322d Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron
The 322d Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron is a provisional unit of the United States Air Force, assigned to Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as needed.
| 322d Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron | |
|---|---|
KC-135A refuels B-52D during Vietnam War | |
| Active | 1942–1945; 1950–1957; 1963–1968 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Role | Reconnaissance |
| Part of | Air Combat Command |
| Engagements | European Theater of Operations |
| Decorations | |
| Insignia | |
| 322d Bombardment Squadron emblem[note 1][1][note 2] | |
| World War II fuselage code[2] | LG |
The squadron was first activated in 1942 as the 322d Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States, it moved to the European Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. It was awarded two Distinguished Unit Citations for combat in Germany. Following V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated in late 1945.
The squadron was redesignated the 322d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron and activated at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana in 1950. Squadron elements deployed and again saw combat during the Korean War. It was inactivated at Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio in 1957. In 1963, it returned to the bombardment role at Glasgow Air Force Base, Montana. It deployed crews and aircraft to Andersen Air Force Base, which participated in the Vietnam War. The squadron was inactivated on 25 June 1968 as Glasgow closed and older models of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress were withdrawn from service.
History
World War II
Organization and training in the United States
The squadron was first activated on 15 April 1942 at Harding Field as the 322nd Bombardment Squadron, one of the three original bombardment squadrons of the 91st Bombardment Group.[note 3] It was equipped with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. It completed First Phase training at MacDill Field under Third Air Force, with Second and Third Phase training at Walla Walla Army Air Field under Second Air Force in Washington.[3][4] The squadron's ground echelon left for Fort Dix in early September 1942, then boarded the RMS Queen Mary for transport to England. The air echelon moved to Gowen Field, Idaho on 24 August 1942, and began receiving new B-17s there. It becan flying them from Dow Field, Maine in September, although it was not fully equipped with new aircraft until October.[1][4]
Combat in Europe
The ground echelon was established temporarily at RAF Kimbolton by 13 September 1942. However, the runways at Kimbolton were not up to handling heavy bombers,[5] and the unit moved to what would be its permanent station in the European Theater of Operations, RAF Bassingbourn, on 14 October 1942.[1] Bassingbourn had been a prewar Royal Air Force station, so the squadron found itself in more comfortable quarters than most of its contemporaries.[5] The squadron primarily engaged in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, and flew its first mission on 7 November, an attack against submarine pens at Brest, France.[4][6]
Until the middle of 1943, The squadron concentrated its attacks on naval targets, including submarine pens, dockyards, ship construction facilities and harbors, although it also struck airfields, factories, and communications facilities. On 27 January 1943, the unit attacked the Kriegsmarine yard at Wilhelmshaven as part of the first penetration by bombers of VIII Bomber Command to a target in Germany. On 4 March 1943, it attacked marshalling yards at Hamm, Germany despite adverse weather and heavy enemy opposition. For this action, it was awarded its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).[6]
From the middle of 1943 to the end of the war, the squadron concentrated on attacks on German aviation, including attacks on aircraft factories, including ones at Oranienburg and Brussels; airfields at Oldenburg and Villacoublay; the ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt; chemical plants at Leverkusen and Peenemunde; and industrial facilities in Ludwigshafen, Frankfurt am Main and Wilhemshaven. As part of this attack on the German aircraft industry, on 11 January, the squadron penetrated into central Germany, despite bad weather, poor fighter cover, and strong attacks by enemy interceptor aircraft, the unit succeeded in bombing its target, earning a second DUC.[6]
The squadron also performed interdiction and air support missions. It helped prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, by bombing gun emplacements and troop concentrations near the beachhead area. It aided Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, in July 1944 by attacking enemy troop positions. It supported troops on the front lines near Caen in August 1944 and attacked lines of communications near the battlefield during the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945. It attacked airfields, bridges, and railroads to support Operation Lumberjack, the push across the Rhine in Germany, in 1945.[6]
Following V-E Day, the squadron evacuated prisoners of war from German camps. The first B-17 left Bassingbourn for the United States on 27 May 1945. The ground echelon sailed aboard the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 24 June 1945. The squadron was reestablished at Drew Field, Florida in early July, with the intention of deploying it to the Pacific, but it was not fully manned or equipped, and inactivated on 7 November 1945.[4][6][1]
Cold War
Strategic reconnaissance
The squadron was redesignated the 322d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron and activated at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana in July 1950 as a result of the Korean War. The squadron was initially equipped with RB-29 reconnaissance bombers, but soon converted to the North American RB-45 Tornado jet reconnaissance aircraft. Elements of the squadron flew reconnaissance and mapping combat missions over Korea until mid-1952. The squadron deployed to Johnson Air Base and Yokota Air Base, Japan from activation until 28 May 1952. In September 1951 the squadron moved to Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio, where it re-equipped with Boeing RB-47E Stratojets. The squadron performed various worldwide reconnaissance missions until inactivating in November 1957.[1]
Strategic bombardment
Once again designated as a bombardment squadron, the 322d was activated in February 1963 at Glasgow Air Force Base, Montana,[1] where it assumed the mission, personnel and Boeing B-52D Stratofortress bombers of the 326th Bombardment Squadron.[7] Most of the squadron deployed to the Western Pacific, where the flew Operation Arc Light combat missions over Southeast Asia, flying missions from Andersen Air Force Base between 11 September 1966 and 31 March 1967 and from Kadena Air Base between 15 February and 30 April 1968, operating as part of the Bombardment Wing, Provisional, 4133d. Upon returning from its last deployment the squadron became non-operational and was inactivated on 25 June 1968[1] as Glasgow closed.
Expeditionary operations
The squadron was converted to provisional status on 22 July 2010 and redesignated the 322nd Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron and assigned to Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as needed for continency operations.[1]
Lineage
- Constituted as the 322d Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
- Activated on 15 April 1942
- Redesignated 322d Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943
- Inactivated on 7 November 1945
- Redesignated 322d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, Medium on 23 May 1950
- Activated on 6 July 1950
- Inactivated on 8 November 1957
- Redesignated 322d Bombardment Squadron, Heavy and activated on 15 November 1962 (not organized)
- Organized on 1 February 1963
- Inactivated on 25 June 1968
- Redesignated 322d Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron on 22 July 2010[1]
Assignments
- 91st Bombardment Group, 15 April 1942 – 7 November 1945
- 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group, 6 July 1950
- 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, 28 May 1952 – 8 November 1957
- Strategic Air Command, 15 November 1962 (not organized)
- 91st Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1963 – 25 June 1968
- Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as needed[1]
Stations
- Harding Field, Louisiana, 15 April 1942
- MacDill Field, Florida, 13 May 1942
- Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington, 22 June - 24 August 1942
- RAF Kimbolton (Station 117),[8] England, 13 September 1942 (ground echelon), early October 1942 (air echelon)
- RAF Bassingbourn (Station 121),[8] England, 14 October 1942 – 22 June 1945
- Drew Field, Florida, 3 July - 7 November 1945
- Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, 6 July 1950
- Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio, 11 September 1951 – 8 November 1957
- Glasgow Air Force Base, Montana, 1 February 1963 – 25 June 1968[1]
Aircraft
- Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
- Boeing RB-29 Superfortress, 1950
- North American RB-45C Tornado, 1950–1953
- Boeing RB-47E Stratojet, 1953–1957
- Boeing B-52D Stratofortress, 1963–1968[1]
Awards and campaigns
| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Presidential Unit Citation | Hamm, Germany 4 March 1943 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Presidential Unit Citation | Germany, 11 January 1944 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 8 September 1953–8 November 1957 | 322nd Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1965–30 June 1966 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1966–30 June 1967 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 February–1 March 1968 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 2 March–15 April 1968 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Air Offensive, Europe | 13 September 1942 – 5 June 1944 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Air Combat, EAME Theater | 13 September 1942 – 11 May 1945 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Normandy | 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Ardennes-Alsace | 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Central Europe | 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 | 322nd Bombardment Squadron[1] |
References
Notes
- Explanatory notes
- ^ Approved 12 October 1942.
- ^ Description: Over and through an irregular white cloud formation, shaded blue, a caricatured figure of Uncle Sam in flight, wearing a blue plug hat, studded with white stars, rimmed by a red bande, blue jacket, and red and white striped trousers, carrying in the left hand a yellow aerial bomb and dropping [another] to base with right hand. Maurer, Combat Units, p. 395.
- ^ The group was also assigned a reconnaissance squadron, but this unit was quickly redesignated as the group's fourth bombardment squadron. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 490–491
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Robertson, Patsy (30 July 2012). "Factsheet 322 Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- ^ Watkins, pp. 34-35
- ^ Lahue, Melissa (1 September 2022). "Factsheet 90 Operations Group (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d Freeman, pp. 243-244
- ^ a b Freeman, p. 20
- ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 156-158
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 401–402
- ^ a b Station number in Anderson
Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency.
- Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
- Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-1987-7.