
|---|---|
St. Michael the Archangel Church in Ashmyany | |
| Flag Coat of arms | |
Ashmyany Ashmyany | |
| Coordinates: 54°25′30″N 25°56′15″E / 54.42500°N 25.93750°E | |
| Country | Belarus |
| Region | Grodno Region |
| District | Ashmyany District |
| Population (2024)[1] | |
| • Total | 16,787 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK) |
| Website | oshmiany |
Name edit
Since time immemorial, Ašmena and its surroundings were ethnic Lithuanian territory.[3] However, many of the indigenous inhabitants died out during the wars, famine and plague in the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, and the Belarusian population replaced them.[3] Lithuanians were slavicized along the Minsk-Ašmena-Vilnius axis, and by the mid-19th century, the numbers of Lithuanian-speakers had severely decreased.[3]
Presently, its Lithuanian past is sealed in the towns's name, which is of Lithuanian origin.[4] The town's name is derived from the name of the Ašmena (modern Ashmyanka River), itself derived from the Lithuanian word akmuo (stone).[4] The link between consonants š and k is old and present in the Lithuanian words, respectively ašmuo (sharp blade) and akmuo (stone).[4] The present name Ashmyany uses the plural form of the name and is a modern invention. Through the ancient town's history, its name was recorded in the Lithuanian singular form.[4]
History edit
Grand Duchy of Lithuania edit
14th century edit
Ašmena is mentioned first as a town in the Duchy of Vilnius in the 1350s.[3] The first reliable mention of Ašmena is in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which tells that after Gediminas' death in 1341, Jaunutis inherited the town.[citation needed] In 1384, the Teutonic Order attacked and destroyed the town with the goal of destroying Jogaila's hereditary state.[citation needed] The Teutons recorded the town as "Aschemynne".[citation needed] The Teutons managed to destroy the town, but it quickly recovered.[citation needed] By 1384, there is a manor of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in Ašmena.[3] The Roman Catholic Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven was built after 1387.[3] This church was one of the first in the whole of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[3] The church was administrated by the Franciscans.[3]
15th century edit
In 1402, the Teutons attacked once more, but were bloodily repelled, so the Teutons withdrew to Medininkai.[citation needed] In 1413, the town became one of the most notable trade and commerce centres within the Vilnius Voivodship.[citation needed] Hence, in 1432 Ashmyany became the site of an important battle between the royal forces of Jogaila under Žygimantas Kęstutaitis and the forces of Švitrigaila, who was allied with the Teutonic Order.[citation needed] After the town was taken by the royalists, it became the private property of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and started to develop rapidly.[citation needed]
Hanseatic trade routes passed through the town in the 15th century.[3] On 1 September 1432, Švitrigaila was deposed from the throne in Ašmena.[3] On 8 December 1432, Ašmena was the site of the Battle of Ašmena between Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis.[3] There was a residential palace in Ašmena from the early 15th century to the end of the 18th century.[3]
16th century edit
The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven burnt down in 1505, but was rebuilt.[3] The Muscovite army destroyed and burnt Ašmena to the ground in 1519, during the Fourth Lithuanian–Muscovite War.[3] The town was granted the Magdeburg rights in the 16th century.[3] From 1566, Ašmena was the centre of the Ašmena County.[3]
Ashmyany did not recover as quickly as previously after 1519, and in 1537 the town was granted several royal privileges to facilitate its reconstruction.[citation needed] In 1566, the town finally received Magdeburg rights, which were confirmed in 1683 (along with the privileges for the local merchants and burghers) by King John III Sobieski.[citation needed] In the 16th century the town was one of the most notable centers of Calvinism in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł founded a college and a church there.[citation needed]
17th century edit
The Muscovite army occupied Ašmena in 1655.[3] Due to the widespread destruction and impoverishment during the Deluge, the town was exempt from taxes in 1655, 1661 and 1667.[3] In 1667, the Dominican Order Church of Saint Michael the Archangel was built.[3]
18th century edit
In 1792, King Stanisław August Poniatowski confirmed all previous privileges and the fact, that Oszmiany, as it was then called, was a free city, subordinate only to the king and the local city council. With this, the town received its first ever Coat of arms. Composed of three fields, it featured a shield, a hand holding scales and the bull from Ciołek coat of arms, the monarch's personal coat of arms.
During the Uprising of 1794, Ašmena was the site of the insurgent staff under Jokūbas Jasinskis.[3] At the same time, an insurgent group led by Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis was organised in the town.[3] In 1795, the town was annexed by the Russian Empire in the last Partition of Poland–Lithuania. The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel burnt down in 1797 but was rebuilt.[3]
19th century edit
The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven was also rebuilt in bricks in 1812; however, the church decayed over the 19th century.[3] During the French invasion of Russia, the Grande Armée took over Ašmena in 1812, and during several battles, the town partially burnt down.[3]
November Uprising (1830-1831) edit
During the November Uprising, it was liberated by the town's citizens, led by a local priest, Jasiński, and Colonel Count Karol Dominik Przeździecki.[citation needed] However, in April 1831, in the face of a Russian offensive, the fighters were forced to withdraw to the Naliboki forest.[citation needed] After a minor skirmish with Stelnicki's rearguard, the Russian punitive expeditionary force of some 1,500 officers and soldiers proceeded to burn the town and massacre the civilian population, including some 500 women, children and elderly, who sought refuge in the Dominican Catholic Church.[citation needed] Even the local priest was murdered.[citation needed] Nothing is known of the fate of Ashmyany's Jews.[citation needed] In the Uprising of 1831, the Imperial Russian Army razed the town and massacred 150 locals in one of the town's churches.[3]
Rebuilding edit
In 1845, as the town was rebuilding, it received a new coat of arms, in recognition of its population increase.[citation needed] It never recovered from its earlier losses, and by the end of the 19th century it became rather a provincial town, inhabited primarily by Jewish immigrants from other parts of Russia 'beyond the Pale'.[citation needed]
The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel was closed down in 1850, but rebuilt in 1900–10.[3] In the late 19th century, a tavern was built and the Russian authorities built a Russian Orthodox church.[3]
20th century edit
In 1912 the local Jewish community built a large synagogue.[citation needed]
World War I edit
After the end of World War I and the withdrawal of the German army in 1919, Ashmyany was under Polish jurisdiction.[citation needed] Bolshevik activity threatened the town. The Polish armed forces defended the town against the invading Bolsheviks, and there still exist graves of Polish soldiers who died in that struggle.[citation needed] According to the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, signed on 12 July 1920, Ašmena was part of Lithuania.[3] However, the Lithuanian territory was seized by the Polish Army that same year.[3] After the Polish–Soviet War, Ashmyany was given to Poland by the Peace of Riga.
In interwar Poland edit
It was a county center, first of Wilno Land, then of Wilno Voivodeship during Polish rule. The town was capital of Oszmiana County. According to the census from 1931, Poles constituted 81% of the inhabitants of the Oszmiana County. On the other hand, Poles and Jews dominated the town of Oszmiana.
World War II edit
Soviet occupation edit
Following the Soviet-German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Soviet Union occupied the area until 1941.[3] Ashmyany was given to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.[3] Ashmyany was a raion center in Vileyka Region between 1939 and 1941.[citation needed] At the very end of the Soviet occupation, on the night of June 22 and morning of June 23, 1941, the NKVD murdered and buried in one mass grave 57 Polish prisoners from Ashmyany.[citation needed]
German occupation edit
During the Nazi occupation, which began June 25, 1941, the Jews of Ashmyany and their spiritual leader Rabbi Zew Wawa Morejno were ghettoized.[citation needed] After the Wehrmacht drove out the Soviet occupiers, Ašmena was part of the Generalbezirk Litauen in Reichskommissariat Ostland in 1941–1944.[3]
Soviet reoccupation edit
On July 7, 1944, it was reoccupied by the Red Army during the Vilnius offensive. In 1945, the town was annexed by the USSR to the Byelorussian SSR. After 1944, the town was once more part of Vileyka Region, and between 1944 and 1960 it was incorporated into Molodechno Region until that region was disestablished. At that point Ashmyany became part of the Grodno Region, where it remains today.
Recent history edit
Since 1991, it has been a part of Belarus.
Climate edit
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Ashmyany has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.[5]
| Climate data for Ashmyany (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) | 5.3 (41.5) | 12.4 (54.3) | 21.8 (71.2) | 26.3 (79.3) | 28.4 (83.1) | 30.2 (86.4) | 29.7 (85.5) | 24.9 (76.8) | 18.1 (64.6) | 10.8 (51.4) | 5.9 (42.6) | 30.2 (86.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.0 (28.4) | −0.9 (30.4) | 4.1 (39.4) | 12.3 (54.1) | 18.2 (64.8) | 21.5 (70.7) | 23.5 (74.3) | 22.8 (73.0) | 17.1 (62.8) | 10.0 (50.0) | 3.7 (38.7) | −0.4 (31.3) | 10.8 (51.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) | −3.6 (25.5) | 0.3 (32.5) | 7.1 (44.8) | 12.6 (54.7) | 16.0 (60.8) | 18.1 (64.6) | 17.2 (63.0) | 12.2 (54.0) | 6.5 (43.7) | 1.6 (34.9) | −2.4 (27.7) | 6.8 (44.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.6 (20.1) | −6.3 (20.7) | −3.1 (26.4) | 2.3 (36.1) | 7.2 (45.0) | 10.8 (51.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 12.1 (53.8) | 8.0 (46.4) | 3.5 (38.3) | −0.4 (31.3) | −4.6 (23.7) | 3.0 (37.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.3 (−4.5) | −18.4 (−1.1) | −12.0 (10.4) | −4.0 (24.8) | 0.0 (32.0) | 4.6 (40.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 6.3 (43.3) | 0.7 (33.3) | −4.2 (24.4) | −9.3 (15.3) | −14.7 (5.5) | −20.3 (−4.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42.6 (1.68) | 37.3 (1.47) | 38.2 (1.50) | 40.3 (1.59) | 66.5 (2.62) | 68.8 (2.71) | 86.7 (3.41) | 80.1 (3.15) | 54.6 (2.15) | 54.5 (2.15) | 43.9 (1.73) | 44.9 (1.77) | 658.4 (25.92) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.5 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 7.6 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 117.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 37.0 | 60.6 | 139.1 | 201.2 | 267.7 | 280.9 | 281.6 | 257.2 | 169.4 | 98.6 | 33.0 | 26.2 | 1,852.5 |
| Source: NOAA[6] | |||||||||||||
Demographics edit
- 1848 – 4,115 inhabitants[3]
- 1859 – 3,066 inhabitants[7]
- 1871 – 4,546 inhabitants[8]
- 1880 – 5,050 inhabitants (2501 Jews, 2175 Roman Catholics, 352 Orthodoxs)[9]
- 1897 – 6,400[10] or 7124[3] inhabitants
- 1907/08 – 8,300 inhabitants
- 1914 – 8,200 inhabitants[3]
- 1921 – 6,000 inhabitants
- 1939 – 8,500 inhabitants
- 1970 – 9,621 inhabitants[3]
- 1974 – 10,000 inhabitants (Great Soviet Encyclopedia)
- 1991 – 15,200 inhabitants[11]
- 2004 – 14,900 inhabitants
- 2006 – 14,600 inhabitants[12]
- 2007 – 14,269 inhabitants[13]
- 2023 – 16,870 inhabitants[14]
Landmarks edit
- Catholic church of St. Michael the Archangel
- Catholic church of Franciscan, built in 1822
- Synagogue, built in 1912
- Orthodox church of Resurrection, built in 1875
- Watermill
Gallery edit
- Orthodox church of the Resurrection
- Synagogue
- Lejba Strugacz Manor
Miscellaneous edit
- Alternate names: Oshmianka (Polish), Oszmiana, Aschemynne, Oshmyany, Ašmena, Oshmana, Oshmene, Oshmina, Osmiany, Oszmiana, Ozmiana, Osmiana, Oßmiana, Possibly Oschmjansky (Middle Ages maps)
- Mentioned in: Memoirs of Baron Lejeune, Volume II, Chapter VII.
Notable people edit
- Abba Kovner (1918–1987), Jewish partisan during World War II
Notes edit
References edit
- ^ a b c . belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ a b Gaponenko, Irina Olegovna (2004). Назвы населеных пунктаў Рэспублікі Беларусь: Гродзенская вобласць. Minsk: Тэхналогія. p. 86. ISBN 985-458-098-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Gaučas 2002, p. 113.
- ^ a b c d Zinkevičius 2007, p. 41.
- ^ Climate Summary for Ashmyany
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ashmyany". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4] 2007-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [5]
- ^
- ^ [7] 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
Bibliography edit
- Gaučas, Petras (2002). "Ašmena". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija. Vol. T. II (Arktis-Beketas). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.
- Zinkevičius, Zigmas (2007). Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Institute. ISBN 978-5-420-01606-0.
External links edit
- Lejeune book
- The History of Oshmana by Hosea Soltz (Tel Aviv)
- Photos on Radzima.org
- www.eilatgordinlevitan.com