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7th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)

March 03, 2023

The 7th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army, first established by The Duke of Wellington as part of the Anglo-Portuguese Army for service in the Peninsular War, and was active also during the First World War from 1914 to 1919, and briefly in the Second World War in 1939.

7th Division
7th Infantry Division
The divisional insignia during the First World War (1916 onwards)
ActiveRaised and disbanded on five different occasions between 1811 and 1939
CountryUnited Kingdom
BranchBritish Army
Nickname(s)The Mongrels (Peninsular War)
EngagementsPeninsular War
Second Boer War
First World War

Peninsular War

During the French Revolutionary Wars and early in the Napoleonic Wars, the largest permanent organised structure within the British Army was the brigade. The brigade, which consisted of two or more battalions grouped together under the command of a major-general, suited the small size of the army and the operations that it conducted. When needed, larger forces were organised on an ad hoc basis. This included multiple brigades grouped into 'lines' or 'columns'. As the army and its operations grew, it implemented divisions—a single formation of two or more brigades, usually commanded by a lieutenant-general. The division concept was not new and had been used by other European armies towards the end of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). On 18 June 1809, Lieutenant-General Arthur Wellesley, commander of British forces in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War, reorganised his force into four divisions.[1] The following year, with the further expansion of his force, Wellington created the 7th Division. It consisted of British, German, Portuguese, and French troops. Due to the mixture of nationalities as well as line and light regiments, the division had a multitude of uniforms. This coined the nickname of The Mongrels.[2]

The division was present at the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro the Battle of Vitoria the Battle of the Pyrenees the Battle of Nivelle the Battle of the Nive and the Battle of Orthez.[3]

Second Boer War

The 7th Division was re-activated during the Second Boer War. The division took part in the Battle of Poplar Grove (March 1900) and the following occupation of Bloemfontein, then took part in Lord Roberts′ march to Pretoria.[4]

First World War

 
Column of the 2nd Battalion, Gordon Highlanders marching to the trenches along the Becordel–Fricourt road, France, October 1916.

The 7th Division was a Regular Army formation that was formed in September 1914 by combining units returning from garrison outposts in the British Empire at the outbreak of the First World War the previous month.[5][6] During the war, the division fought in the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, the Battle of Aubers Ridge, the Battle of Festubert, the Battle of Loos, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Passchendaele, and the Battle of Vittorio Veneto.[6]

The division landed at Zeebrugge in Belgium on 6 October 1914 in an attempt to support the Belgian Army’s defence of Antwerp, but was soon forced to retreat south-west as that city fell a few days later. It then played a crucial part in the stabilisation of the front during the First Battle of Ypres, preventing a German breakthrough, although at a high cost in terms of casualties.[7] A floating division, the 7th was the first British Division to enter Ypres on 14 October. It was ordered to hold the line, while Field Marshal French brought up his remaining six divisions and redeployed them from the Aisne to the sea. The division held an 8 mile front for two weeks, opposite some 340,000 Germans. Some 18,000 soldiers strong on 15 October, the 7th left the line on 31 October, with just 2,000 troops remaining, mostly transport and supply.[8]

The 7th Division fought in most of the major battles on the Western Front through to 1917 before being sent to the Italian Front for the remainder of the war. At the battle of Loos in late 1915, the division's General Officer Commanding (GOC), Major-General Thompson Capper, was killed in action at the height of the fighting. Unlike the first six regular divisions of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a third of whose strength was made up of regular reservists, the 7th Division was originally composed entirely of serving regular soldiers, which gave rise to the division's nickname, ‘The Immortal Seventh’.[6]

Arab Revolt

In 1936, the Arab Revolt broke out in the British Mandate of Palestine.[9] British troops were dispatched, ending the first phase of the war by the close of the year.[10] Fighting soon resumed and reached its zenith during the summer of 1938. With rising tensions in Europe, the British began to withdraw troops from Palestine for use elsewhere.[11] The conclusion of the Munich Agreement—on 30 September 1938—calmed the rising tensions in Europe and averted war, allowing the British to resume their military build-up in Palestine.[12]

The 7th Division was reformed the following month, and placed under the command of Major-General Richard O'Connor.[13] The division was deployed to Palestine on internal security duties as part of a build-up of 18,500 men in the region.[12][14] This force then began to suppress the revolt. Meanwhile, Palestinian guerrillas had overrun the Old City of Jerusalem. O'Connor's men proceeded to sweep the area, declaring the Old City free of militants on 19 October. The same day, the division seized Acre and by the end of the month were clearing Jaffa of rebels.[15][16] Many Palestinians were detained and rebel activity significantly dropped off in the area.[16] In the north, the 8th Infantry Division, under Major-General Bernard Montgomery, and Special Night Squads engaged in counter-terror operations, with O'Connor writing that one brigadier "always encouraged his men to be brutal". General Officer Commanding (GOC) British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan Robert Haining wrote in late 1938 that "unnecessary violence, vindictiveness ..., [and] killing in cold blood" had to be curbed. O'Connor was likewise opposed to the measures in the north, and wrote "harshness and unnecessary violence on the part of our soldiers" had to be curbed.[17] During the operation in Jerusalem, only four to nineteen guerrillas were killed.[18][19] In early 1939, the revolt finally came to an end.[a]

Second World War

On 31 August, just prior to the war beginning, the headquarters of the 7th Infantry Division relinquished command of all its troops. O'Connor and the divisional staff then left Jerusalem bound for Cairo, Egypt. From Cairo, the men moved forward to Mersa Matruh arriving on 7 September. The headquarters was then assigned all troops based there, with the exception of the 7th Armoured Division.[14] The British Official Historian, I. S. O. Playfair, comments that this decision was undertaken to relieve the burden on Lieutenant-General Henry Maitland Wilson, GOC British Troops in Egypt, of "direct control of operations which had been his in addition to the command of all troops in Egypt".[21] Due to the logistical problems in maintaining substantial forces across the Western Desert and on the Libya–Egypt border, Mersa Matruh was the forward British base of operations and supplied by rail. Positioned 200 miles (320 km) west of Alexandria and 120 miles (190 km) from the border, the location had been chosen to shield forward Royal Air Force (RAF) landing strips behind it and to defend the Nile Delta. Mersa Matruh also offered the British the strategy of drawing Italian or other forces forward to them, to allow a counter-attack after they ran into supply difficulties.[22][23] On 3 November, the division was renamed the 6th Infantry Division.[14]

General officers commanding

See also: General officer commanding
General officer commanding
Appointment date Rank General officer commanding Notes Source(s)
5 March 1811 Major-General William Houston The division was formed in Portugal, for service in the Peninsular War. [2]
1 August 1811 Major-General John Sontag Temporary commander; relinquished position due to ill health in October [24]
October 1811 Lieutenant-General Carl von Alten [2]
2 May 1812 Major-General John Hope [25]
23 September 1812 Major-General John de Bernewitz [26]
25 October 1812 Lieutenant-General George Ramsay [25]
9 October 1813 Major-General Carlos Lecor [27]
18 November 1813 Major-General George Walker Temporary commander; relinquished position on 27 February 1814 [27][28]
February/March 1814 Major-General George Ramsay At the conclusion of the Peninsular War, in 1814, the division was disbanded in France. The final troops departed in June. [29]
24 August 1815 Major-General Sir Thomas Brisbane The division was merged into the Army of Occupation in France on 30 November. [30]
December 1899 Lieutenant-General Charles Tucker The division was mobilized in the United Kingdom for service in the Second Boer War. Tucker maintained command through to the end of 1900 when, while still in southern Africa, the division was broken-up. [31][32]
23 June 1902 Major-General Gerald Morton The division was reformed in Ireland. Morton died in office [33]
30 April 1906 Major-General Herbert Plumer In 1907, the division was renumbered as the 5th Division [34][35][36]
27 August 1914 Major-General Thompson Capper The division was formed in Lyndhurst, Hampshire, for service in the First World War. Capper was wounded in action on 1 April 1915. [37]
6 April 1915 Brigadier-General Sydney Lawford Acting commander [38]
19 April 1915 Major-General Hubert Gough [38]
14 July 1915 Brigadier-General Sydney Lawford Acting commander [38]
19 July 1915 Major-General Thompson Capper Capper died of his wounds on 27 September 1915 [38]
26 September 1915 Brigadier-General Herbert Watts Acting commander [38]
27 September 1915 Major-General Herbert Watts [38]
7 January 1917 Major-General George Barrow [38]
1 April 1917 Major-General Herbert Shoubridge Left division on sick leave on 9 February 1918 [38]
9 February 1918 Brigadier-General Julian Steele Acting commander [38]
22 March 1918 Major-General Herbert Shoubridge The division demobilised in Italy, following the conclusion of hostilities in 1919. [39]
29 September 1938 Major-General Richard O'Connor The division was reformed in Palestine, for service during the Arab revolt. The division was renumbered as the 6th Infantry Division on 3 November 1939. [13][14][40]

Victoria Cross recipients

See also: Victoria Cross
Date of action Rank Name Unit Place of action Country of action Sources

+Victoria Cross recipients

23 October 1914 Drummer William Kenny Gordon Highlanders Ypres Belgium [41][42]
29 October 1914 Lieutenant James Brooke Gordon Highlanders Gheluvelt Belgium [41][43]
7 November 1914 Captain John Vallentin South Staffordshire Regiment Zillebeke Belgium [41][43]
19 December 1914 Private James MacKenzie Scots Guards Rouges Bancs France [41][43]
21 December 1914 Private Abraham Acton Border Regiment Rouges Bancs France [41][43]
21 December 1914 Private James Smith Border Regiment Rouges Bancs France [41][43]
12 March 1915 Captain Charles Foss Bedfordshire Regiment Neuve Chapelle France [41][44]
12 March 1915 Corporal William Anderson Green Howards Neuve Chapelle France [41][45]
12 March 1915 Private Edward Barber Grenadier Guards Neuve Chapelle France [41][46]
12 March 1915 Lance-Corporal Wilfred Fuller Grenadier Guards Neuve Chapelle France [41][46]
12 June 1915 Lance-Corporal William Angus Highland Light Infantry Givenchy France [b]
16 May 1915 Company Sergeant-Major Frederick Barter Royal Welsh Fusiliers Festubert France [41][47]
25 September 1915 Private Arthur Vickers Royal Warwickshire Regiment Hulloch France [41][48]
20 July 1916 Private Theodore Veale Devonshire Regiment High Wood France [41][49]

Orders of battle

Peninsular War

During this period, brigades were referred to by their commander's names. Due to changes in command, the brigade names fluctuated frequently.

7th Division (1811–1814)[50]

Division's first brigade:

Division's second brigade:

Portuguese brigade (attached):

  • 7th Line Regiment
  • 19th Line Regiment
  • 2nd Caçadores

Militia brigade (attached 1814, but arrived after the Peninsular War had drawn to a close)[c]

Second Boer War

7th Division (1899–1900)[52]

14th Brigade

15th Brigade

Divisional artillery, Royal Field Artillery

  • 18th Field Battery
  • 62nd Field Battery
  • 75th Field Battery
  • Ammunition column
  • 83rd Field Battery (during the course of 1900, the above three batteries were replaced by these three)
  • 84th Field Battery
  • 85th Field Battery

Divisional Cavalry

Royal Engineers

  • 9th Field Company (left before April 1900)
  • 26th Field Company (by April 1900)

First World War

7th Division (1914–1918)[53]

20th Brigade

21st Brigade (until 19 December 1915)

22nd Brigade

91st Brigade (from 20 December 1915)

Divisional Mounted Troops

  • 1st Northumberland Hussars (On 12 April 1915, two of the three squadrons were transferred to other formations leaving the 7th Division with just A Squadron. A Squadron left on 13 May 1916)
  • 7th Cyclist Company (until 11 May 1916)

Divisional Artillery

  • XIV Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery (left 10 February 1917)
    • C Battery (until 19 October 1914)
    • F Battery
    • T Battery (from 21 December 1914)
    • XIV RHA Brigade Ammunition Column
    • D (Howitzer) Battery, Royal Field Artillery (RFA) (from 24 June 1915, until 20 December 1915)
    • 509th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA (from 7 October 1916, until 13 February 1917)
  • XXII Brigade, RFA
    • 104th Battery
    • 105th Battery
    • 106th Battery
    • XXII Brigade Ammunition Column
    • 35th (Howitzer) Battery (from 17 May 1916)
  • XXXV Brigade, RFA
    • 12th Battery
    • 25th Battery
    • 58th Battery
    • XXXV Brigade Ammunition Column
    • 31st (Howitzer) Battery (from 17 May 1916)
  • XXXVII (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA (from 24 June 1915, broken up 17 May 1916)
    • 31st (Howitzer) Battery
    • 35th (Howitzer) Battery
    • XXVII (Howitzer) Brigade Ammunition Column
  • III Heavy Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery (until 4 March 1915)
    • 111 Heavy Battery
    • 112 Heavy Battery
    • Heavy Battery ammunition columns
  • 7th divisional ammunition column (until 16 May 1916)
  • No. 7 Pom-Pom Section (A.–A.) (from 25 September 1914, until 20 December 1914)
  • 5th Mountain Battery (from 26 March 1915, until 20 April 1915)
  • Medium Trench Mortars, Royal Field Artillery
    • X Battery (formed 25 February 1916)
    • Y Battery (formed March 1916)
    • Z Battery (formed March 1916, until 22 February 1918 when it was dispersed to X and Y batteries)
  • Heavy Trench Mortars, Royal Field Artillery
    • V Battery (formed June 1916, disbanded 12 November 1917)

Divisional Engineers, Royal Engineers

  • 54th Field Company
  • 55th Field Company (until 1 September 1915)
  • 95th Field Company (from 30 August 1915)
  • 2nd Highland Field Company (from 17 January 1915, until 24 January 1916)
  • 3rd Durham Field Company (from 30 January 1916; later renumbered 528th (3rd Durham) Field Company, and then 528th Field Company)
  • 7th Divisional Signal Company

Pioneers

  • 24th (Service) Battalion, Manchester Regiment (from 22 May 1916)

Divisional Machine Guns

  • 220th Machine Gun Company (from 25 March 1917)
  • No. 7 Battery, Machine Gun Corps (formed on 1 April 1918 by merger of brigade and the 220th Machine Gun Companies)

Divisional Medical Services, Royal Army Medical Corps

  • 21st Field Ambulance
  • 22nd Field Ambulance
  • 23rd Field Ambulance

Divisional Veterinary Services, Army Veterinary Corps

  • 12th Mobile Veterinary Section (from 16 September 1914, although did not move to France until 7 October 1914)

Divisional Services

  • 7th Divisional Train, Army Service Corps
    • 39th Company
    • 40th Company
    • 42nd Company
    • 86th Company
  • 12th Divisional Employment Company, Labour Corps (from 21 May 1917, renumbered 210th in June 1917)

Arab Revolt

7th Division (1938–1939)[54]

18th Infantry Brigade

19th Infantry Brigade

Divisional troops

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ Montgomery's 8th Division launched a major operation that defeated the rebels on a military level.[20] On a political level, the British Government drew up the White Paper of 1939 conceding to the demands of the Arab Higher Committee: "Self-government—an Arab-controlled Palestine—would be implemented within 10 years and in the meantime Jewish immigration would cease after five years."[17]
  2. ^ The divisional history lists Angus as a private, whereas the Gazette states that he was a lance-corporal.[41][47]
  3. ^ The 1st battalion was largely drawn from the Royal Buckinghamshire Militia (King's Own), but also contained detachments from the Northampton, Wilshire, Worcester, and the 1st and 2nd Surrey Militias. The 2nd Battalion drew from the Royal West Middlesex Militia, and the third from the Royal Denbigh Rifles.[51]

Citations

  1. ^ Haythornthwaite 2016, The Divisional System.
  2. ^ a b c Reid 2004, p. 64.
  3. ^ "Battle of Orthez". British Battles. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Latest Intelligence - The occupation of Bloemfontein". The Times. No. 36092. London. 17 March 1900. p. 7.
  5. ^ Becke (1934) pp. 81–7
  6. ^ a b c "The 7th Division". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  7. ^ Lomas D. (1999) First Ypres 1914: Graveyard of the Old Contemptibles, Campaign Book 58. Osprey Publishing Ltd., Oxford: ISBN 1-85532-573-X 96 pp.
  8. ^ Forbes, Helen Emily Craven, Lady (1920). The saga of the Seventh division. J. Lane. p. 9.
  9. ^ Bar-On 2006, p. 21.
  10. ^ Bar-On 2006, p. 26.
  11. ^ Bar-On 2006, pp. 27–32.
  12. ^ a b Bar-On 2006, p. 35.
  13. ^ a b "The Army". The Times. No. 48141. 2 November 1938.
  14. ^ a b c d Joslen 2003, p. 51.
  15. ^ Jackson 1996, p. 31.
  16. ^ a b Bar-On 2006, pp. 35–36.
  17. ^ a b Marston 2010, p. 32.
  18. ^ Bar-On 2006, p. 36.
  19. ^ Sebag Montefiore 2011, p. 473.
  20. ^ Bar-On 2006, pp. 37–38.
  21. ^ Playfair et al. 2004, p. 97.
  22. ^ Playfair et al. 2004, p. 4.
  23. ^ Grehan & Mace 2015, p. 6.
  24. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 272.
  25. ^ a b Reid 2004, p. 65.
  26. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 48.
  27. ^ a b Reid 2004, p. 66.
  28. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 300.
  29. ^ Reid 2004, p. 66; Oman 1930, p. 513.
  30. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 64.
  31. ^ "No. 27146". The London Gazette. 22 December 1899. p. 8542.
  32. ^ Creswicke 1900b, p. 194; Creswicke 1901, p. 138.
  33. ^ "No. 27460". The London Gazette. 1 August 1902. p. 4969. and "No. 27913". The London Gazette. 15 May 1906. p. 3361.
  34. ^ "No. 27913". The London Gazette. 15 May 1906. p. 3361.
  35. ^ Lord & Watson 2003, p. 34.
  36. ^ "Hart's Annual Army List, Militia List, and Imperial Yeomanry List for 1907". London: John Murray. p. 99a. Retrieved 13 January 2021. and "Hart's Annual Army List, Militia List, and Imperial Yeomanry List for 1909". London: John Murray. p. 102. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  37. ^ Becke 1935, pp. 81, 86.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i Becke 1935, p. 81.
  39. ^ Becke 1935, p. 81; Lord & Watson 2003, p. 39.
  40. ^ "No. 34558". The London Gazette. 4 October 1938. p. 6197.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Atkinson 1927, p. 514.
  42. ^ "No. 29074". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 February 1915. p. 1699.
  43. ^ a b c d e "No. 29074". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 February 1915. p. 1700.
  44. ^ "No. 29272". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 August 1915. p. 8373.
  45. ^ "No. 29170". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 May 1915. p. 4989.
  46. ^ a b "No. 29135". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 April 1915. p. 3815.
  47. ^ a b "No. 29210". The London Gazette. 29 June 1915. p. 6269.
  48. ^ "No. 29371". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 November 1915. p. 11450.
  49. ^ "No. 29740". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 September 1916. p. 8871.
  50. ^ Reid 2004, pp. 64–66.
  51. ^ Holden 1887, pp. 143–146.
  52. ^ Creswicke 1900a, p. 38; Maurice 1906, pp. 437, 486; War in South Africa 1908, p. 531.
  53. ^ Becke 1935, pp. 83–85.
  54. ^ "War Office, Monthly Army List, March 1939". National Library of Scotland. p. 145.

References

  • Atkinson, Christopher Thomas (1927). The Seventh Division: 1914–1918. London: John Murray. OCLC 250082115.
  • Bar-On, Mordechai, ed. (2006) [2004]. Never-Ending Conflict: Israeli Military History. Stackpole Military History Series. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3345-8.
  • Becke, Archibald Frank (1935). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1: The Regular British Divisions. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office. OCLC 929528172.
  • Creswicke, Louis (1900a). South Africa and the Transvaal War. Vol. IV. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack. OCLC 154231374.
  • Creswicke, Louis (1900b). South Africa and the Transvaal War. Vol. V. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack. OCLC 154231374.
  • Creswicke, Louis (1901). South Africa and the Transvaal War. Vol. VI. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack. OCLC 154231374.
  • Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2015). Operations in North Africa and the Middle East 1939–1942: Tobruk, Crete, Syria and East Africa (Despatches from the Front). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78346-217-9.
  • Haythornthwaite, Philip (2016). Picton's Division at Waterloo. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-78159-102-4.
  • History of the War in South Africa. Vol. III. London: Hurst and Blackett Limited. 1908. OCLC 775290586.
  • Holden, Robert (1887). Historical Record of the Third and Fourth Battalions of the Worcestershire Regiment. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. OCLC 558575677.
  • Jackson, Sir William Godfrey Fothergill (1996). Britain's Triumph and Decline in the Middle East: Military Campaigns, 1919 to the Present Day. London: Brassey's (UK). ISBN 978-1-85753-123-7.
  • Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
  • Lord, Cliff; Watson, Graham (2003). The Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents. West Midlands: Helion. ISBN 978-1-874622-07-9.
  • Marston, Daniel (2010) [2008]. Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84908-164-1.
  • Maurice, Frederick (1906). History of the War in South Africa 1899–1902. Vol. I. London: Hurst and Blackett Limited. OCLC 775290050.
  • McGuigan, Ron; Burnham, Robert (2017). Wellington's Brigade Commanders. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-47385-079-8.
  • Oman, Charles (1930). A History of the Peninsular War. Vol. VII August 1813 – April 14, 1814. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 185228609.
  • Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. London: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-065-8.
  • Reid, Stuart (2004). Wellington's Army in the Peninsula 1809–14. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-517-4.
  • Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2011). Jerusalem: The Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26651-4.

Further reading

  • Crosse, Ernest Courtenay (1919). The Defeat of Austria as seen by the 7th Division: Being a Narrative of the Fortunes of the 7th Division from the time it left the Asiago Plateau in August 1918 till the conclusion of the armistice with Austria on November 4, 1918. London: H. F. Deane & Sons. OCLC 253141714.
  • Forbes, Helen Emily (1920). The Saga of the Seventh Division. London: John Lake. OCLC 162944266. (poem)

External sources

  • The British Army in the Great War: The Long, Long Trail
  • BritishMilitaryHistory, Palestine & Trans-Jordan 1930 - 1948
  • Hughes, Richard M. (2014). Tommy Capper's “Immortals”: How effective was the 7th Division at the 1st Battle of Ypres? (Masters thesis). Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

March 03, 2023
infantry, division, united, kingdom, infantry, division, infantry, division, british, army, first, established, duke, wellington, part, anglo, portuguese, army, service, peninsular, active, also, during, first, world, from, 1914, 1919, briefly, second, world, . The 7th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army first established by The Duke of Wellington as part of the Anglo Portuguese Army for service in the Peninsular War and was active also during the First World War from 1914 to 1919 and briefly in the Second World War in 1939 7th Division7th Infantry DivisionThe divisional insignia during the First World War 1916 onwards ActiveRaised and disbanded on five different occasions between 1811 and 1939CountryUnited KingdomBranchBritish ArmyNickname s The Mongrels Peninsular War EngagementsPeninsular WarSecond Boer WarFirst World War Contents 1 Peninsular War 2 Second Boer War 3 First World War 4 Arab Revolt 5 Second World War 6 General officers commanding 7 Victoria Cross recipients 8 Orders of battle 8 1 Peninsular War 8 2 Second Boer War 8 3 First World War 8 4 Arab Revolt 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External sourcesPeninsular War EditDuring the French Revolutionary Wars and early in the Napoleonic Wars the largest permanent organised structure within the British Army was the brigade The brigade which consisted of two or more battalions grouped together under the command of a major general suited the small size of the army and the operations that it conducted When needed larger forces were organised on an ad hoc basis This included multiple brigades grouped into lines or columns As the army and its operations grew it implemented divisions a single formation of two or more brigades usually commanded by a lieutenant general The division concept was not new and had been used by other European armies towards the end of the Seven Years War 1756 1763 On 18 June 1809 Lieutenant General Arthur Wellesley commander of British forces in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War reorganised his force into four divisions 1 The following year with the further expansion of his force Wellington created the 7th Division It consisted of British German Portuguese and French troops Due to the mixture of nationalities as well as line and light regiments the division had a multitude of uniforms This coined the nickname of The Mongrels 2 The division was present at the Battle of Fuentes de Onoro the Battle of Vitoria the Battle of the Pyrenees the Battle of Nivelle the Battle of the Nive and the Battle of Orthez 3 Second Boer War EditThe 7th Division was re activated during the Second Boer War The division took part in the Battle of Poplar Grove March 1900 and the following occupation of Bloemfontein then took part in Lord Roberts march to Pretoria 4 First World War Edit Column of the 2nd Battalion Gordon Highlanders marching to the trenches along the Becordel Fricourt road France October 1916 The 7th Division was a Regular Army formation that was formed in September 1914 by combining units returning from garrison outposts in the British Empire at the outbreak of the First World War the previous month 5 6 During the war the division fought in the First Battle of Ypres the Battle of Neuve Chapelle the Battle of Aubers Ridge the Battle of Festubert the Battle of Loos the Battle of the Somme the Battle of Passchendaele and the Battle of Vittorio Veneto 6 The division landed at Zeebrugge in Belgium on 6 October 1914 in an attempt to support the Belgian Army s defence of Antwerp but was soon forced to retreat south west as that city fell a few days later It then played a crucial part in the stabilisation of the front during the First Battle of Ypres preventing a German breakthrough although at a high cost in terms of casualties 7 A floating division the 7th was the first British Division to enter Ypres on 14 October It was ordered to hold the line while Field Marshal French brought up his remaining six divisions and redeployed them from the Aisne to the sea The division held an 8 mile front for two weeks opposite some 340 000 Germans Some 18 000 soldiers strong on 15 October the 7th left the line on 31 October with just 2 000 troops remaining mostly transport and supply 8 The 7th Division fought in most of the major battles on the Western Front through to 1917 before being sent to the Italian Front for the remainder of the war At the battle of Loos in late 1915 the division s General Officer Commanding GOC Major General Thompson Capper was killed in action at the height of the fighting Unlike the first six regular divisions of the British Expeditionary Force BEF a third of whose strength was made up of regular reservists the 7th Division was originally composed entirely of serving regular soldiers which gave rise to the division s nickname The Immortal Seventh 6 Arab Revolt EditIn 1936 the Arab Revolt broke out in the British Mandate of Palestine 9 British troops were dispatched ending the first phase of the war by the close of the year 10 Fighting soon resumed and reached its zenith during the summer of 1938 With rising tensions in Europe the British began to withdraw troops from Palestine for use elsewhere 11 The conclusion of the Munich Agreement on 30 September 1938 calmed the rising tensions in Europe and averted war allowing the British to resume their military build up in Palestine 12 The 7th Division was reformed the following month and placed under the command of Major General Richard O Connor 13 The division was deployed to Palestine on internal security duties as part of a build up of 18 500 men in the region 12 14 This force then began to suppress the revolt Meanwhile Palestinian guerrillas had overrun the Old City of Jerusalem O Connor s men proceeded to sweep the area declaring the Old City free of militants on 19 October The same day the division seized Acre and by the end of the month were clearing Jaffa of rebels 15 16 Many Palestinians were detained and rebel activity significantly dropped off in the area 16 In the north the 8th Infantry Division under Major General Bernard Montgomery and Special Night Squads engaged in counter terror operations with O Connor writing that one brigadier always encouraged his men to be brutal General Officer Commanding GOC British Forces in Palestine and Trans Jordan Robert Haining wrote in late 1938 that unnecessary violence vindictiveness and killing in cold blood had to be curbed O Connor was likewise opposed to the measures in the north and wrote harshness and unnecessary violence on the part of our soldiers had to be curbed 17 During the operation in Jerusalem only four to nineteen guerrillas were killed 18 19 In early 1939 the revolt finally came to an end a Second World War EditOn 31 August just prior to the war beginning the headquarters of the 7th Infantry Division relinquished command of all its troops O Connor and the divisional staff then left Jerusalem bound for Cairo Egypt From Cairo the men moved forward to Mersa Matruh arriving on 7 September The headquarters was then assigned all troops based there with the exception of the 7th Armoured Division 14 The British Official Historian I S O Playfair comments that this decision was undertaken to relieve the burden on Lieutenant General Henry Maitland Wilson GOC British Troops in Egypt of direct control of operations which had been his in addition to the command of all troops in Egypt 21 Due to the logistical problems in maintaining substantial forces across the Western Desert and on the Libya Egypt border Mersa Matruh was the forward British base of operations and supplied by rail Positioned 200 miles 320 km west of Alexandria and 120 miles 190 km from the border the location had been chosen to shield forward Royal Air Force RAF landing strips behind it and to defend the Nile Delta Mersa Matruh also offered the British the strategy of drawing Italian or other forces forward to them to allow a counter attack after they ran into supply difficulties 22 23 On 3 November the division was renamed the 6th Infantry Division 14 General officers commanding EditSee also General officer commanding General officer commanding Appointment date Rank General officer commanding Notes Source s 5 March 1811 Major General William Houston The division was formed in Portugal for service in the Peninsular War 2 1 August 1811 Major General John Sontag Temporary commander relinquished position due to ill health in October 24 October 1811 Lieutenant General Carl von Alten 2 2 May 1812 Major General John Hope 25 23 September 1812 Major General John de Bernewitz 26 25 October 1812 Lieutenant General George Ramsay 25 9 October 1813 Major General Carlos Lecor 27 18 November 1813 Major General George Walker Temporary commander relinquished position on 27 February 1814 27 28 February March 1814 Major General George Ramsay At the conclusion of the Peninsular War in 1814 the division was disbanded in France The final troops departed in June 29 24 August 1815 Major General Sir Thomas Brisbane The division was merged into the Army of Occupation in France on 30 November 30 December 1899 Lieutenant General Charles Tucker The division was mobilized in the United Kingdom for service in the Second Boer War Tucker maintained command through to the end of 1900 when while still in southern Africa the division was broken up 31 32 23 June 1902 Major General Gerald Morton The division was reformed in Ireland Morton died in office 33 30 April 1906 Major General Herbert Plumer In 1907 the division was renumbered as the 5th Division 34 35 36 27 August 1914 Major General Thompson Capper The division was formed in Lyndhurst Hampshire for service in the First World War Capper was wounded in action on 1 April 1915 37 6 April 1915 Brigadier General Sydney Lawford Acting commander 38 19 April 1915 Major General Hubert Gough 38 14 July 1915 Brigadier General Sydney Lawford Acting commander 38 19 July 1915 Major General Thompson Capper Capper died of his wounds on 27 September 1915 38 26 September 1915 Brigadier General Herbert Watts Acting commander 38 27 September 1915 Major General Herbert Watts 38 7 January 1917 Major General George Barrow 38 1 April 1917 Major General Herbert Shoubridge Left division on sick leave on 9 February 1918 38 9 February 1918 Brigadier General Julian Steele Acting commander 38 22 March 1918 Major General Herbert Shoubridge The division demobilised in Italy following the conclusion of hostilities in 1919 39 29 September 1938 Major General Richard O Connor The division was reformed in Palestine for service during the Arab revolt The division was renumbered as the 6th Infantry Division on 3 November 1939 13 14 40 Victoria Cross recipients EditSee also Victoria Cross Date of action Rank Name Unit Place of action Country of action Sources Victoria Cross recipients23 October 1914 Drummer William Kenny Gordon Highlanders Ypres Belgium 41 42 29 October 1914 Lieutenant James Brooke Gordon Highlanders Gheluvelt Belgium 41 43 7 November 1914 Captain John Vallentin South Staffordshire Regiment Zillebeke Belgium 41 43 19 December 1914 Private James MacKenzie Scots Guards Rouges Bancs France 41 43 21 December 1914 Private Abraham Acton Border Regiment Rouges Bancs France 41 43 21 December 1914 Private James Smith Border Regiment Rouges Bancs France 41 43 12 March 1915 Captain Charles Foss Bedfordshire Regiment Neuve Chapelle France 41 44 12 March 1915 Corporal William Anderson Green Howards Neuve Chapelle France 41 45 12 March 1915 Private Edward Barber Grenadier Guards Neuve Chapelle France 41 46 12 March 1915 Lance Corporal Wilfred Fuller Grenadier Guards Neuve Chapelle France 41 46 12 June 1915 Lance Corporal William Angus Highland Light Infantry Givenchy France b 16 May 1915 Company Sergeant Major Frederick Barter Royal Welsh Fusiliers Festubert France 41 47 25 September 1915 Private Arthur Vickers Royal Warwickshire Regiment Hulloch France 41 48 20 July 1916 Private Theodore Veale Devonshire Regiment High Wood France 41 49 Orders of battle EditPeninsular War Edit During this period brigades were referred to by their commander s names Due to changes in command the brigade names fluctuated frequently 7th Division 1811 1814 50 Division s first brigade 1st Light Battalion King s German Legion until 6 December 1812 2nd Light Battalion King s German Legion until 6 December 1812 Brunswick Oels 1st Battalion 6th 1st Warwickshire Regiment from 6 December 1812 3rd Provisional Battalion 2nd Battalion 24th Regiment of Foot and 2nd Battalion 58th Regiment of Foot Regiments of Foot from December 1812 Division s second brigade 51st 2nd Yorkshire West Riding Regiment of Foot Light Infantry 85th Bucks Volunteers Regiment of Foot Light Infantry until October 1811 68th Durham Regiment of Foot Light Infantry from 19 July 1811 1st Battalion 82nd Regiment of Foot Prince of Wales s Volunteers from 28 November 1812 Chasseurs BritanniquesPortuguese brigade attached 7th Line Regiment 19th Line Regiment 2nd CacadoresMilitia brigade attached 1814 but arrived after the Peninsular War had drawn to a close c 1st Provisional Battalion 2nd Provisional Battalion 3rd Provisional BattalionSecond Boer War Edit 7th Division 1899 1900 52 14th Brigade 2nd Battalion Norfolk Regiment 2nd Battalion Lincolnshire Regiment 1st Battalion King s Own Scottish Borderers 2nd Battalion Hampshire Regiment 26th Transport Company Army Service Corps partial 14th Brigade Bearer Company 14th Brigade Field Hospital15th Brigade 2nd Battalion Cheshire Regiment 2nd Battalion South Wales Borderers 1st Battalion East Lancashire Regiment 2nd Battalion North Staffordshire Regiment 26th Transport Company Army Service Corps partial 15th Brigade Bearer Company 15th Brigade Field HospitalDivisional artillery Royal Field Artillery 18th Field Battery 62nd Field Battery 75th Field Battery Ammunition column 83rd Field Battery during the course of 1900 the above three batteries were replaced by these three 84th Field Battery 85th Field BatteryDivisional Cavalry 1st Company City of London Imperial volunteers Mounted Infantry by April 1900 Royal Engineers 9th Field Company left before April 1900 26th Field Company by April 1900 First World War Edit 7th Division 1914 1918 53 20th Brigade 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards until 4 August 1915 2nd Battalion Scots Guards until 8 August 1915 2nd Battalion Border Regiment 2nd Battalion Gordon Highlanders 1 6th Battalion Gordon Highlanders from 5 December 1914 until 5 January 1916 8th Service Battalion Devonshire Regiment from 4 August 1915 9th Service Battalion Devonshire Regiment from 8 August 1915 until 13 September 1918 6th Battalion Cheshire Regiment joined 9 January 1916 until 25 February 1916 20th Brigade Machine Gun Company formed 10 February 1916 until 1 April 1918 20th Trench Mortar Battery formed 14 February 1916 21st Brigade until 19 December 1915 2nd Battalion Bedfordshire Regiment 2nd Battalion Green Howards 2nd Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers 2nd Battalion Duke of Edinburgh s Wiltshire Regiment 1 4th Battalion Queen s Own Cameron Highlanders from 8 April 1915 22nd Brigade 2nd Battalion The Queen s Royal West Surrey Regiment left December 1915 2nd Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment 1st Battalion Royal Welch Fusiliers 1st Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment left December 1915 1 8th Battalion Royal Scots Lothian Regiment from 12 November 1914 until 19 August 1915 1 7th Battalion King s Liverpool Regiment from 11 November 1915 until 7 January 1916 20th Service Battalion 5th City Manchester Regiment from 20 December 1915 until 13 September 1918 2nd Battalion The Royal Irish Regiment from 22 May 1916 until 14 October 1916 22nd Brigade Machine Gun Company formed 24 February 1916 until 1 April 1918 22nd Trench Mortar Battery formed 14 April 1916 24th Service Battalion Oldham Manchester Regiment from 20 December 1915 until 22 May 1916 2 1st Battalion Honourable Artillery Company from 6 October 1916 91st Brigade from 20 December 1915 2nd Battalion Queen s Royal West Surrey Regiment 1st Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment 21st Service Battalion 6th City Manchester Regiment until 13 September 1918 22nd Service Battalion 7th City Manchester Regiment 91st Brigade Machine Gun Company from 14 March 1916 until 1 April 1918 91st Trench Mortar Battery joined May 1916 Divisional Mounted Troops 1st Northumberland Hussars On 12 April 1915 two of the three squadrons were transferred to other formations leaving the 7th Division with just A Squadron A Squadron left on 13 May 1916 7th Cyclist Company until 11 May 1916 Divisional Artillery XIV Brigade Royal Horse Artillery left 10 February 1917 C Battery until 19 October 1914 F Battery T Battery from 21 December 1914 XIV RHA Brigade Ammunition Column D Howitzer Battery Royal Field Artillery RFA from 24 June 1915 until 20 December 1915 509th Howitzer Battery RFA from 7 October 1916 until 13 February 1917 XXII Brigade RFA 104th Battery 105th Battery 106th Battery XXII Brigade Ammunition Column 35th Howitzer Battery from 17 May 1916 XXXV Brigade RFA 12th Battery 25th Battery 58th Battery XXXV Brigade Ammunition Column 31st Howitzer Battery from 17 May 1916 XXXVII Howitzer Brigade RFA from 24 June 1915 broken up 17 May 1916 31st Howitzer Battery 35th Howitzer Battery XXVII Howitzer Brigade Ammunition Column III Heavy Brigade Royal Garrison Artillery until 4 March 1915 111 Heavy Battery 112 Heavy Battery Heavy Battery ammunition columns 7th divisional ammunition column until 16 May 1916 No 7 Pom Pom Section A A from 25 September 1914 until 20 December 1914 5th Mountain Battery from 26 March 1915 until 20 April 1915 Medium Trench Mortars Royal Field Artillery X Battery formed 25 February 1916 Y Battery formed March 1916 Z Battery formed March 1916 until 22 February 1918 when it was dispersed to X and Y batteries Heavy Trench Mortars Royal Field Artillery V Battery formed June 1916 disbanded 12 November 1917 Divisional Engineers Royal Engineers 54th Field Company 55th Field Company until 1 September 1915 95th Field Company from 30 August 1915 2nd Highland Field Company from 17 January 1915 until 24 January 1916 3rd Durham Field Company from 30 January 1916 later renumbered 528th 3rd Durham Field Company and then 528th Field Company 7th Divisional Signal CompanyPioneers 24th Service Battalion Manchester Regiment from 22 May 1916 Divisional Machine Guns 220th Machine Gun Company from 25 March 1917 No 7 Battery Machine Gun Corps formed on 1 April 1918 by merger of brigade and the 220th Machine Gun Companies Divisional Medical Services Royal Army Medical Corps 21st Field Ambulance 22nd Field Ambulance 23rd Field AmbulanceDivisional Veterinary Services Army Veterinary Corps 12th Mobile Veterinary Section from 16 September 1914 although did not move to France until 7 October 1914 Divisional Services 7th Divisional Train Army Service Corps 39th Company 40th Company 42nd Company 86th Company 12th Divisional Employment Company Labour Corps from 21 May 1917 renumbered 210th in June 1917 Arab Revolt Edit 7th Division 1938 1939 54 18th Infantry Brigade 2nd Battalion King s Own Royal Regiment Lancaster 2nd Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment 1st Battalion Worcestershire Regiment 2nd Battalion Black Watch19th Infantry Brigade 1st Battalion Buffs Royal East Kent Regiment 1st Battalion Royal Northumberland Fusiliers 1st Battalion Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment 2nd Battalion Highland Light InfantryDivisional troops 3rd Battalion Coldstream Guards Royal Scots Greys Royal Engineers 54th Field Company 56th Field Company Royal Army Service Corps 14th Company 58th Company 67th Company 68th CompanySee also Edit United Kingdom portal War portal World War I portal World War II portalList of British divisions in the First World War List of British divisions in World War II Structure of the British Army in 1939 W N Hodgson poet who served with the division and was killed during the Battle of the SommeNotes EditFootnotes Montgomery s 8th Division launched a major operation that defeated the rebels on a military level 20 On a political level the British Government drew up the White Paper of 1939 conceding to the demands of the Arab Higher Committee Self government an Arab controlled Palestine would be implemented within 10 years and in the meantime Jewish immigration would cease after five years 17 The divisional history lists Angus as a private whereas the Gazette states that he was a lance corporal 41 47 The 1st battalion was largely drawn from the Royal Buckinghamshire Militia King s Own but also contained detachments from the Northampton Wilshire Worcester and the 1st and 2nd Surrey Militias The 2nd Battalion drew from the Royal West Middlesex Militia and the third from the Royal Denbigh Rifles 51 Citations Haythornthwaite 2016 The Divisional System a b c Reid 2004 p 64 Battle of Orthez British Battles Retrieved 24 May 2020 Latest Intelligence The occupation of Bloemfontein The Times No 36092 London 17 March 1900 p 7 Becke 1934 pp 81 7 a b c The 7th Division The Long Long Trail Retrieved 14 January 2022 Lomas D 1999 First Ypres 1914 Graveyard of the Old Contemptibles Campaign Book 58 Osprey Publishing Ltd Oxford ISBN 1 85532 573 X 96 pp Forbes Helen Emily Craven Lady 1920 The saga of the Seventh division J Lane p 9 Bar On 2006 p 21 Bar On 2006 p 26 Bar On 2006 pp 27 32 a b Bar On 2006 p 35 a b The Army The Times No 48141 2 November 1938 a b c d Joslen 2003 p 51 Jackson 1996 p 31 a b Bar On 2006 pp 35 36 a b Marston 2010 p 32 Bar On 2006 p 36 Sebag Montefiore 2011 p 473 Bar On 2006 pp 37 38 Playfair et al 2004 p 97 Playfair et al 2004 p 4 Grehan amp Mace 2015 p 6 McGuigan amp Burnham 2017 p 272 a b Reid 2004 p 65 McGuigan amp Burnham 2017 p 48 a b Reid 2004 p 66 McGuigan amp Burnham 2017 p 300 Reid 2004 p 66 Oman 1930 p 513 McGuigan amp Burnham 2017 p 64 No 27146 The London Gazette 22 December 1899 p 8542 Creswicke 1900b p 194 Creswicke 1901 p 138 No 27460 The London Gazette 1 August 1902 p 4969 and No 27913 The London Gazette 15 May 1906 p 3361 No 27913 The London Gazette 15 May 1906 p 3361 Lord amp Watson 2003 p 34 Hart s Annual Army List Militia List and Imperial Yeomanry List for 1907 London John Murray p 99a Retrieved 13 January 2021 and Hart s Annual Army List Militia List and Imperial Yeomanry List for 1909 London John Murray p 102 Retrieved 13 January 2021 Becke 1935 pp 81 86 a b c d e f g h i Becke 1935 p 81 Becke 1935 p 81 Lord amp Watson 2003 p 39 No 34558 The London Gazette 4 October 1938 p 6197 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Atkinson 1927 p 514 No 29074 The London Gazette Supplement 16 February 1915 p 1699 a b c d e No 29074 The London Gazette Supplement 16 February 1915 p 1700 No 29272 The London Gazette Supplement 20 August 1915 p 8373 No 29170 The London Gazette Supplement 21 May 1915 p 4989 a b No 29135 The London Gazette Supplement 16 April 1915 p 3815 a b No 29210 The London Gazette 29 June 1915 p 6269 No 29371 The London Gazette Supplement 16 November 1915 p 11450 No 29740 The London Gazette Supplement 8 September 1916 p 8871 Reid 2004 pp 64 66 Holden 1887 pp 143 146 Creswicke 1900a p 38 Maurice 1906 pp 437 486 War in South Africa 1908 p 531 Becke 1935 pp 83 85 War Office Monthly Army List March 1939 National Library of Scotland p 145 References EditAtkinson Christopher Thomas 1927 The Seventh Division 1914 1918 London John Murray OCLC 250082115 Bar On Mordechai ed 2006 2004 Never Ending Conflict Israeli Military History Stackpole Military History Series Mechanicsburg Pennsylvania Stackpole Books ISBN 978 0 8117 3345 8 Becke Archibald Frank 1935 Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1 The Regular British Divisions London His Majesty s Stationery Office OCLC 929528172 Creswicke Louis 1900a South Africa and the Transvaal War Vol IV Edinburgh T C amp E C Jack OCLC 154231374 Creswicke Louis 1900b South Africa and the Transvaal War Vol V Edinburgh T C amp E C Jack OCLC 154231374 Creswicke Louis 1901 South Africa and the Transvaal War Vol VI Edinburgh T C amp E C Jack OCLC 154231374 Grehan John Mace Martin 2015 Operations in North Africa and the Middle East 1939 1942 Tobruk Crete Syria and East Africa Despatches from the Front Barnsley Pen amp Sword Military ISBN 978 1 78346 217 9 Haythornthwaite Philip 2016 Picton s Division at Waterloo Barnsley Pen amp Sword Books ISBN 978 1 78159 102 4 History of the War in South Africa Vol III London Hurst and Blackett Limited 1908 OCLC 775290586 Holden Robert 1887 Historical Record of the Third and Fourth Battalions of the Worcestershire Regiment London Kegan Paul Trench amp Co OCLC 558575677 Jackson Sir William Godfrey Fothergill 1996 Britain s Triumph and Decline in the Middle East Military Campaigns 1919 to the Present Day London Brassey s UK ISBN 978 1 85753 123 7 Joslen H F 2003 1960 Orders of Battle Second World War 1939 1945 Uckfield East Sussex Naval and Military Press ISBN 978 1 84342 474 1 Lord Cliff Watson Graham 2003 The Royal Corps of Signals Unit Histories of the Corps 1920 2001 and its Antecedents West Midlands Helion ISBN 978 1 874622 07 9 Marston Daniel 2010 2008 Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare Oxford Osprey ISBN 978 1 84908 164 1 Maurice Frederick 1906 History of the War in South Africa 1899 1902 Vol I London Hurst and Blackett Limited OCLC 775290050 McGuigan Ron Burnham Robert 2017 Wellington s Brigade Commanders Barnsley South Yorkshire Pen amp Sword Military ISBN 978 1 47385 079 8 Oman Charles 1930 A History of the Peninsular War Vol VII August 1813 April 14 1814 Oxford Oxford University Press OCLC 185228609 Playfair I S O et al 2004 1954 Butler J R M ed The Mediterranean and Middle East The Early Successes Against Italy to May 1941 History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series Vol I London Naval amp Military Press ISBN 978 1 84574 065 8 Reid Stuart 2004 Wellington s Army in the Peninsula 1809 14 Oxford Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 84176 517 4 Sebag Montefiore Simon 2011 Jerusalem The Biography New York Alfred A Knopf ISBN 978 0 307 26651 4 Further reading EditCrosse Ernest Courtenay 1919 The Defeat of Austria as seen by the 7th Division Being a Narrative of the Fortunes of the 7th Division from the time it left the Asiago Plateau in August 1918 till the conclusion of the armistice with Austria on November 4 1918 London H F Deane amp Sons OCLC 253141714 Forbes Helen Emily 1920 The Saga of the Seventh Division London John Lake OCLC 162944266 poem External sources EditThe British Army in the Great War The Long Long Trail BritishMilitaryHistory Palestine amp Trans Jordan 1930 1948 Hughes Richard M 2014 Tommy Capper s Immortals How effective was the 7th Division at the 1st Battle of Ypres Masters thesis Birmingham University of Birmingham Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 7th Infantry Division United Kingdom amp oldid 1125810423, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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