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774–775 carbon-14 spike

March 23, 2024

The 774–775 carbon-14 spike is an observed increase of around 1.2% in the concentration of the radioactive carbon-14 isotope in tree rings dated to 774 or 775 CE, which is about 20 times higher than the normal year-to-year variation of radiocarbon in the atmosphere. It was discovered during a study of Japanese cedar tree-rings, with the year of occurrence determined through dendrochronology.[1] A surge in beryllium isotope 10
Be, detected in Antarctic ice cores, has also been associated with the 774–775 event.[2] The 774–775 CE carbon-14 spike is one of several Miyake events and it produced the largest and most rapid rise in carbon-14 ever recorded.[3][4]

The event appears to have been global, with the same carbon-14 signal found in tree rings from Germany, Russia, the United States, Finland, and New Zealand.[2][5][6]

The carbon-14 spike around 774. Colored dots are measurements in Japanese (M12) and German (oak) trees; black lines are the modeled profile corresponding to the instant production of carbon-14.[2]

The signal exhibits a sharp increase of around 1.2% followed by a slow decline, which is consistent with an instant production of carbon-14 in the atmosphere,[2] indicating that the event was short in duration. The globally averaged production of carbon-14 for this event is (1.3 ± 0.2) × 108 atoms/cm2.[2][7][8]

Hypotheses edit

Several possible causes of the event have been considered.

Annus Domini (the year of the Lord) 774. This year the Northumbrians banished their king, Alred, from York at Easter-tide; and chose Ethelred, the son of Mull, for their lord, who reigned four winters. This year also appeared in the heavens a red crucifix, after sunset; the Mercians and the men of Kent fought at Otford; and wonderful serpents were seen in the land of the South-Saxons.

— Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[9]

The "red crucifix" recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has been variously hypothesised to have been a supernova[9] or the aurora borealis.[2][10]

In China, there is only one clear reference to an aurora in the mid-770s, on 12 January 776.[11][12] However, an anomalous "thunderstorm" was recorded for 775.[13]

The most widely accepted theory is that the event was caused by a solar particle event (SPE) from a very strong solar flare, perhaps the strongest known.[2][7][14][15][16][3] Another proposed origin, involving a gamma-ray burst,[8][17] is regarded as unlikely, because the event was also observed in isotopes 10
Be and 36
Cl.[16][clarification needed]

Frequency of similar events edit

 
The AD 774/75 event in view of 10
Be, 14
C, and 36
Cl

The event of 774 is the strongest spike over the last 11,000 years in the record of cosmogenic isotopes,[14] but several other events of the same kind (Miyake events) have occurred during the Holocene epoch.[14] The 993–994 carbon-14 spike was about 60% as strong;[18] another event occurred in c. 660 BCE.[19][20] In 2023 the strongest event yet discovered was reported, which occurred in 12,350-12,349 BC.[21]

The event of 774 did not have any significant consequences for life on Earth,[22][15] but had it happened in modern times, it might have produced catastrophic damage to modern technology, particularly to communication and space-borne navigation systems. In addition, a solar flare capable of producing the observed isotopic effect would pose considerable risk to astronauts.[23]

14
C variations are poorly understood, because annual-resolution measurements are available for only a few periods (such as 774–775).[24] In a 2017 study, a 14
C increase of (2.0%) was associated with a 5480 BCE event, but it is not associated with a solar event because of its long duration, but rather to an unusually fast grand minimum of solar activity.[24]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Miyake, F.; Nagaya, K.; Masuda, K.; Nakamura, T. (2012). "A signature of cosmic-ray increase in AD 774–775 from tree rings in Japan". Nature. 486 (7402): 240–2. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..240M. doi:10.1038/nature11123. PMID 22699615. S2CID 4368820.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Usoskin, I. G.; et al. (2013). "The AD775 cosmic event revisited: The Sun is to blame". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 552 (1): L3. arXiv:1302.6897. Bibcode:2013A&A...552L...3U. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321080. S2CID 55137950.
  3. ^ a b Reimer, Paula; et al. (August 2020). "The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)". Radiocarbon. 62 (4): 725–757. Bibcode:2020Radcb..62..725R. doi:10.1017/RDC.2020.41. hdl:1893/30981. S2CID 216215614.
  4. ^ University of Kansas (November 30, 2012). "Researcher points to Sun as likely source of eighth-century 'Charlemagne event'".
  5. ^ Jull, A.J.T.; Panyushkina, I.P.; Lange, T.E.; et al. (2014). "Excursions in the 14C record at AD 774–775 in tree rings from Russia and America". Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 (8): 3004–3010. Bibcode:2014GeoRL..41.3004J. doi:10.1002/2014GL059874. hdl:10150/628657. S2CID 19045243.
  6. ^ Güttler, D.; Beer, J.; Bleicher, N. (2013). "The 774/775 AD event in the southern hemisphere". ETH-Zurich: Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics: Annual Report 2013. LIBRUM. p. 33. ISBN 9783952403846. OCLC 887695262.
  7. ^ a b Melott, A.L.; Thomas, B.C. (2012). "Causes of an AD 774-775 14C increase". Nature. 491 (7426): E1–E2. arXiv:1212.0490. Bibcode:2012Natur.491E...1M. doi:10.1038/nature11695. PMID 23192153. S2CID 205231715.
  8. ^ a b Pavlov, A.K.; Blinov, A.V.; Konstantinov, A.N.; et al. (2013). "AD 775 pulse of cosmogenic radionuclides production as imprint of a Galactic gamma-ray burst". Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 435 (4): 2878–2884. arXiv:1308.1272. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435.2878P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1468.
  9. ^ a b Owano, Nancy (2012-06-30). "Red Crucifix sighting in 774 may have been supernova". Phys.org.
  10. ^ Hayakawa, H. (2019). "The Celestial Sign in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 770s: Insights on Contemporary Solar Activity". Solar Physics. 294 (4): 42. arXiv:1903.03075. Bibcode:2019SoPh..294...42H. doi:10.1007/s11207-019-1424-8. S2CID 118718677.
  11. ^ Stephenson, F.R. (2015). "Astronomical evidence relating to the observed 14C increases in A.D. 774–5 and 993–4 as determined from tree rings". Advances in Space Research. 55 (6): 1537–45. Bibcode:2015AdSpR..55.1537S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2014.12.014.
  12. ^ Stephenson, F.R. (2019). "Do the Chinese Astronomical Records Dated AD 776 January 12/13 Describe an Auroral Display or a Lunar Halo? A Critical Re-examination" (PDF). Solar Physics. 294 (4): 36. arXiv:1903.06806. Bibcode:2019SoPh..294...36S. doi:10.1007/s11207-019-1425-7.
  13. ^ Ya-Ting Chai & Yuan-Chuan Zou (2015). "Searching for events in Chinese ancient records to explain the increase in 14C from 774–775 CE and 993–994 AD". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 15 (9): 1504. arXiv:1406.7306. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/15/9/007. S2CID 124499827.
  14. ^ a b c Usoskin, I.G.; Kovaltsov, G.A. (2012). "Occurrence of Extreme Solar Particle Events: Assessment from Historical Proxy Data". Astrophys. J. 757 (1): 92. arXiv:1207.5932. Bibcode:2012ApJ...757...92U. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/92. S2CID 56189671.
  15. ^ a b Thomas, B. C.; Melott, A. L.; Arkenberg, K. R.; Snyder, B. R. (2013). "Terrestrial effects of possible astrophysical sources of an AD 774–775 increase in 14C production". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (6): 1237. arXiv:1302.1501. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.1237T. doi:10.1002/grl.50222. S2CID 14253803.
  16. ^ a b Mekhaldi; et al. (2015). "Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4". Nature Communications. 6: 8611. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8611M. doi:10.1038/ncomms9611. PMC 4639793. PMID 26497389.
  17. ^ Hambaryan, V. V.; Neuhauser, R. (2013). "A Galactic short gamma-ray burst as cause for the 14C peak in AD 774/5". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 430 (1): 32–36. arXiv:1211.2584. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.430...32H. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts378.
  18. ^ Miyake, F.; Masuda, K.; Nakamura, T. (2013). "Another rapid event in the carbon-14 content of tree rings". Nature Communications. 4: 1748. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1748M. doi:10.1038/ncomms2783. PMID 23612289.
  19. ^ O'Hare, Paschal; et al. (2019). "Multiradionuclide evidence for an extreme solar proton event around 2,610 B.P. (~660 BC)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (13): 5961–6. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.5961O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815725116. PMC 6442557. PMID 30858311.
  20. ^ Hayakawa, Hisashi; Mitsuma, Yasuyuki; Ebihara, Yusuke; Miyake, Fusa (2019). "The Earliest Candidates of Auroral Observations in Assyrian Astrological Reports: Insights on Solar Activity around 660 BCE". The Astrophysical Journal. 884 (1): L18. arXiv:1909.05498. Bibcode:2019ApJ...884L..18H. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab42e4. S2CID 202565732.
  21. ^ Edouard Bard; et al. (Oct 9, 2023). "A radiocarbon spike at 14 300 cal yr BP in subfossil trees provides the impulse response function of the global carbon cycle during the Late Glacial". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. doi:10.1098/rsta.2022.0206. PMC 10586540.
  22. ^ Sukhodolov, Timofei; et al. (March 28, 2017). "Atmospheric impacts of the strongest known solar particle storm of 775 AD". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 45257. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745257S. doi:10.1038/srep45257. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5368659. PMID 28349934.
  23. ^ Townsend, L. W.; Porter, J. A.; deWet, W. C; Smith, W. J.; McGirl, N. A.; Heilbronn, L. H.; Moussa, H. M. (2016-06-01). "Extreme solar event of AD775: Potential radiation exposure to crews in deep space". Acta Astronautica. Special Section: Selected Papers from the International Workshop on Satellite Constellations and Formation Flying 2015. 123: 116–120. Bibcode:2016AcAau.123..116T. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.002.
  24. ^ a b Miyake, F.; Jull, A. J.; Panyushkina, I. P.; Wacker, L.; Salzer, M.; Baisan, C. H.; Lange, T.; Cruz, R.; Masuda, K.; Nakamura, T. (2017). "Large 14C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (5): 881–4. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114..881M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1613144114. PMC 5293056. PMID 28100493.

External links edit

  • Gamma Ray Burst of 775 (Dec 3, 2014). SciShow Space. on YouTube

March 23, 2024
carbon, spike, observed, increase, around, concentration, radioactive, carbon, isotope, tree, rings, dated, which, about, times, higher, than, normal, year, year, variation, radiocarbon, atmosphere, discovered, during, study, japanese, cedar, tree, rings, with. The 774 775 carbon 14 spike is an observed increase of around 1 2 in the concentration of the radioactive carbon 14 isotope in tree rings dated to 774 or 775 CE which is about 20 times higher than the normal year to year variation of radiocarbon in the atmosphere It was discovered during a study of Japanese cedar tree rings with the year of occurrence determined through dendrochronology 1 A surge in beryllium isotope 10 Be detected in Antarctic ice cores has also been associated with the 774 775 event 2 The 774 775 CE carbon 14 spike is one of several Miyake events and it produced the largest and most rapid rise in carbon 14 ever recorded 3 4 The event appears to have been global with the same carbon 14 signal found in tree rings from Germany Russia the United States Finland and New Zealand 2 5 6 The carbon 14 spike around 774 Colored dots are measurements in Japanese M12 and German oak trees black lines are the modeled profile corresponding to the instant production of carbon 14 2 The signal exhibits a sharp increase of around 1 2 followed by a slow decline which is consistent with an instant production of carbon 14 in the atmosphere 2 indicating that the event was short in duration The globally averaged production of carbon 14 for this event is 1 3 0 2 108 atoms cm2 2 7 8 Contents 1 Hypotheses 2 Frequency of similar events 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHypotheses editSeveral possible causes of the event have been considered Annus Domini the year of the Lord 774 This year the Northumbrians banished their king Alred from York at Easter tide and chose Ethelred the son of Mull for their lord who reigned four winters This year also appeared in the heavens a red crucifix after sunset the Mercians and the men of Kent fought at Otford and wonderful serpents were seen in the land of the South Saxons Anglo Saxon Chronicle 9 The red crucifix recorded by the Anglo Saxon Chronicle has been variously hypothesised to have been a supernova 9 or the aurora borealis 2 10 In China there is only one clear reference to an aurora in the mid 770s on 12 January 776 11 12 However an anomalous thunderstorm was recorded for 775 13 The most widely accepted theory is that the event was caused by a solar particle event SPE from a very strong solar flare perhaps the strongest known 2 7 14 15 16 3 Another proposed origin involving a gamma ray burst 8 17 is regarded as unlikely because the event was also observed in isotopes 10 Be and 36 Cl 16 clarification needed Frequency of similar events edit nbsp The AD 774 75 event in view of 10 Be 14 C and 36 ClThe event of 774 is the strongest spike over the last 11 000 years in the record of cosmogenic isotopes 14 but several other events of the same kind Miyake events have occurred during the Holocene epoch 14 The 993 994 carbon 14 spike was about 60 as strong 18 another event occurred in c 660 BCE 19 20 In 2023 the strongest event yet discovered was reported which occurred in 12 350 12 349 BC 21 The event of 774 did not have any significant consequences for life on Earth 22 15 but had it happened in modern times it might have produced catastrophic damage to modern technology particularly to communication and space borne navigation systems In addition a solar flare capable of producing the observed isotopic effect would pose considerable risk to astronauts 23 14 C variations are poorly understood because annual resolution measurements are available for only a few periods such as 774 775 24 In a 2017 study a 14 C increase of 2 0 was associated with a 5480 BCE event but it is not associated with a solar event because of its long duration but rather to an unusually fast grand minimum of solar activity 24 See also editBomb pulse a man made C 14 spike Carrington Event List of solar stormsReferences edit Miyake F Nagaya K Masuda K Nakamura T 2012 A signature of cosmic ray increase in AD 774 775 from tree rings in Japan Nature 486 7402 240 2 Bibcode 2012Natur 486 240M doi 10 1038 nature11123 PMID 22699615 S2CID 4368820 a b c d e f g Usoskin I G et al 2013 The AD775 cosmic event revisited The Sun is to blame Astronomy amp Astrophysics 552 1 L3 arXiv 1302 6897 Bibcode 2013A amp A 552L 3U doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201321080 S2CID 55137950 a b Reimer Paula et al August 2020 The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve 0 55 cal kBP Radiocarbon 62 4 725 757 Bibcode 2020Radcb 62 725R doi 10 1017 RDC 2020 41 hdl 1893 30981 S2CID 216215614 University of Kansas November 30 2012 Researcher points to Sun as likely source of eighth century Charlemagne event Jull A J T Panyushkina I P Lange T E et al 2014 Excursions in the 14C record at AD 774 775 in tree rings from Russia and America Geophys Res Lett 41 8 3004 3010 Bibcode 2014GeoRL 41 3004J doi 10 1002 2014GL059874 hdl 10150 628657 S2CID 19045243 Guttler D Beer J Bleicher N 2013 The 774 775 AD event in the southern hemisphere ETH Zurich Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics Annual Report 2013 LIBRUM p 33 ISBN 9783952403846 OCLC 887695262 a b Melott A L Thomas B C 2012 Causes of an AD 774 775 14C increase Nature 491 7426 E1 E2 arXiv 1212 0490 Bibcode 2012Natur 491E 1M doi 10 1038 nature11695 PMID 23192153 S2CID 205231715 a b Pavlov A K Blinov A V Konstantinov A N et al 2013 AD 775 pulse of cosmogenic radionuclides production as imprint of a Galactic gamma ray burst Mon Not R Astron Soc 435 4 2878 2884 arXiv 1308 1272 Bibcode 2013MNRAS 435 2878P doi 10 1093 mnras stt1468 a b Owano Nancy 2012 06 30 Red Crucifix sighting in 774 may have been supernova Phys org Hayakawa H 2019 The Celestial Sign in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle in the 770s Insights on Contemporary Solar Activity Solar Physics 294 4 42 arXiv 1903 03075 Bibcode 2019SoPh 294 42H doi 10 1007 s11207 019 1424 8 S2CID 118718677 Stephenson F R 2015 Astronomical evidence relating to the observed 14C increases in A D 774 5 and 993 4 as determined from tree rings Advances in Space Research 55 6 1537 45 Bibcode 2015AdSpR 55 1537S doi 10 1016 j asr 2014 12 014 Stephenson F R 2019 Do the Chinese Astronomical Records Dated AD 776 January 12 13 Describe an Auroral Display or a Lunar Halo A Critical Re examination PDF Solar Physics 294 4 36 arXiv 1903 06806 Bibcode 2019SoPh 294 36S doi 10 1007 s11207 019 1425 7 Ya Ting Chai amp Yuan Chuan Zou 2015 Searching for events in Chinese ancient records to explain the increase in 14C from 774 775 CE and 993 994 AD Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 9 1504 arXiv 1406 7306 doi 10 1088 1674 4527 15 9 007 S2CID 124499827 a b c Usoskin I G Kovaltsov G A 2012 Occurrence of Extreme Solar Particle Events Assessment from Historical Proxy Data Astrophys J 757 1 92 arXiv 1207 5932 Bibcode 2012ApJ 757 92U doi 10 1088 0004 637X 757 1 92 S2CID 56189671 a b Thomas B C Melott A L Arkenberg K R Snyder B R 2013 Terrestrial effects of possible astrophysical sources of an AD 774 775 increase in 14C production Geophysical Research Letters 40 6 1237 arXiv 1302 1501 Bibcode 2013GeoRL 40 1237T doi 10 1002 grl 50222 S2CID 14253803 a b Mekhaldi et al 2015 Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic ray events of ᴀᴅ 774 5 and 993 4 Nature Communications 6 8611 Bibcode 2015NatCo 6 8611M doi 10 1038 ncomms9611 PMC 4639793 PMID 26497389 Hambaryan V V Neuhauser R 2013 A Galactic short gamma ray burst as cause for the 14C peak in AD 774 5 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 430 1 32 36 arXiv 1211 2584 Bibcode 2013MNRAS 430 32H doi 10 1093 mnras sts378 Miyake F Masuda K Nakamura T 2013 Another rapid event in the carbon 14 content of tree rings Nature Communications 4 1748 Bibcode 2013NatCo 4 1748M doi 10 1038 ncomms2783 PMID 23612289 O Hare Paschal et al 2019 Multiradionuclide evidence for an extreme solar proton event around 2 610 B P 660 BC Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 13 5961 6 Bibcode 2019PNAS 116 5961O doi 10 1073 pnas 1815725116 PMC 6442557 PMID 30858311 Hayakawa Hisashi Mitsuma Yasuyuki Ebihara Yusuke Miyake Fusa 2019 The Earliest Candidates of Auroral Observations in Assyrian Astrological Reports Insights on Solar Activity around 660 BCE The Astrophysical Journal 884 1 L18 arXiv 1909 05498 Bibcode 2019ApJ 884L 18H doi 10 3847 2041 8213 ab42e4 S2CID 202565732 Edouard Bard et al Oct 9 2023 A radiocarbon spike at 14 300 cal yr BP in subfossil trees provides the impulse response function of the global carbon cycle during the Late Glacial Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A doi 10 1098 rsta 2022 0206 PMC 10586540 Sukhodolov Timofei et al March 28 2017 Atmospheric impacts of the strongest known solar particle storm of 775 AD Scientific Reports 7 1 45257 Bibcode 2017NatSR 745257S doi 10 1038 srep45257 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 5368659 PMID 28349934 Townsend L W Porter J A deWet W C Smith W J McGirl N A Heilbronn L H Moussa H M 2016 06 01 Extreme solar event of AD775 Potential radiation exposure to crews in deep space Acta Astronautica Special Section Selected Papers from the International Workshop on Satellite Constellations and Formation Flying 2015 123 116 120 Bibcode 2016AcAau 123 116T doi 10 1016 j actaastro 2016 03 002 a b Miyake F Jull A J Panyushkina I P Wacker L Salzer M Baisan C H Lange T Cruz R Masuda K Nakamura T 2017 Large 14C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid Holocene Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 5 881 4 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114 881M doi 10 1073 pnas 1613144114 PMC 5293056 PMID 28100493 External links editGamma Ray Burst of 775 Dec 3 2014 SciShow Space on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 774 775 carbon 14 spike amp oldid 1209301647, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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